Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan: Difference between revisions

'''Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan''' ([[Hindi]]: सर्व शिक्षा अभियान, [[English language|English]]: '''Education for All Movement'''), or '''SSA''', is an [[Government of India|Indian Government]] programme aimed at the universalisation of [[primary education]] "in a time bound manner", the 86th Amendment to the [[Constitution of India]] making free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14 (estimated to be 206 million children in 2001) a [[Fundamental Rights in India|fundamental right]] (Article- 21A). The programme was pioneered by former Indian [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. It aims to educate all children between the ages 6 to 14 by 2010. However, the time limit has been pushed forward indefinitely.

As an '''intervention''' programme, it started in 2002 and SSA has been operational since 2000-2001.<ref name=SSA-MHRD>{{cite web|title=Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/schemes|publisher=Department of School Education and Literacy, MHRD, Government of india of India|access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> However, its roots go back to 1993-1994, when the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched, with an aim of achieving the objective of universal primary education.<ref name=DPEP>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/my-government/schemes/district-primary-education-programme-dpep |title=District Primary Education Programme, DPEP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029174118/http://india.gov.in/my-government/schemes/district-primary-education-programme-dpep |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref> DPEP, over several phases, covered 272 districts in 18 states of the country.<ref name=DPEP-EFA>{{cite web |url=http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page81.html |title=District Primary Education Programmes (DPEP) |access-date=28 October 2013}}</ref> The expenditure on the programme was shared by the Central Government (85%) and the State Governments (15%). The Central share was funded by a number of external agencies, including the [[World Bank]], [[Department for International Development]] (DFID) and [[UNICEF]].<ref name=Jalan>{{cite web |last1=Jalan |first1=Jyotsna |last2=Glinskaya |first2=Elena |title=Improving Primary School Education in India: An Impact Assessment of DPEP I |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTISPMA/Resources/Training-Events-and-Materials/india_primaryschool.pdf |website=World Bank |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> By 2001, more than $1500 million had been committed to the programme, and 50 million children covered in its ambit. In an impact assessment of Phase I of DPEP, the authors concluded that its net impact on minority children was impressive, while there was little evidence of any impact on the enrolment of girls. Nevertheless, they concluded that the investment in DPEP was not a waste, because it introduced a new approach to primary school interventions in India.<ref name=Jalan />

Its initial outlay was {{INR}}7,000 crore and in 2011-12, the [[Government of India]] allocated {{INRConvert|21000|c}} for this project, 40 percent increase of the previous year.<ref>{{citation|title=Rasheeda Bhagat A poor country, rich in corruption|url=http://thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/rasheeda-bhagat/a-poor-country-rich-in-corruption/article2337095.ece}}</ref> Many persons and trust has also contributed and as the program became more popular fund also grew.