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{{Progressive Writers' Movement}} | |||
'''Syed Sajjad Zaheer''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|سید سجاد ظہیر}}}}) (5 November 1899 – 13 September 1973) was an [[Urdu language|Urdu]] writer, [[Marxist]] ideologue and radical [[revolutionary]] who worked in both India and Pakistan. In the pre-independence era, he was a member of the [[Communist Party of India]] and the [[Progressive Writers' Movement]]. Upon [[Independence of Pakistan|independence]] and [[Partition of India|partition]], he moved to the newly created [[Pakistan]] and became a founding member of the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]]. | '''Syed Sajjad Zaheer''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|سید سجاد ظہیر}}}}) (5 November 1899 – 13 September 1973) was an [[Urdu language|Urdu]] writer, [[Marxist]] ideologue and radical [[revolutionary]] who worked in both India and Pakistan. In the pre-independence era, he was a member of the [[Communist Party of India]] and the [[Progressive Writers' Movement]]. Upon [[Independence of Pakistan|independence]] and [[Partition of India|partition]], he moved to the newly created [[Pakistan]] and became a founding member of the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]]. | ||
==Early life and education== | ==Early life and education== | ||
Zaheer was born in [[Lucknow]] in 1905 and was the fourth son of [[Syed Wazir Hasan]], a judge at the [[High Court of Judicature at Allahabad]].{{sfn|Coppola|1981|p=57}} He got his BA degree from the [[University of Lucknow]] in 1924.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=192}} He then left for [[New College, Oxford]] for further studies. In his final year at Oxford he contracted tuberculosis and was sent to a sanatorium in [[Switzerland]].{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=111}} On returning to England, he was influenced by the communist leader [[Shapurji Saklatvala]] and joined the Oxford Majlis. He attended the second Congress of the League against Imperialism held in Frankfurt, where he met influential leaders like Viren Chattopadhyay, [[Saumyendranath Tagore]], N. M. Jaisoorya and [[Raja Mahendra Pratap|Raja Pahendra Pratap]].{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=111}} He also started the newspaper ''Bharat'' in 1930 in England. He graduated from [[Oxford University]] with a degree in BA in 1931.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=192}} After finishing his studies at Oxford he travelled through Germany, Italy, Denmark and Austria on his journey back to India in 1932. | |||
In December 1932 Zaheer along with a group of friends published his first book ''[[Angarey]]''. The book was met with outrage from both the religious and civil authorities in [[British India]] and was subsequently banned by the government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jalil|first=Rakhshanda|date=2017-11-05|title=Remembering writer and Progressive Writers' Association founder Sajjad Zaheer|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/people/remembering-writer-and-progressive-writers-association-founder-sajjad-zaheer|access-date=2020-12-26|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref> Following the uproar due to the release of ''Angarey'', he was sent to London by his father in March 1933 to study law at Lincoln's Inn.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=192}}<ref name=AngareyRupa>{{Cite book|last=Ẓahīr|first=Sajjād|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41mPoAEACAAJ|title=Angarey: 9 Stories and a Play|date=2014|publisher=Rupa Publications India|isbn=978-81-291-3108-9|language=en}}</ref> | |||
==Political career== | ==Political career== | ||
In 1935, he and novelist [[Mulk Raj Anand]] went to Paris to attend the International Congress for Defense of Culture organised by [[André Gide]]. Influenced by the conference he established the Indian Progressive Writers' Association in London.<ref name=AngareyRupa /> The first conference of the association was held on 9 and 10 April 1936. After returning to India, he organised the first conference of the Progressive Writers’ Association in Lucknow on April 9, 1936, and started working as its general secretary. He along with [[Sohan Singh Josh]] started the first Marxist journal in Urdu, ''Chingari'', in Saharanpur.<ref name=TheWire /> | In 1935, he and novelist [[Mulk Raj Anand]] went to Paris to attend the International Congress for Defense of Culture organised by [[André Gide]]. Influenced by the conference he established the Indian Progressive Writers' Association in London.<ref name=AngareyRupa /> The first conference of the association was held on 9 and 10 April 1936. After returning to India, he organised the first conference of the Progressive Writers’ Association in Lucknow on April 9, 1936, and started working as its general secretary. He along with [[Sohan Singh Josh]] started the first Marxist journal in Urdu, ''Chingari'', in Saharanpur.<ref name=TheWire>{{Cite web|title=Sajjad Zaheer's Progressive Ideas Live on in Writers' Dissent|url=https://thewire.in/books/sajjad-zaheer-progressive-writers-association-urdu-literature|access-date=2020-12-26|website=The Wire}}</ref> | ||
He became Uttar Pradesh state secretary of the [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India (CPI)]] as well as a member of the working committee of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1936. He was nominated in-charge of the Delhi branch of the CPI in 1939 and was jailed for two years during the Second World War for opposing Indian participation in it. After his release in | He became Uttar Pradesh state secretary of the [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India (CPI)]] as well as a member of the working committee of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1936. He was nominated in-charge of the Delhi branch of the CPI in 1939 and was jailed for two years during the Second World War for opposing Indian participation in it. After his release in | ||
1942, he became the editor of the CPI newspaper ''Qaumi Jung'' (People's War) and ''Naya Zamana'' (New Age) in Bombay.<ref name=AngareyRupa/><ref name=TheHinduNoorani /> He also helped to organize the [[Indian People's Theatre Association|Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA)]] and the [[All India Kisan Sabha]].<ref name=AngareyPenguin>{{Cite book|last=Shingavi|first=Snehal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffxsAwAAQBAJ&q=sajjad+zaheer|title=Angaaray|date=2018-06-05|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-695-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name=TheHinduNoorani>{{Cite web|last=NOORANI|first=A. G.|title=A versatile communist|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30166829.ece|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref> | 1942, he became the editor of the CPI newspaper ''Qaumi Jung'' (People's War) and ''Naya Zamana'' (New Age) in Bombay.<ref name=AngareyRupa/><ref name=TheHinduNoorani /> He also helped to organize the [[Indian People's Theatre Association|Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA)]] and the [[All India Kisan Sabha]].<ref name=AngareyPenguin>{{Cite book|last=Shingavi|first=Snehal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffxsAwAAQBAJ&q=sajjad+zaheer|title=Angaaray|date=2018-06-05|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-695-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name=TheHinduNoorani>{{Cite web|last=NOORANI|first=A. G.|title=A versatile communist|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30166829.ece|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref> | ||
After [[Partition of India|partition]], Sajjad Zaheer along with [[Sibte Hassan|Sibte Hasan]] and [[Mian Iftikharuddin|Mian Iftekhar-ud-Din]] started the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]] and was appointed Secretary General of the party.<ref name=AngareyPenguin /> In 1951, he was arrested in the [[Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case]] along with [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz|Faiz Ahmed Faiz]]. He remained in jail for four years and upon release was given Indian citizenship by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name=DawnSajjad/> | After [[Partition of India|partition]], Sajjad Zaheer along with [[Sibte Hassan|Sibte Hasan]] and [[Mian Iftikharuddin|Mian Iftekhar-ud-Din]] started the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]] and was appointed Secretary General of the party.<ref name=AngareyPenguin /> In 1951, he was arrested in the [[Rawalpindi Conspiracy Case]] along with [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz|Faiz Ahmed Faiz]]. He remained in jail for four years and upon release was given Indian citizenship by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name=DawnSajjad>{{Cite web|last=InpaperMagazine|first=From|date=2010-11-07|title=Column: Voice of the poor|url=https://www.dawn.com/2010/11/07/column-voice-of-the-poor/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> | ||
While in India he continued to work in cultural activities organized by the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name=AngareyPenguin /> He revived the All India Progressive Writers’ Association, became secretary of the Indian chapter of the Afro-Asian Writers' Association, and also worked as editor of ''Awami Daur'' (People's Era)<ref name=AngareyPenguin /> and the daily ''Hayat''<ref name=DawnSajjad/> | While in India he continued to work in cultural activities organized by the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name=AngareyPenguin /> He revived the All India Progressive Writers’ Association, became secretary of the Indian chapter of the Afro-Asian Writers' Association, and also worked as editor of ''Awami Daur'' (People's Era)<ref name=AngareyPenguin /> and the daily ''Hayat''<ref name=DawnSajjad/> | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
==Cited sources== | |||
* {{Cite journal|last=Coppola|first=Carlo|date=1981|title=The Angare Group: The Enfants Terribles of Urdu Literature|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/annualofurdustudies/pager.html?objectid=PK2151.A6152_1_070.gif|journal=Annual of Urdu Studies|volume=1|pages= 57–69}} | |||
*{{Cite book|last=Jalil|first=Rakhshanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_2HngEACAAJ|title=Liking Progress, Loving Change: A Literary History of the Progressive Writers' Movement in Urdu|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-809673-3|language=en}} | |||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
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[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]] | [[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]] | ||
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]] | [[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]] | ||
[[Category:Progressive Writers' Movement]] | |||