→List of current folk religions
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About 104 million people in [[India]] are members of [[Scheduled Tribes]], which accounts for 8.6 % of [[India]]{{'}}s population (according to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]]).<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf 2011 Census Primary Census Abstract]</ref> In the census of India from 1871 to 1941, tribals have been counted in different religions from other religions, 1871 (other religion), 1881 (Aboriginal), 1891 (forest tribe), 1901 (animist), 1911 (Animist), 1921 (Primitive), 1931 (Tribal religion), 1941 (tribes), However, since the census of 1951, the tribal population has been stopped separately. Many Indians belonging to these populations adhere to traditional Indian [[tribal religion]]s, often syncretised with one or more of the [[religion in India|major religious traditions]] of [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Islam]] or [[Christianity]] and often under ongoing pressure of [[cultural assimilation]].<ref name=tr>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/57.htm|title=The Green Revolution in India|work=U.S. Library of Congress (released in [[public domain]])|publisher=Library of Congress Country Studies|access-date=2007-10-06}}</ref> | About 104 million people in [[India]] are members of [[Scheduled Tribes]], which accounts for 8.6 % of [[India]]{{'}}s population (according to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]]).<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf 2011 Census Primary Census Abstract]</ref> In the census of India from 1871 to 1941, tribals have been counted in different religions from other religions, 1871 (other religion), 1881 (Aboriginal), 1891 (forest tribe), 1901 (animist), 1911 (Animist), 1921 (Primitive), 1931 (Tribal religion), 1941 (tribes), However, since the census of 1951, the tribal population has been stopped separately. Many Indians belonging to these populations adhere to traditional Indian [[tribal religion]]s, often syncretised with one or more of the [[religion in India|major religious traditions]] of [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Islam]] or [[Christianity]] and often under ongoing pressure of [[cultural assimilation]].<ref name=tr>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/india/57.htm|title=The Green Revolution in India|work=U.S. Library of Congress (released in [[public domain]])|publisher=Library of Congress Country Studies|access-date=2007-10-06}}</ref> | ||
The tribal people observe their festivals, which have no direct conflict with any religion, and they conduct marriage among them according to their tribal custom. | The tribal people observe their festivals, which have no direct conflict with any religion, and they conduct marriage among them according to their tribal custom. | ||
They have their own way of life to maintain all privileges in matters connected with marriage and succession, according to their customary tribal faith. | They have their own way of life to maintain all privileges in matters connected with marriage and succession, according to their customary tribal faith.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} | ||
In keeping with the nature of [[Indian religions|Indian religion]] generally, these particular religions often involve traditions of [[ancestor worship]] or worship of spirits of natural features.<ref>[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]. "Social and Political Life - III". Publication Department, NCERT, 2009, p.83.</ref> Tribal beliefs persist as [[folk religion]] even among those converted to a [[major religion]]. | In keeping with the nature of [[Indian religions|Indian religion]] generally, these particular religions often involve traditions of [[ancestor worship]] or worship of spirits of natural features.<ref>[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]. "Social and Political Life - III". Publication Department, NCERT, 2009, p.83.</ref> Tribal beliefs persist as [[folk religion]] even among those converted to a [[major religion]]. | ||
The largest and best-known others religion of India is that of the [[Santhal people|Santhal]] of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. | The largest and best-known others religion of India is that of the [[Santhal people|Santhal]] of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. In 1991, there were some 24,000 Indians belonging to the Santhal community who identified explicitly as adherents of the Santhal traditional religion [[Sarna sthal|Sarnaism]] in the [[Indian census]], as opposed to 300,000 who identified as [[Christianity in India|Christians]]. Among the [[Munda people]] and [[Oraons]] of [[Bihar]], about 25 % of the population are Christian. Among the [[Kharia language| Kharia]] people of Bihar (population about 130,000), about 60 % are Christians. Tribal groups in the [[Himalayas]] following Bon religion were similarly affected by both [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] in the late 20th century. The small hunting-and-gathering groups in the union territory of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] have also been under severe pressure of cultural assimilation.<ref name=tr/> | ||
In 1991, there were some 24,000 Indians belonging to the Santhal community who identified explicitly as adherents of the Santhal traditional religion [[Sarna sthal|Sarnaism]] in the [[Indian census]], as opposed to 300,000 who identified as [[Christianity in India|Christians]]. Among the [[Munda people]] and [[Oraons]] of [[Bihar]], about 25 % of the population are Christian. Among the [[Kharia language| Kharia]] people of Bihar (population about 130,000), about 60 % are Christians. Tribal groups in the [[Himalayas]] following Bon religion were similarly affected by both [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] in the late 20th century. The small hunting-and-gathering groups in the union territory of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] have also been under severe pressure of cultural assimilation.<ref name=tr/> | |||
== | ==Recognition== | ||
According to the Indian legal system, all the native or [[indigenous religions]] of India fall broadly under Hinduism, since the constitution does not classify only [[Vedic religions]]{{dn|date=November 2021}} as [[Hinduism]] as used in the colloquial norm. The term [[wikt:𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁#Old_Persian|"Hindu" is derived from Persian]] meaning "[[Indo subcontinent|Indo]]" (or Indian), hence the official word "Hinduism" broadly refers to all the native cultures of the Indian subcontinent. The 1955 Hindu Marriage Act "[defines] as Hindus anyone who is not a [[Christian]], [[Muslim]], or [[Jew]]".{{sfn|Cavanaugh|2009|p=88}} | |||
==List of current folk religions== | |||
* [[Adivasi religion]] | * [[Adivasi religion]] | ||
* [[Ahom religion]] | |||
* [[Bathouism]] | * [[Bathouism]] | ||
* [[Donyi-Polo]] | * [[Donyi-Polo]] | ||
* [[Kirat Mundhum]] | |||
* [[Sanamahism]] | |||
* [[Sarnaism]] | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Dravidian folk religion]] | |||
* [[Folk Hinduism]] | * [[Folk Hinduism]] | ||
* [[Indian religions]] | * [[Indian religions]] | ||
* [[ | * [[Kalashism]] and [[Nuristanis#Pre-Islamic_religion|Kafirism]] | ||
* [[Bon]] | * [[Bon]] | ||