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Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani: Difference between revisions
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== First Invasion == | == First Invasion == | ||
{{Main|Battle of Manupur (1748)}} | {{Main|Battle of Manupur (1748)}} | ||
Durrani attacked India in 1748. Ahmad Shah's Afghan troops swept aside the Mughal army's left flank and raided their baggage train but a fire beginning in a captured rocket cart went on to ignite the Durrani artillery store, roasting thousands of soldiers alive and forcing Ahmad Shah Durrani's retreat.<ref>{{Google books |id=NbUB_ACAR5QC |page=509 |title=History of Islam}}</ref>After the retreat of Durrani, Sikh bands under [[Charat Singh]] continued to harass them as they retreated to Kabul.<ref name="Mehta" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifs9AQAAQBAJ&q=shahnawaz+khan+1748&pg=PT76 |access-date=2015-08-21 |title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten |isbn=9789383064410 |last1=Gandhi |first1=Rajmohan |date=14 September 2013}} {{dead link|date=May 2020|bot=medic}} {{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> he had to return home in failure. | Durrani attacked India in 1748. Ahmad Shah's Afghan troops swept aside the Mughal army's left flank and raided their baggage train but a fire beginning in a captured rocket cart went on to ignite the Durrani artillery store, roasting thousands of soldiers alive and forcing Ahmad Shah Durrani's retreat.<ref>{{Google books |id=NbUB_ACAR5QC |page=509 |title=History of Islam}}</ref> After the retreat of Durrani, Sikh bands under [[Charat Singh]] continued to harass them as they retreated to Kabul.<ref name="Mehta" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifs9AQAAQBAJ&q=shahnawaz+khan+1748&pg=PT76 |access-date=2015-08-21 |title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten |isbn=9789383064410 |last1=Gandhi |first1=Rajmohan |date=14 September 2013}} {{dead link|date=May 2020|bot=medic}} {{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> he had to return home in failure.<ref name="Mehta">{{cite book|title=Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813|last1=Mehta|first1=J. L.|year=2005|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-1-932705-54-6|page=251|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA251 |access-date=2010-09-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ifs9AQAAQBAJ&q=shahnawaz+khan+1748&pg=PT76 |title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten |isbn=9789383064410 |last1=Gandhi |first1=Rajmohan |date=14 September 2013}}</ref> He lost to the Mughal soldiers and Sikhs of the [[Phulkian Misl]] (also known as the [[Patiala State]]). | ||
== Second Invasion == | == Second Invasion == | ||
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* [[Battle of Bharatpur (1757)]] | * [[Battle of Bharatpur (1757)]] | ||
It was fought between Jats and Abdali's forces. [[Maharaja Surajmal]]'s troops fought against him in Ballabgarh, Chaumunha, Gokul, Kumher and in Bharatpur. At last Abdali had to leave the war and retreat. During this he ruined and looted the holy places of Mathura and Vrindavan.<ref name="auto" /> | It was fought between Jats and Abdali's forces. [[Maharaja Surajmal]]'s troops fought against him in Ballabgarh, Chaumunha, Gokul, Kumher and in Bharatpur. At last Abdali had to leave the war and retreat. During this he ruined and looted the holy places of Mathura and Vrindavan.<ref name="auto" /> | ||
* [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]]<ref name=deol>{{cite book | * [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]]<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=Bhagata|first=Siṅgha|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|year=1993|page= 181|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=charhat+singh|quote=...}}</ref><ref name=deol>{{cite book | ||
| last = Deol | | last = Deol | ||
| first = Harnik | | first = Harnik | ||
| Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
| isbn = 978-0-415-20108-7 | | isbn = 978-0-415-20108-7 | ||
| no-pp = true | | no-pp = true | ||
| page = The case of Punjab; 189}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |ref=CITEREFSikh_Missionary_College|title=Brief History of the Sikh Misls |publisher=Sikh Missionary College |location=Jalandhar |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/books/sikh-misls/book-1.php?fldr=book}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J.S. |date=1990 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&q=%22jamadar+khushal+singh%22&pg=PA107 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=91 |isbn=0-521-63764-3 |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&q=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire&pg=PA204|title=A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14|access-date=29 December 2014|isbn=978-1-4907-1441-7|last1=Alikuzai|first1=Hamid Wahed|date=October 2013 | | page = The case of Punjab; 189}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |ref=CITEREFSikh_Missionary_College|title=Brief History of the Sikh Misls |publisher=Sikh Missionary College |location=Jalandhar |url=http://www.apnaorg.com/books/sikh-misls/book-1.php?fldr=book}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grewal |first=J.S. |date=1990 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&q=%22jamadar+khushal+singh%22&pg=PA107 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=91 |isbn=0-521-63764-3 |access-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZJcAQAAQBAJ&q=peshawar+capture+durrani+empire&pg=PA204|title=A Concise History of Afghanistan in 25 Volumes, Volume 14|access-date=29 December 2014|isbn=978-1-4907-1441-7|last1=Alikuzai|first1=Hamid Wahed|date=October 2013}}</ref> | ||
The battle was fought between the Nihang Sikhs of the Shaheedan Misl and the Afghans. In this battle the Nihang Sikhs of the Shaheedan Misl decisively won. Although their leader [[Baba Deep Singh]] ji was martyred. | The battle was fought between the Nihang Sikhs of the Shaheedan Misl and the Afghans. In this battle the Nihang Sikhs of the Shaheedan Misl decisively won. Although their leader [[Baba Deep Singh]] ji was martyred. | ||
| Line 77: | Line 77: | ||
* [[Battle of Amritsar (1762)]] | * [[Battle of Amritsar (1762)]] | ||
* [[Battle of Kup]] also known as [[Sikh genocide of 1762]].<ref>Hari Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764–1803,'' second ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2000) {{ISBN|978-8121502139}}</ref><ref>Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Misls'', rev. ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2001) {{ISBN|978-8121501651}}</ref> | * [[Battle of Kup]] also known as [[Sikh genocide of 1762]].<ref>Hari Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764–1803,'' second ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2000) {{ISBN|978-8121502139}}</ref><ref>Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Misls'', rev. ed., Munshiram Manoharlal (2001) {{ISBN|978-8121501651}}</ref> | ||
* [[Battle of Sialkot (1763)]]<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=939|author=Jacques, Tony|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=2015-06-26|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years|author= Raj Pal Singh|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ra19YSPDliQC&q=hargobind+jahangir&pg=PA116|publisher= Pentagon Press|year= 2004|isbn= 9788186505465|page= 116}}</ref | * [[Battle of Sialkot (1763)]]<ref name="auto" /><ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=939|author=Jacques, Tony|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=2015-06-26|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The Sikhs : Their Journey Of Five Hundred Years|author= Raj Pal Singh|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ra19YSPDliQC&q=hargobind+jahangir&pg=PA116|publisher= Pentagon Press|year= 2004|isbn= 9788186505465|page= 116}}</ref> | ||
In November 1766 Abdali came to the Punjab for the eight time with the avowed object of "crushing the Sikhs". The Sikhs had recourse to their old game of Dhai-phut('hit, run and turn back to hit again') tactics (later made famous at the [[Battle of Chillianwala]] against the British). They vacated Lahore, but faced squarely the Afghan general, Jahan Khan at Amritsar. Inflicting a humiliating defeat, and forcing him to retreat, with five thousand Afghan soldiers killed. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia with an army of about twenty thousand Sikhs roamed in the neighbourhood of the Afghan camp, plundering it. | In November 1766 Abdali came to the Punjab for the eight time with the avowed object of "crushing the Sikhs". The Sikhs had recourse to their old game of Dhai-phut('hit, run and turn back to hit again') tactics (later made famous at the [[Battle of Chillianwala]] against the British). They vacated Lahore, but faced squarely the Afghan general, Jahan Khan at Amritsar. Inflicting a humiliating defeat, and forcing him to retreat, with five thousand Afghan soldiers killed. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia with an army of about twenty thousand Sikhs roamed in the neighbourhood of the Afghan camp, plundering it. | ||