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Tatsama: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Sanskrit loanwords in modern Indic languages}} | |||
{{Multiple issues| | |||
{{original research|date=June 2015}} | |||
{{incomplete|various significant discussion|date=August 2020}} | |||
}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}} | ||
'''Tatsama''' ({{lang-sa|तत्सम}} {{IPA-sa|tɐtsɐmɐ|IPA}}, lit. 'same as that') are [[Sanskrit]] [[loanword]]s in modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]] like [[Assamese Language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]] and in [[Dravidian languages]] like [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. They generally belong to a higher and more erudite [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]] than common [[word]]s, many of which are (in modern Indo-Aryan languages) directly inherited from Old Indo-Aryan ([[tadbhava]]). The tatsama register can be compared to the use of loan words of Greek or Latin origin in English (e.g. ''hubris''). | |||
'''Tatsama''' ({{lang-sa|तत्सम}} {{IPA-sa|tɐtsɐmɐ|IPA}}, lit. 'same as that') are [[Sanskrit]] [[loanword]]s in modern [[Indo-Aryan languages]] like [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]] and in [[Dravidian languages]] like [[Malayalam]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. They generally belong to a higher and more erudite [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]] than common [[word]]s, many of which are (in modern Indo-Aryan languages) directly inherited from Old Indo-Aryan ([[tadbhava]]). The tatsama register can be compared to the use of loan words of Greek or Latin origin in English (e.g. ''hubris''). | |||
==Bengali== | ==Bengali== | ||
The origin of tatsamas ({{lang-bn|তৎসম|tôtsômô}}) in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is traced to 10th century [[Brahmin]] poets, who felt that the colloquial language was not suitable for their expressive needs. Another wave of tatsama vocabulary entered the then Bengali language by Sanskrit scholars teaching at [[Fort William College]] in [[Kolkata]] at the start of the 19th century. The textbooks used in these courses paved the way for more tatsama words entering common usage. | The origin of tatsamas ({{lang-bn|তৎসম|tôtsômô}}) in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is traced to 10th century [[Brahmin]] poets, who felt that the colloquial language was not suitable for their expressive needs. Another wave of tatsama vocabulary entered the then Bengali language by Sanskrit scholars teaching at [[Fort William College]] in [[Kolkata]] at the start of the 19th century. The textbooks used in these courses paved the way for more tatsama words entering common usage. | ||
Bengali's lexicon is now about 40% tatsama (with about 58% [[tadbhava]] vocabulary inherited from Old Indo-Aryan via the Prakrit languages such as Apabhramsha and | Bengali's lexicon is now about 40% tatsama (with about 58% [[tadbhava]] vocabulary inherited from Old Indo-Aryan via the Prakrit languages such as Apabhramsha and Avahaṭṭha).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dash|first1=Niladri S.|title=A Descriptive Study of Bengali Words|date=2015|publisher=Foreign Language Study|page=255|isbn=9781316222683|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk_zCQAAQBAJ&q=tatsama+bengali+percent&pg=PA255|access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> Writers such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]], [[Ramram Basu]], [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], and [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] introduced a large number of tatsamas into Bengali.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} | ||
== Odia == | == Odia == | ||
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== Malayalam== | == Malayalam== | ||
Relation of [[Malayalam]] with Sanskrit started around AD 15 century only. Prior to that, the language prevailed at present [[Kerala]] which was ancient [[Chera]] Land was totally Dravidian. Yet, Malayalam has very strong relation with Sanskrit due to [[Manipravalam]], than any other Indian languages. [[Malayalam]] derived many letters (alphabets/syllables), words, grammatical rules etc from Sanskrit. This relation started due migration of [[Buddhist]] monks and [[Hindu]] [[Brahmins]] from [[Northern India]] and expanded to Punjabi and Marathi refugees which was given shelter in Kerala by the benevolent kings. | Relation of [[Malayalam]] with Sanskrit started around AD 15 century only. Prior to that, the language prevailed at present [[Kerala]] which was ancient [[Chera]] Land was totally Dravidian. Yet, Malayalam has very strong relation with Sanskrit due to [[Manipravalam]], than any other Indian languages. [[Malayalam]] derived many letters (alphabets/syllables), words, grammatical rules etc. from Sanskrit. This relation started due migration of [[Buddhist]] monks and [[Hindu]] [[Brahmins]] from [[Northern India]] and expanded to Punjabi and Marathi refugees which was given shelter in Kerala by the benevolent kings. | ||
Malayalam has many tatsama words, which is used in local written and spoken form depending on the region of [[Kerala]]. | Malayalam has many tatsama words, which is used in local written and spoken form depending on the region of [[Kerala]]. | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{ | {{reflist}} | ||
{{Bengali language topics}} | {{Bengali language topics}} | ||