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{{Short description| | {{Short description|Bicameral national legislature of India}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date= | |||
{{Infobox legislature | {{Infobox legislature | ||
| background_color = #000080 | |background_color = #000080 | ||
|name = | |name = Bhāratīya Sansad | ||
|native_name = | |native_name = {{nobold|भारतीय संसद}} | ||
|coa_pic = Emblem of India.svg | |coa_pic = Emblem of India.svg <!-- The State Emblem is here because it is used as a coat of arms on the official websites of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. There seems to be no other symbol used by Parliament in an official capacity. Do not replace the State Emblem with a generic drawing or an image with unclear relation to Parliament. --> | ||
|coa_caption = [[State | |coa_caption = [[State Emblem of India]] | ||
|coa_res = | |coa_res = 100px | ||
|coa_alt = Emblem of India | |coa_alt = A picture of the State Emblem of India. Composed of four lions facing the four directions standing back to back on an abacus. The abacus carries a frieze of a bull, a horse, a lion and an elephant in profile, separated by 24-spoked wheels between each pair, all presented in high relief. | ||
|house_type = [[Bicameralism|Bicameral]] | |house_type = [[Bicameralism|Bicameral]] | ||
|foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1950|01|26}} | |foundation = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|p=y|1950|01|26}} | ||
|preceded_by = [[Constituent Assembly of India]] | |preceded_by = [[Constituent Assembly of India]] | ||
|houses = [[Rajya Sabha]] | |houses = *'''Upper house:''' [[Rajya Sabha|Rajya Sabha (Council of States)]] | ||
|leader1_type = [[President of India | *'''Lower house:''' [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha (House of the People)]] | ||
|leader1 = [[ | |leader1_type = [[President of India]] | ||
|party1 = | |leader1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/droupadi-murmu-takes-oath-as-countrys-15th-president/article65681087.ece|title=Droupadi Murmu takes oath as the 15th President of India|date=25 July 2022|work=The Hindu|location=New Delhi, India|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725161244/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/droupadi-murmu-takes-oath-as-countrys-15th-president/article65681087.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
|election1 = [[ | |party1 = | ||
|leader2_type = [[Vice President of India|Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]] | |election1 = [[2022 Indian presidential election|25 July 2022]] | ||
|leader2 = [[ | |leader2_type = [[Vice President of India|Vice President of India & Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]] | ||
|party2 = | |leader2 = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jagdeep-dhankhar-sworn-in-as-14th-vice-president-of-india/articleshow/93493035.cms|title=Jagdeep Dhankhar sworn in as 14th Vice-President of India|date=11 August 2022|work=The Times of India|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref> | ||
|election2 = [[ | |party2 = | ||
|election2 = [[2022 Indian vice presidential election|11 August 2022]] | |||
|leader3_type = [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]] | |leader3_type = [[Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]] | ||
|leader3 = [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Harivansh Narayan Singh re-elected Rajya Sabha deputy chairman {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/harivansh-re-elected-rs-deputy-chairman-he-belongs-to-all-sides-of-aisle-says-pm/articleshow/78107220.cms |access-date=14 September 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=14 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | |leader3 = [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Harivansh Narayan Singh re-elected Rajya Sabha deputy chairman {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/harivansh-re-elected-rs-deputy-chairman-he-belongs-to-all-sides-of-aisle-says-pm/articleshow/78107220.cms|access-date=14 September 2020|work=The Times of India|date=14 September 2020|language=en|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914141546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/harivansh-re-elected-rs-deputy-chairman-he-belongs-to-all-sides-of-aisle-says-pm/articleshow/78107220.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
|party3 = [[Janata Dal United| | |party3 = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] | ||
|election3 = 14 September 2020 | |election3 = 14 September 2020 | ||
|leader4_type = [[Leader of the House | |leader4_type = [[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]] | ||
|leader4 = [[ | |leader4 = [[Piyush Goyal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-minister-piyush-goyal-to-be-leader-of-house-in-rajya-sabha-2486486|title=Minister Piyush Goyal To Be Leader Of House in Rajya Sabha|website=NDTV|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714112136/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-minister-piyush-goyal-to-be-leader-of-house-in-rajya-sabha-2486486|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
|party4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | |party4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | ||
|election4 = | |election4 = 14 July 2021 | ||
|leader5_type = [[Leader of the Opposition | |leader5_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]] | ||
|leader5 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] | |leader5 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] | ||
|party5 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]] | |||
|election5 = 1 October 2022 | |||
|leader6_type = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] | |leader6_type = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] | ||
|leader6 = [[Om Birla]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|title=Om Birla unanimously elected Lok Sabha Speaker, PM Modi heaps | |leader6 = [[Om Birla]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|title=Om Birla unanimously elected Lok Sabha Speaker, PM Modi heaps praise on BJP colleague|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=19 June 2019|date=19 June 2019|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620082200/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/om-birla-appointed-lok-sabha-speaker-1551719-2019-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref> | ||
|party6 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | |party6 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | ||
|election6 = [[2019 Indian general election|19 June 2019]] | |election6 = [[2019 Indian general election|19 June 2019]] | ||
|leader7_type = [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] | |leader7_type = [[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] | ||
|leader7 = Vacant | |leader7 = Vacant | ||
|party7 = | |party7 = | ||
|election7 = [[2019 Indian general election|23 May 2019]] | |election7 = [[2019 Indian general election|23 May 2019]] | ||
|leader8_type = [[Leader of the House | |leader8_type = [[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha]] | ||
|leader8 = [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra-Modi-is-sworn-in-as-the-15th-Prime-Minister-of-India/articleshow/35620796.cms|title=Narendra Modi is sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2014|access-date=15 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906183222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra-Modi-is-sworn-in-as-the-15th-Prime-Minister-of-India/articleshow/35620796.cms|archive-date=6 September 2014}}</ref> | |leader8 = [[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra-Modi-is-sworn-in-as-the-15th-Prime-Minister-of-India/articleshow/35620796.cms|title=Narendra Modi is sworn in as the 15th Prime Minister of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2014|access-date=15 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906183222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Narendra-Modi-is-sworn-in-as-the-15th-Prime-Minister-of-India/articleshow/35620796.cms|archive-date=6 September 2014}}</ref> | ||
|party8 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | |party8 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | ||
|election8 = [[2014 Indian general election|26 May 2014]] | |election8 = [[2014 Indian general election|26 May 2014]] | ||
|seats = '''788''' <br/> 245 [[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha|Members of Rajya Sabha]] | |leader9_type = Deputy Leader of the House in Lok Sabha | ||
|leader9 = [[Rajnath Singh]] | |||
|party9 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | |||
|election9 = [[2014 Indian general election|26 May 2014]] | |||
|leader10_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]] | |||
|leader10 = Vacant {{small|(No party has more than 10% Seats, other than the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])}} | |||
|party10 = | |||
|election10 = [[2014 Indian general election|26 May 2014]] | |||
|seats = {{big|'''788'''}} <br/> {{bulleted list|245 [[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha|Members of Rajya Sabha]]|543 [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|Members of Lok Sabha]]}} | |||
|house1 = [[Rajya Sabha]] | |house1 = [[Rajya Sabha]] | ||
|house2 = [[Lok Sabha]] | |house2 = [[Lok Sabha]] | ||
|structure1 = File: | |structure1 = File:Rajya Sabha Updated July 2022.svg | ||
|structure1_res = | |structure1_res = 300px | ||
|structure2 | |structure2 = File:17 th Lok Sabha Updated August 2022.svg | ||
|structure2_res = | |structure2_res = 300px | ||
|political_groups1 = | |political_groups1 = | ||
*'''[[Government of India|Government]] ( | * '''[[Government of India|Government]] (111)''' | ||
*'''[[ | * '''[[Parliamentary opposition|Opposition]] (127)''' | ||
*''' | * '''Vacant (7)''' | ||
|political_groups2 = | |political_groups2 = | ||
*'''[[Government of India|Government]] ( | * '''[[Government of India|Government]] (332)''' | ||
*'''[[ | * '''[[Parliamentary opposition|Opposition]] (205)''' | ||
*''' | * '''Vacant (6)''' | ||
|voting_system1 = [[Single transferable vote]] | |voting_system1 = [[Single transferable vote]] | ||
|voting_system2 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] | |voting_system2 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]] | ||
|last_election1 = [[ | |last_election1 = [[2022 Rajya Sabha elections|10 June 2022]] | ||
|next_election1 = [[ | |next_election1 = [[2023 Rajya Sabha elections|2023 elections]] | ||
|last_election2 = [[2019 Indian general election|11 April – 19 May 2019]] | |last_election2 = [[2019 Indian general election|11 April – 19 May 2019]] | ||
|next_election2 = [[Next Indian general election|May 2024]] | |next_election2 = [[Next Indian general election|May 2024]] | ||
|session_room = New Delhi | |session_room = File:Glimpses of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi (2).jpg | ||
|session_res = | |session_res = 300px | ||
|meeting_place = [[Parliament House | |meeting_place = [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]]<br/> [[Sansad Marg]], [[New Delhi]]<br/> [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]], [[Republic of India]], 110001 | ||
|website = {{URL|parliamentofindia.nic.in}} | |website = {{URL|parliamentofindia.nic.in}} | ||
|constitution = [[Constitution of India]] | |constitution = [[Constitution of India]]}} | ||
}} | {{Coord|28|37|2|N|77|12|29|E|display=title}} | ||
{{ | The '''Parliament of India''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Bhāratīya Sansad}}) is the supreme [[legislative body]] of the [[Republic of India]]. It is a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] [[legislature]] composed of the [[president of India]] and two houses: the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States) and the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People). The president in their role as head of the legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve the Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the [[prime minister of India|prime minister]] and their [[Union Council of Ministers]]. | ||
Those elected or nominated (by the president) to either house of Parliament are referred to as [[member of Parliament (India)|members of Parliament]] (MPs). The [[member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|members of parliament of the Lok Sabha]] are [[direct election|directly elected]] by the Indian public voting in [[single-member district]]s and the [[member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|members of parliament of the Rajya Sabha]] are elected by the [[member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] of all [[Vidhan Sabha|state legislative assemblies]] by [[proportional representation]]. The Parliament has a sanctioned strength of 543 in the Lok Sabha and 245 in the Rajya Sabha including 12 nominees from the expertise of different fields of literature, art, science, and social service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominated Members of Rajya Sabha |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/practice_procedure/book2.asp |website=Rajya Sabha|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126205130/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/practice_procedure/book2.asp |url-status=live}}</ref> The Parliament meets at [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]]. The Parliament of India represents the largest democratic electorate in the world (the second is the [[European Parliament]]), with an electorate of 912 million eligible voters in 2019. On May 28, 2023, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, unveiled and inaugurated the New Parliament House, located adjacent to the previous one. | |||
Those elected or nominated (by the | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
{{Main|Imperial Legislative Council|Constituent Assembly of India}} | {{Main|Imperial Legislative Council|Constituent Assembly of India}} | ||
During [[British Raj|British rule]], the legislative branch of India was the [[Imperial Legislative Council]], which was created in 1861 via the [[Indian Councils Act 1861|Indian Councils Act of 1861]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Our Legislature through the ages – Civilsdaily|date=30 December 2015 |url=https://www.civilsdaily.com/legislature-through-the-ages-through-the-ages/|access-date=30 January 2022|language=en-US|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130062736/https://www.civilsdaily.com/legislature-through-the-ages-through-the-ages/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Councils Act {{!}} 1861, India {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Councils-Act-1861-India|access-date=30 January 2022|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130062734/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Councils-Act-1861-India|url-status=live}}</ref> and disbanded in 1947, when India gained independence. Following independence, the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] was elected to write the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations General Assembly Session 18 Agenda item 23 - Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples|url=https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/A/5446/Add.4|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130180526/http://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en%2FA%2F5446%2FAdd.4|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1950 after the constitution came into force, the Constituent Assembly of India was disbanded,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Politics and Society Since Independence|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/Indian%20Politics%20and%20Society%20Since%20Independence%20-%20Bidyut%20Chakrabarty.pdf|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130062747/http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/Indian%20Politics%20and%20Society%20Since%20Independence%20-%20Bidyut%20Chakrabarty.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and succeeded by the Parliament of India, which is active to this day. | |||
[[File:View of Lok Sabha chamber in the New Parliament building, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|300x300px|New Lok Sabha chamber inside the New Parliament house.]] | |||
==Parliament House== | ==Parliament House== | ||
{{Main|Parliament House | {{Main|Parliament House, New Delhi}} | ||
[[File:Statue of Chandragupta Maurya at Parliament of India.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] at Parliament | [[File:Statue of Chandragupta Maurya at Parliament of India.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] at the old Parliament House.|458x458px]] | ||
=== | ===Old premises=== | ||
The | The [[Parliament House, New Delhi|old Parliament House]] (''Sansad Bhavan'') is located in [[New Delhi]]. It was designed by [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]], who were made responsible for the planning and construction of New Delhi by the British government, as the home of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]], and the [[Chamber of Princes]]. The construction of the building took six years, and the opening ceremony was performed on 18 January 1927 by the [[viceroy and governor-general of India]], [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]]. The construction cost for the building was {{INRConvert|8.3|m}}.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=History of the Parliament, Delhi |url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/history_assembly.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006075521/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/13parl1.html |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=13 December 2013 |publisher=delhiassembly.nic.in}}</ref> | ||
The building is {{convert|70|ft|order=flip}} tall, {{convert|560|ft|order=flip}} in diameter and covers an area of {{convert|5.66|acre|order=flip}}. The Central Hall consists of the chambers of the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha, and the Library hall. Surrounding these three chambers is the four-storeyed circular structure providing accommodations for members and houses [[Standing committee (India)|parliamentary committees]], offices and the [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]].<ref name="auto" /> The center and the focus of the building is the Central Hall. It consists of chambers of the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha, and the Library Hall, and between them lie garden courts. Surrounding these three chambers is the four-storeyed circular structure providing accommodations for ministers, chairmen, parliamentary committees, party offices, important offices of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Secretariat, and also the offices of the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs. The Central Hall is circular in shape and the dome is {{convert|98|ft|order=flip}} in diameter. | |||
Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] laid the foundation and performed the ground-breaking ceremony for the new Parliament | It is a place of historical importance. The [[Indian Constitution]] was framed in the Central Hall. The Central Hall was originally used in the library of the erstwhile Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of States. In 1946, it was converted and refurbished into the Constituent Assembly Hall. [[Lok Sabha#Lok Sabha general elections|election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-10 |title=India's iconic circular Parliament, where country began its 'tryst with destiny' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-iconic-circular-parliament-where-country-began-its-tryst-with-destiny/articleshow/79661266.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-07 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> | ||
===New premises=== | |||
[[New Parliament House, New Delhi|A new parliament building]] was inaugurated on May 28, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-28 |title=As India gets a new Parliament, a look at the history of the first legislative office, from a room to an institution |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/parliament-house-history-growth-8631512/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The old building, an 85-year-old structure suffers from inadequacy of space to house members and their staff and is thought to suffer from structural issues. The building also needs to be protected because of its heritage tag.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi may see a new Parliament building|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-13/india/32662416_1_heritage-building-parliament-house-mantralaya-fire|access-date=13 December 2013|date=13 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006075521/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/13parl1.html|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref><ref name = "Meira Kumar">{{cite web|author=Firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/speaker-sets-up-panel-to-suggest-new-home-for-parliament-377345.html|title=Speaker sets up panel to suggest new home for Parliament|publisher=Firstpost|date=13 July 2012|access-date=15 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811003217/http://www.firstpost.com/india/speaker-sets-up-panel-to-suggest-new-home-for-parliament-377345.html|archive-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> | |||
The new building, with a built-up area of approximately 65,000 sq m and a distinctive triangular shape, optimally utilizes space. It houses an expanded Lok Sabha hall, accommodating up to 888 seats, and a larger Rajya Sabha hall, accommodating up to 384 seats, with the Lok Sabha capable of accommodating up to 1,272 seats for joint sessions of Parliament. The Lok Sabha hall draws inspiration from India's national bird, incorporating a peacock theme, while the Rajya Sabha hall is designed with a lotus theme, reflecting India's national flower. Additionally, a state-of-the-art Constitutional Hall symbolically and physically places Indian citizens at the heart of democracy.The building features secure and efficient office spaces equipped with the latest communications technology. Spacious committee rooms with advanced audio-visual equipment are one of the attractive features of the building. As a "Platinum-rated Green Building", the new Sansad Bhavan embodies India's commitment to environmental sustainability. It showcases Indian heritage, incorporating the vibrance and diversity of modern India, along with its cultural and regional arts and crafts. Ensuring accessibility, the new Parliament is divyang-friendly (handicapped- friendly), enabling people with disabilities to move freely within its premises, as mentioned on the official website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-28 |title=India's new Parliament, and why it is needed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/indias-new-parliament-and-why-it-is-needed-8632565/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> | |||
Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] laid the foundation and performed the ground-breaking ceremony for the new Parliament building on 10 December 2020.<ref name="ET2020">{{cite news |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Rakesh Mohan |title=PM Narendra Modi lays foundation stone of new Parliament building |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-new-parliament-building/articleshow/79659232.cms |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=10 December 2020 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508130737/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-lays-foundation-stone-of-new-parliament-building/articleshow/79659232.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BT" /> With an estimated cost of {{INR}}9.71 billion, the new building was inaugurated in 2023.<ref name="ET2020" /><ref name="BT">{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=PM Modi to lay foundation stone of new Parliament building on Dec 10 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-parliament-building-on-dec-10/story/424033.html |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=Business Today |date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120080812/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/pm-modi-to-lay-foundation-stone-of-new-parliament-building-on-dec-10/story/424033.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
==Composition== | ==Composition== | ||
The Indian Parliament consists of two houses | The Indian Parliament consists of two houses, namely, the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]], with the [[president of India]] acting as their head. | ||
[[File:Sansad seat distribution.png|thumb| | [[File:Sansad seat distribution.png|State-wise distribution of seats in each house of Parliament|thumb|361x361px]] | ||
===President of India=== | ===President of India=== | ||
The president of India, the [[head of state]], is a component of Parliament. Under [[s: Constitution of India/Part V|Article 60]] and [[s: Constitution of India/Part V|Article 111]] of the constitution, the president's responsibility is to ensure that laws passed by the Parliament are in accordance with the constitutional mandate and that the stipulated procedure is followed before indicating approval to the bills. The president of India is elected by the [[Member of Parliament (India)|elected members of the Parliament of India]] and the [[Vidhan Sabha|state legislatures]] and serves for a term of five years.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, [[Government of India]]|title=Constitution of India|date=1 December 2007|page=26|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|access-date=27 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> | |||
The | |||
===Lok Sabha=== | ===Lok Sabha=== | ||
The [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People) or the [[lower house]] has 543 [[member of parliament, Lok Sabha|member]]s. Members are directly elected by citizens of India on the basis of [[universal suffrage|universal adult franchise]] representing [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|parliamentary constituencies]] across the country. Between 1952 and 2020, [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|two additional members]] of the [[Anglo-Indian]] community were also nominated by the president of India on the advice of the [[Indian government]], which was abolished in January 2020 by the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|website=www.live law.in|date=23 January 2020|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112184618/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
[[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People) or the [[lower house]] has 543 [[ | |||
<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|publisher=parliamentofindia.nic.in|access-date=19 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601044824/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|archive-date=1 June 2015}}</ref> | Every citizen of India who is over 18 years of age, irrespective of gender, caste, religion, or race and is otherwise not disqualified, is eligible to vote for members of the Lok Sabha. The constitution provides that the maximum strength of the Lower House be 552 members. It has a term of five years. To be eligible for membership in the Lok Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India and must be 25 years of age or older, mentally sound, should not be bankrupt, and should not be criminally convicted. The total elective membership is distributed among the states in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats allotted to each state and the population of the state is, so far as practicable, the same for all states.<ref name="Lok Sabha">{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|publisher=parliamentofindia.nic.in|access-date=19 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601044824/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/introls.html|archive-date=1 June 2015}}</ref> Out of 543 seats of [[Lok Sabha]], 84 seats are reserved for [[Scheduled castes]] and 47 seats are reserved for [[Scheduled tribe]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=STATE/UT WISE SEATS IN THE LOK SABHA |url=https://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/19167_State_wise_seats_in_Lok_Sabha_18-03-2009.pdf |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref> | ||
===Rajya Sabha=== | ===Rajya Sabha=== | ||
The [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States) or the [[Upper House]] is a permanent body not subject to dissolution. One-third of the members retire every second year and are replaced by newly elected members. Each member is elected for a term of six years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliament – Government: National Portal of India|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/parliament.php|publisher=Home: National Portal of India|access-date=10 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430004529/http://india.gov.in/govt/parliament.php|archive-date=30 April 2011}}</ref> Its members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies of the states. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, of which 233 are elected from [[states and union territories of India|states, and union territories]] and 12 are [[list of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|nominated]] by the president. The number of members from a state depends on its population. The minimum age for a person to become a [[member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|member of the Rajya Sabha]] is 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Introduction |url=http://164.100.117.34/rsnew/about_parliament/rajya_sabha_introduction.asp |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=164.100.117.34}}</ref> There are no caste based reservations in Rajya Sabha.<ref name=":5" /> | |||
[[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States) or the [[ | |||
== | == Powers == | ||
As the primary institution responsible for lawmaking, the Indian Parliament possesses a wide array of powers that form the backbone of the country's democratic governance. | |||
== | * '''Legislative Powers''': | ||
{{ | *# Enacting Laws: The Parliament is vested with the authority to make laws on subjects enumerated in the Union List and Concurrent List under the Constitution of India. Bills can be introduced in either house, and upon approval, they become laws after receiving the President's assent | ||
Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the | *#Amending the Constitution: The Parliament can amend the Constitution with the support of a special majority, allowing for modifications to accommodate changing societal needs and aspirations. | ||
*#Residuary Powers: The Parliament holds exclusive authority over matters not covered by the Union or State Lists, known as residuary powers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Arvind |date=2011-10-03 |title=What are the Powers and Functions of the Parliament of India? |url=https://www.preservearticles.com/education/what-are-the-powers-and-functions-of-the-parliament-of-india/12738 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=PreserveArticles.com: Preserving Your Articles for Eternity |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
*'''Financial Powers''': | |||
*#Formulation and Approval of the Union Budget: The Parliament plays a vital role in the development and endorsement of the Union Budget. It carefully examines the government's proposals for revenue generation and expenditure, provides suggestions for modifications if necessary, and ultimately grants or withholds financial allocations accordingly. | |||
*#Taxation: Parliament has the power to levy and collect taxes, including income tax, customs and excise duties, and goods and services tax (GST). | |||
*#Control over Public Expenditure: The Parliament scrutinizes government expenditure through debates and discussions on budgetary allocations, ensuring accountability and transparency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parihar |first=Subhashini |date=2023-01-22 |title=What Are the Powers and Functions of the Indian Parliament? |url=https://www.writinglaw.com/powers-and-functions-of-indian-parliament/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=WritingLaw |language=en-GB}}</ref> | |||
*'''Executive Powers''': | |||
*# Council of Ministers: The Parliament exercises executive powers indirectly through its control over the Council of Ministers. The government is collectively responsible to the Parliament, and its policies and actions are subject to parliamentary scrutiny. | |||
*# Vote of No Confidence: The Parliament can remove the government from power through a vote of no confidence. If the government fails to enjoy the majority's support (in Lok Sbaha), it must resign. | |||
*# Questions and Motions: Members of Parliament have the right to raise questions, seek clarifications, and move motions regarding the functioning of the government and its policies.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Parliament and the Executive |url=https://prsindia.org/files/parliament/discussion_papers/Parliament%20and%20the%20Executive_0.pdf |journal=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref> | |||
*'''Oversight Powers''': | |||
*# Question Hour: Members of Parliament can ask questions of ministers during the Question Hour, seeking clarifications on matters of public interest. | |||
*# Committees: The Parliament appoints various committees, such as the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), the Estimates Committee, and the Committee on Public Undertakings, to oversee and examine government policies, programs, and their implementation. | |||
*# Impeachment Power: The Parliament has the authority to initiate impeachment proceedings against the President, Vice President, and Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts for the violation of the Constitution.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
==Sessions == | |||
The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The constitution empowers the president to summon each house at such intervals that there should not be more than a six-month gap between the two sessions. Hence the Parliament must meet at least twice a year. In India, the Parliament conducts three sessions each year.<ref name="Our Parliament">{{cite web|title=Our Parliament|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/our%20parliament/Folder01.pdf|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|access-date=6 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226234231/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/our%20parliament/Folder01.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2012|location=New Delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
* '''Budget session''': The Budget Session is arguably the most crucial session of the Indian Parliament. It typically commences in February and concludes in May. The primary objective of this session is to discuss, debate, and pass the annual Union Budget, which outlines the government's fiscal policies and priorities for the upcoming financial year. Members of Parliament scrutinize the budget proposals, propose amendments, and engage in comprehensive discussions to ensure transparency and accountability in the allocation of funds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Morris-Jones |first=W. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y08rEAAAQBAJ |title=Parliament in India |date=2015-09-30 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-1-5128-1817-8 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
* '''Monsoon session''': The Monsoon Session of Parliament usually takes place between July and August. It derives its name from the occurrence of the monsoon season during this time. This session primarily focuses on enacting legislation, as it provides an opportunity for Members of Parliament to introduce bills, engage in extensive debates, and collectively decide on their passage. Apart from legislative functions, this session also involves discussions on various issues of national importance, enabling the government to address concerns raised by the opposition and seek their support.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
* '''Winter session''': The Winter Session, held between November and December, serves as the last parliamentary session of the calendar year. Its main purpose is to ensure a comprehensive review of the government's policies and initiatives, allowing Members of Parliament to critically analyze their effectiveness. This session witnesses the introduction of bills, discussions on pending legislation, and the examination of the government's performance through questions, motions, and debates. The Winter Session is vital for fostering accountability and transparency in governance.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
* '''Special Sessions''''':'' In addition to the regular sessions, the Indian Parliament also holds special sessions to address urgent matters or crises that require immediate attention. These sessions are convened outside the usual schedule and are dedicated to discussing specific issues of national importance. Special sessions provide a platform for focused deliberations, enabling swift decision-making and action in response to emergencies or critical circumstances.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
==Functions== | |||
=== Legislative functions === | |||
{{See also|Lawmaking procedure in India}} | |||
Legislative proposals are brought before either house of the Parliament in the form of a bill. A bill is the draft of a legislative proposal, which, when passed by both houses of Parliament and assented to by the president, becomes an [[act of Parliament]]. [[Money bill]]s must originate in the Lok Sabha. The [[Rajya Sabha|Council of States]] can only make recommendations over the bills to the House, within a period of fourteen days.<ref>{{cite web|title=How bill becomes act|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p5.html|publisher=parliamentofindia.nic.in|access-date=8 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516023151/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p5.html|archive-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> | |||
==Parliamentary committees== | ==Parliamentary committees== | ||
{{Main|List of Indian parliamentary committees}} | {{Main|List of Indian parliamentary committees}} | ||
Parliamentary committees are formed to deliberate specific matters at length. The public is directly or indirectly associated and studies are conducted to help committees arrive at the conclusions. Parliamentary committees are of two kinds: | Parliamentary committees are formed to deliberate specific matters at length. The public is directly or indirectly associated and studies are conducted to help committees arrive at the conclusions. Parliamentary committees are of two kinds: standing committees and ad hoc committees.<ref name="Committee">{{cite web|last=Parliamentary Committee|title=Parliament of India|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p21.html|publisher=Indian Parliament|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724034114/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p21.htm|archive-date=24 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Committees of Rajya Sabha|title=General Information|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/committees/general_introduction.asp|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920095554/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/committees/general_introduction.asp|archive-date=20 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lok Sabha - Committee Home|title=Introduction|url=http://164.100.47.134/committee/Committee_Home_Page.aspx|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311032452/http://164.100.47.134/committee/Committee_Home_Page.aspx|archive-date=11 March 2016}}</ref> | ||
Standing committees are permanent committees constituted from time to time in pursuance of the provisions of an act of Parliament or rules of procedure and conduct of business in Parliament. The work of these committees is of a continuing nature. Ad hoc committees are appointed for a specific purpose and they cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submit a report. | |||
== Privileges == | |||
Parliamentary privileges play a crucial role in safeguarding the functioning of the Indian Parliament and upholding its authority as the primary legislative body in the country. These privileges grant certain rights and immunize Members of Parliament, enabling them to perform their duties effectively, express their views freely, and ensure democratic accountability.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Analysis of Parliamentary Privileges in India |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/parliamentary001.htm |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.legalserviceindia.com}}</ref> | |||
* ''Freedom of Speech'': One of the most fundamental parliamentary privileges is the freedom of speech and expression granted to Members of Parliament. This privilege allows legislators to articulate their opinions and viewpoints without fear of legal consequences or outside interference. By protecting freedom of speech, parliamentary privileges ensure that parliamentarians can openly debate, discuss, and criticize government policies and actions, thus contributing to robust decision-making and democratic governance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Legal |first=Prime |date=2023-03-12 |title=INDIAN PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGES |url=https://primelegal.in/2023/03/12/indian-parliamentary-privileges/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=Prime Legal |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
* I''mmunity from Legal Action'': Parliamentary privileges grant lawmakers immunity from civil and criminal proceedings for any statements made or actions performed within the Parliament or its committees. This immunity allows Members of Parliament to express their opinions and engage in debates without the fear of legal repercussions. By safeguarding parliamentarians from external legal actions, these privileges facilitate open and uninhibited discussions, fostering an environment conducive to the free exchange of ideas.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
* ''Access to Information'': Parliamentary privileges also encompass the right to access information necessary for effective legislation and oversight. Members of Parliament have the authority to seek information from government officials, ministries, and public authorities to gather facts, scrutinize policies, and hold the government accountable. This privilege enables parliamentarians to obtain critical data, documents, and reports to make informed decisions and represent the interests of their constituents effectively.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
* ''Control over Internal Affairs'': Parliamentary privileges grant the legislature the power to regulate its internal affairs, proceedings, and discipline. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha exercise these privileges to maintain decorum, ensure orderly debates, and enforce rules of procedure. This control over internal affairs allows the Indian Parliament to function independently, protect its integrity, and maintain its authority as a legislative body.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
* ''Protection from Arrest'': Parliamentary privileges provide Members of Parliament with protection from arrest in civil cases during the session of Parliament, allowing them to discharge their legislative responsibilities without hindrance. This privilege ensures that lawmakers can attend parliamentary sessions, participate in debates, and fulfill their duties without the threat of detention or interference.<ref name=":1" /> | |||
==Code of Conduct == | |||
To uphold the principles of transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct, the Indian Parliament focuses on some of the key behavioral aspects for parliamentarians. | |||
* To maintain transparency: | |||
# Parliamentarians should disclose their financial interests, including assets, investments, and sources of income, to ensure transparency and prevent conflicts of interest. | |||
# Detailed records of parliamentary proceedings, including debates, voting records, and committee activities, should be made readily available to the public for scrutiny and accountability.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |title=A GUIDE FOR PARLIAMENTARIANS |url=https://www.mickikaminska.com/GOPAC/Docs/HandbookOnParliametaryEthicsAndConductAGuideForParliamentarians.pdf |journal=Global Task Force on Parliamentary Ethics}}</ref> | |||
* Conflict of Interest: | |||
*# Parliamentarians should avoid conflicts of interest and recuse themselves from discussions or decisions that may directly or indirectly benefit them, their family members, or their associates. | |||
*# A clear definition of conflicts of interest and guidelines for disclosure and recusal are outlined to maintain the integrity of the legislative process.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
*Respectful Discourse: | |||
*#Parliamentarians should engage in respectful and constructive debates, adhering to decorum and avoiding personal attacks or derogatory language. | |||
*#Speeches and interactions should be focused on the issues at hand, fostering a culture of healthy deliberation and informed decision-making.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |title=Rules of Conduct and Parliamentary Etiquette |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/Procedure/RajyaSabhaAtWork/English/311-345/CHAPTER9.pdf |journal=Rajya Sabha Document}}</ref> | |||
* Attendance and Participation: | |||
*# Parliamentarians should demonstrate a high level of commitment to their duties by attending sessions regularly and actively participating in debates, voting, and committee work. | |||
*# Guidelines are established to ensure that absenteeism is minimal, and absence without valid reasons is addressed appropriately. | |||
*Use of Parliamentary Privileges: | |||
*#Parliamentarians should exercise their parliamentary privileges responsibly, recognizing that they are not immune to legal and ethical obligations outside the Parliament. | |||
*#Misuse of privileges, such as obstructing justice or engaging in corrupt practices, are strictly prohibited and subjected to legal consequences.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
*Accountability: | |||
*#Parliamentarians are accountable to the public they represent, regularly communicating with constituents, listening to their concerns, and addressing their grievances. | |||
*#A mechanism for public redressal and feedback are established to hold parliamentarians accountable for their actions and decisions.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
*Prohibition of Corruption: | |||
*#Parliamentarians should be bound by stringent anti-corruption measures, including the declaration of assets, income, and liabilities, and strict adherence to existing anti-corruption laws. | |||
*#Strong penalties and disciplinary action should be imposed for any proven instances of corruption or unethical behavior, reinforcing a culture of integrity and zero tolerance for malpractice.<ref name=":3" /> | |||
In 2022, the Lok Sabha secretariat released a booklet listing out unparliamentary words and expressions before the start of the Monsoon session on 18 July 2022. The banned words if used during debates or otherwise in both the houses would be expunged from the records of the parliament.<ref name="telegraphindia 2022">{{cite news |date=14 July 2022 |title='Jumlajeevi', 'baal buddhi', 'Covid spreader' among words now banned in Parliament |work=telegraphindia.com |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/jumlajeevi-baal-buddhi-covid-spreader-among-words-now-banned-in-parliament/cid/1874618 |url-status=live |access-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714064434/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/jumlajeevi-baal-buddhi-covid-spreader-among-words-now-banned-in-parliament/cid/1874618 |archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> | |||
==Incidents== | ==Incidents== | ||
[[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] was one of the significant incidents in the history of the Indian Parliament by then-Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in 1975. The emergency lasted for 21 months and saw a suspension of civil liberties, censorship of the press, and imprisonment of political opponents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=48 years of Emergency: Here is what happened over the two years that changed India's history |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/emergency-48-years-timeline-history-8685088/ |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> | |||
On 13 December 2001, Indian Parliament was attacked by an [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]] group. The perpetrators were [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (Let) and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM) terrorists. The attack led to the deaths of five terrorists, six [[Delhi Police]] personnel, two [[Parliament Security Services]] personnel, and a gardener, which totaled 14 fatalities. The incident led to increased tensions between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], resulting in the [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff|India–Pakistan standoff]].<ref>{{cite news |date=13 December 2001 |title=Terrorists attack Parliament; five intruders, six cops killed |newspaper=rediff.com |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/13parl1.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006075521/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/13parl1.html |archive-date=6 October 2013}}</ref> | |||
On | |||
==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
<gallery mode="packed" heights=" | <gallery mode="packed" heights="90"> | ||
Jawaharal Nehru and other members taking pledge.jpg|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947. | File:Jawaharal Nehru and other members taking pledge.jpg|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947. | ||
A Constituent Assembly of India meeting in 1950.jpg|[[Constituent Assembly of India]] | File:A Constituent Assembly of India meeting in 1950.jpg|[[Constituent Assembly of India]] | ||
Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.jpg|Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] in 1946. | File:Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.jpg|Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] in 1946. | ||
Indian Prime Minister Morarji Desai listens to Jimmy Carter as he addresses the Indian Parliament House. - NARA - 177385.tif|[[ | File:Indian Prime Minister Morarji Desai listens to Jimmy Carter as he addresses the Indian Parliament House. - NARA - 177385.tif|[[Indian prime minister]] [[Morarji Desai]] listens to [[Jimmy Carter]] as he addresses the Indian Parliament House. | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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* [[Election Commission of India]] | * [[Election Commission of India]] | ||
* [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]] | * [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha]] | ||
* [[Member of | * [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] | ||
* [[PRS Legislative Research]] | * [[PRS Legislative Research]] | ||
* [[Indian Parliamentary Group]] | * [[Indian Parliamentary Group]] | ||
* [[List of legislatures by country]] | * [[List of legislatures by country]] | ||
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]] | * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]] | ||
* [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] | |||
{{div col end}} | {{div col end}} | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* | * | ||
* | * | ||
{{Asia topic|Parliament of|title=Parliaments of Asia}} | {{Asia topic|Parliament of|title=Parliaments of Asia}} | ||