Jump to content

2008 Mumbai attacks: Difference between revisions

2008 Mumbai attacks (edit)

Revision as of 09:23, 26 November 2021

183,099 bytes added ,  26 November 2021
no edit summary
m (1 revision imported)
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
{{complex|date=June 2012}}
{{Short description|Series of Islamist terrorist attacks in India}}
{{redirect|26/11|the date|November 26}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = The Mumbai attacks of November 2008
| title           = 2008 Mumbai attacks
| image = Bombaymapconfimed attacks.png
| partof          =
| caption = Locations of some of the attacks
| image           = Bombaymapconfimed attacks.png
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| image_size      = 250px
| date = 26 th November 2008
| alt              =
| time = 2120 hrs local time <ref name="CNN-27th">{{cite news|url=http://www.ijtr.nic.in/amir%20kasab.pdf}}</ref>
| caption         = Locations of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], [[UTC]] +5:30
| map              =
| type = Bombings, Shootings, Hostages<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ijtr.nic.in/amir%20kasab.pdf}}</ref>
| map_size        =
| fatalities = 175<ref name="CNN-27th"/><ref name="Amir Kasab">http://www.ijtr.nic.in/amir%20kasab.pdf</ref>
| map_alt          =
| injuries = 291<ref name="Amir Kasab"/>
| map_caption      =
| susperps = Pakistan based terrorist organisation viz. Laskhar-e-Taiba (LeT), which is now known as Makaz-ud-Dawa-wal-Irshad  <ref name="Amir Kasab" />
| location         = [[Mumbai]], India{{bulleted list |[[Leopold Café]]|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]|[[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]]|[[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point|Oberoi Trident]]|[[Cama Hospital]]|[[Nariman House]]|[[Metro Adlabs|Metro Cinema]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-police3-2008dec03,0,798102.story |title=Facing attackers with little more than courage |last=Magnier |first=Mark |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=3 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206235300/http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-police3-2008dec03%2C0%2C798102.story |archive-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>|[[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]]<ref name="FOXNews-Sites-List" />}}
| weapons = [[RDX]], [[AK-47]]s, and [[Hand grenade|grenades]]<ref name="mumbaiattack-toi">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Terrorists_strike_Mumbai_80_dead_many_hurt/articleshow/3761410.cms|title=Terror attacks in Mumbai; 80 dead, over 200 injured|publisher=Times of India|date=2008-11-27|accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref>
| target          =
}}The '''2008 Mumbai attacks''' were carried out at seven places across Mumbai, India, on 26th November 2008.<ref name="Amir Kasab" /> 175 people were killed and 291 were injured in these attacks.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bhandarwar|first=Ajay H.|last2=Bakhshi|first2=Girish D.|last3=Tayade|first3=Mukund B.|last4=Chavan|first4=Gajanan S.|last5=Shenoy|first5=Sachin S.|last6=Nair|first6=Ashish S.|date=2012-5|title=Mortality pattern of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673262|journal=The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery|volume=72|issue=5|pages=1329–1334; discussion 1334|doi=10.1097/TA.0b013e31824da04f|issn=2163-0763|pmid=22673262}}</ref>
| coordinates      = {{coord|18.922125|72.832564|display=inline,title}}
| date            = {{start date|2008|11|26|df=yes}} – {{end date|2008|11|29|df=yes}}
| time            = 21:30 (26/11) – 08:00 (29/11)
| timezone         = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], [[UTC+05:30]]
| type             = [[Bombings]], [[shootings]], [[mass murder]], [[hostage crisis]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://articles.latimes.com/print/2008/nov/27/world/fg-mumbai27 |title=Terror attacks ravage Mumbai |first1=Mark |last1=Magnier |first2=Subhash |last2=Sharma |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |page=A1 |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126024934/http://articles.latimes.com/print/2008/nov/27/world/fg-mumbai27 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[siege]]
| fatalities       = 175 (including 9 attackers)<ref name=Journal.Mortality>{{Cite journal|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22673262/|pmid=22673262|year=2012|last1=Bhandarwar|first1=A. H.|last2=Bakhshi|first2=G. D.|last3=Tayade|first3=M. B.|last4=Chavan|first4=G. S.|last5=Shenoy|first5=S. S.|last6=Nair|first6=A. S.|title=Mortality pattern of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks|journal=The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery|volume=72|issue=5|pages=1329–34; discussion 1334|doi=10.1097/TA.0b013e31824da04f|s2cid=23968266}}</ref>
| injuries        = 300+<ref name="Britannica"/>
| victims          = See [[#Casualties and compensation|casualty list]] for complete list
| perpetrators    = [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]]<ref name="Masood">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/world/asia/13pstan.html |title=Pakistan Backtracks on Link to Mumbai Attacks |last=Masood |first=Salman |date=12 February 2009 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=12 February 2009 |archive-date=9 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409223205/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/world/asia/13pstan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Haider">{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE51B25820090212?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=10112 |title=Pakistan says it arrests Mumbai attack plotters |last=Haider |first=Kamran |date=12 February 2009 |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=12 February 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68hEcXrzQ?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/02/12/us-pakistan-india-idUSTRE51B25820090212 |archive-date=26 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/11/12/pakistan-admits-pakistanis-let-training-camps-used-for-mumbai-attacks/ |title=Pakistan admits Pakistanis, LeT training camps used for Mumbai attacks |last=Aziz |first=Hadi |date=12 November 2012 |website=The News Tribe |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-date=10 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210002538/http://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/11/12/pakistan-admits-pakistanis-let-training-camps-used-for-mumbai-attacks/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5779916/Pakistani-president-Asif-Zardari-admits-creating-terrorist-groups.html |title=Pakistani president Asif Zardari admits creating terrorist groups |last=Nelson |first=Dean |date=8 July 2009 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-date=4 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604171330/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/5779916/Pakistani-president-Asif-Zardari-admits-creating-terrorist-groups.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/pakistan-admits-mumbai-terror-link |title=Pakistan admits Mumbai terror link |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=12 February 2009 |newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629114125/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/pakistan-admits-mumbai-terror-link |url-status=live }}</ref>
| susperps        = <!-- or | susperp = -->
| weapons         = [[AK-47]], [[RDX]], [[Improvised explosive device|IEDs]], [[grenade]]s
| numparts        = 10 <!-- or | numpart = -->
| dfens            = {{bulleted list |[[National Security Guards]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//articleshow/3765874.cms |title=Army preparing for final assault, says Major General Hooda |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 December 2008 |archive-date=7 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207193057/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3765874.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DW-ENDSIEGE">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3835517,00.html |title=India Blames Pakistan as Mumbai Siege Ends |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=29 November 2008 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=3 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203085829/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3835517,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|[[MARCOS]]|[[Mumbai Police]]|[[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|Indian ATS]]|[[Railway Protection Force]]|[[Mumbai Fire Brigade]]}}
| website          = <!-- URL|example.com}} -->
| motive          = [[Islamic terrorism]]
}}
The '''2008 Mumbai attacks'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://specials.manoramaonline.com/Onmanorama/2018/mumbai-attack/index.html |title=10 years on, revisiting Mumbai's terror hours |website=[[OnManorama]] |access-date=16 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126135240/https://specials.manoramaonline.com/Onmanorama/2018/mumbai-attack/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (also referred to as '''26/11''')<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/26-11-mumbai-terror-attacks-aftermath-security-audits-carried-out-on-227-non-major-seaports-till-dat-1780189 |title=26/11 Mumbai Terror Attacks Aftermath: Security Audits Carried Out On 227 Non-Major Seaports Till Date |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=26 November 2017 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=7 December 2017 |archive-date=23 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623070847/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/26-11-mumbai-terror-attacks-aftermath-security-audits-carried-out-on-227-non-major-seaports-till-dat-1780189 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|name=NoteA|The expression "26/11" is pronounced "twenty-six eleven". The [[Slash (punctuation)|slash]] is not part of the pronunciation.}} were a series of [[Terrorism|terrorist attacks]] that took place in November 2008, when 10 members of [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], an [[Islamist]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai Terror Attacks Fast Facts|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/18/world/asia/mumbai-terror-attacks/|publisher=CNN|access-date=21 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522031149/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/18/world/asia/mumbai-terror-attacks/|archive-date=22 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> terrorist organisation from [[Pakistan]], carried out 12 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks lasting four days across [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/opinion/18friedman.html |title=No Way, No How, Not Here |first=Thomas |last=Friedman |date=17 February 2009 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=17 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829011434/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/opinion/18friedman.html |archive-date=29 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Muslims hailed for not burying 26/11 attackers |url=http://sify.com/news/indian-muslims-hailed-for-not-burying-26-11-attackers-news-international-jegsNXehjhc.html |date=19 February 2009 |website=Sify News |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023095818/http://sify.com/news/indian-muslims-hailed-for-not-burying-26-11-attackers-news-international-jegsNXehjhc.html |archive-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="abc20091125">{{Cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/mumbai-terror-attacks-pakistanis-charged/story?id=9176592 |title=Mumbai Terror Attacks: 7 Pakistanis Charged&nbsp;– Action Comes a Year After India's Worst Terrorist Attacks; 164 Die |first=Nick |last=Schifrin |date=25 November 2009 |website=[[ABC News]] |access-date=17 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127091951/http://abcnews.go.com/International/mumbai-terror-attacks-pakistanis-charged/story?id=9176592 |archive-date=27 November 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The attacks, which drew widespread global condemnation, began on Wednesday 26 November and lasted until Saturday 29 November 2008. A total of 175 people died, including nine attackers, and more than 300 were wounded.<ref name=Journal.Mortality/><ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Mumbai-terrorist-attacks-of-2008 |title=Mumbai terrorist attacks of 2008 |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626195250/https://www.britannica.com/event/Mumbai-terrorist-attacks-of-2008 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guardian-condemn">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/28/mumbai-terror-attacks-international-response |title=Attacks draw worldwide condemnation |last=Black |first=Ian |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London, UK |access-date=5 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201072241/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/28/mumbai-terror-attacks-international-response |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>


== Reasons for the attacks ==
Eight of the attacks occurred in [[South Mumbai]]: at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], the [[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point|Oberoi Trident]], the [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Palace & Tower]],<ref name="FOXNews-Sites-List">{{Cite web|date=27 November 2008|title=Wave of Terror Attacks Strikes India's Mumbai, Killing at Least 182|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,457885,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204073907/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C457885%2C00.html|archive-date=4 December 2008|access-date=3 December 2008|website=Fox News Channel}}</ref> the [[Leopold Cafe]], the [[Cama Hospital]],<ref name="FOXNews-Sites-List" /> the [[Nariman House]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/world/asia/03jews.html |title=Jews of Mumbai, a Tiny and Eclectic Group, Suddenly Reconsider Their Serene Existence |last=Kahn |first=Jeremy |date=2 December 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=3 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820093304/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/world/asia/03jews.html?ref=world |archive-date=20 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ten-years-after-26/11-chabad-house-continues-to-stand-tall/articleshow/66784843.cms |title=Ten years after 26/11 Chabad House continues to stand tall |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308104856/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ten-years-after-26/11-chabad-house-continues-to-stand-tall/articleshow/66784843.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Metro Adlabs|Metro Cinema]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-police3-2008dec03,0,798102.story |title=Facing attackers with little more than courage |last=Magnier |first=Mark |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=3 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206235300/http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-police3-2008dec03%2C0%2C798102.story |archive-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in a lane behind the ''[[Times of india|Times of India]]'' building and [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]].<ref name="FOXNews-Sites-List" /> There was also an explosion at [[Mazagaon]], in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at [[Vile Parle]].<ref name="Tracing the terror route">{{Cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Tracing-the-terror-route/396335 |title=Tracing the terror route |date=10 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=9 December 2008 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5h7IVRztz?url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Tracing-the-terror-route/396335 |archive-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref> By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj Hotel had been secured by the [[Mumbai Police]] and security forces. On 29 November, India's [[National Security Guards]] (NSG) conducted Operation Black Tornado to flush out the remaining attackers; it culminated in the death of the last remaining attackers at the Taj Hotel and ended the attacks.<ref name="BBC-2008-11-29">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7756068.stm |title=Police declare Mumbai siege over |date=29 November 2008 |website=BBC News |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081129143000/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7756068.stm |archive-date=29 November 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Waging war against India .<ref name="Amir Kasab" />
 
{| class="wikitable"
[[Ajmal Kasab]],<ref name="Terrorist's name lost in transliteration">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/06/stories/2008120661211200.htm |title=Terrorist's name lost in transliteration |date=6 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=[[Chennai]] |access-date=7 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208090328/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/06/stories/2008120661211200.htm |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the sole surviving attacker, disclosed that the attackers were members of the terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17882/ |title=Profile: Lashkar-e-Taiba (Army of the Pure) (aka Lashkar e-Tayyiba, Lashkar e-Toiba; Lashkar-i-Taiba) |first=Jayshree |last=Bajoria |date=14 January 2010 |website=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605151918/http://www.cfr.org/publication/17882/ |archive-date=5 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> among others.<ref name="NYT-2008-12-03">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/world/asia/03mumbai.html |title=US and India See Link to Militants in Pakistan |last1=Schmitt |first1=Eric |last2=Sengupta |first2=Somini |last3=Perlez |first3=Jane |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=3 December 2008 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626121047/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/03/world/asia/03mumbai.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] stated that the attackers came from Pakistan, and their [[Agent handling|controllers]] were in Pakistan.<ref name="NPR-2008-12-03">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/world/asia/04india.html |title=Ex-US Official Cites Pakistani Training for India Attackers |last1=Schmitt |first1=Eric |last2=Sengupta |first2=Somini |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=14 February 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402032918/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/world/asia/04india.html |archive-date=2 April 2009}}</ref> Pakistan later confirmed that the sole surviving perpetrator of the attacks was a Pakistani citizen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-01-08|title=Mumbai siege: 'Kill all the hostages – except the two Muslims'|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/mumbai-siege-kill-all-the-hostages-ndash-except-the-two-muslims-1232074.html|access-date=2020-11-26|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=26 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126064047/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/mumbai-siege-kill-all-the-hostages-ndash-except-the-two-muslims-1232074.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TIME08JAN2009">{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1870267,00.html |title=Pakistan Continues to Resist India Pressure on Mumbai |first=Omar |last=Waraich |date=8 January 2009 |magazine=[[TIME]] |access-date=8 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114080611/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C1870267%2C00.html |archive-date=14 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 9 April 2015, the foremost ringleader of the attacks, [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]], was released on bail and disappeared;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32250763 | title=Mumbai attack suspect Lakhvi released on bail in Pakistan | work=BBC News | date=10 April 2015 | access-date=10 April 2015 | archive-date=12 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412183524/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-32250763 | url-status=live }}</ref> he was arrested again in [[Lahore]] on 2 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web | first=Asim | last=Tanveer | url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-2008-mumbai-attacks-counterterrorism-mumbai-india-aa6214946a60375bcd0bd7a60ae193db | title=Pakistan arrests key militant on terror financing charges | website=Associated Press | date=2 January 2021 | access-date=2 January 2021 | archive-date=4 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104113819/https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-2008-mumbai-attacks-counterterrorism-mumbai-india-aa6214946a60375bcd0bd7a60ae193db | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bukhari |first=Mubasher |date=2021-01-02 |title=Pakistan arrests alleged militant group leader Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi on terrorism financing charge |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-arrest-mumbai-idUSKBN2970C0 |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105095106/https://www.reuters.com/article/pakistan-arrest-mumbai-idUSKBN2970C0 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, former Pakistani prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] suggested that the Pakistani government played a role in the 2008 Mumbai attack.<ref name="Farmer2019">{{cite news |last1=Farmer |first1=Ben |title=Pakistan trained al-Qaeda, says Imran Khan |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/09/24/pakistan-trained-al-qaeda-says-imran-khan/ |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=24 September 2019 |date=24 September 2019 |quote=Pakistan's security apparatus has in the past angrily rejected politicians linking it to militancy. Nawaz Sharif, the former prime minister, faced treason charges last year after an interview where he suggested the Pakistani state played a role in the 2008 Mumbai attack that killed 166 people. |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924190928/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/09/24/pakistan-trained-al-qaeda-says-imran-khan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Background==
{{stack|float=left|[[File:Mahim train blast.jpg|thumb|left|One of the bomb-damaged coaches at the [[Mahim]] station in Mumbai during the [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings|11 July 2006 train bombings]]]]}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}
{{Campaignbox Mumbai terrorism}}
 
There had been many terrorist attacks in Mumbai since the 13 coordinated [[1993 Bombay bombings|bomb explosions]] that killed 257 people and injured 700 on 12 March 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |title=1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs |date=12 March 1993 |website=BBC News |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211202614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/12/newsid_4272000/4272943.stm |archive-date=11 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The 1993 attacks were carried out in revenge for earlier religious riots that killed many Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33713846 |title=How the 1993 blasts changed Mumbai forever |date=30 July 2015 |website=BBC News |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626125420/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33713846 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
On 6 December 2002, a blast in a [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] bus near [[Ghatkopar]] station killed two people and injured 28.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/02mum.htm |title=Blast outside Ghatkopar station in Mumbai, 10 killed |date=6 December 2002 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=11 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080811153416/http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/dec/02mum.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The bombing occurred on the 10th anniversary of the [[Babri Mosque#Demolition|demolition of the Babri Mosque]] in [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/6/newsid_3712000/3712777.stm |title=1992: Mob rips apart mosque in Ayodhya |date=6 December 1992 |website=BBC News |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207084212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/6/newsid_3712000/3712777.stm |archive-date=7 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> A bicycle bomb exploded near the [[Vile Parle]] station in Mumbai, killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003, a day before the visit of the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] of India [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] to the city.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/35711165.cms |title=1 killed, 25 hurt in Vile Parle blast |date=28 January 2003 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=14 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114012444/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/35711165.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 March 2003, a day after the 10th anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings, a bomb exploded in a train compartment near the [[Mulund]] station, killing 10 people and injuring 70.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848123.stm |title=Fear after Bombay train blast |date=14 March 2003 |website=BBC News |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=4 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204104541/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848123.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 July 2003, a blast in a BEST bus in Ghatkopar killed 4 people and injured 32.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28blast.htm |title=Blast in Ghatkopar in Mumbai, 4 killed and 32 injured |first1=Vijay |last1=Singh |first2=Syed Firdaus |last2=Ashra |date=29 July 2003 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908095938/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/28blast.htm |archive-date=8 September 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 August 2003, two bombs exploded in [[South Mumbai]], one near the [[Gateway of India]] and the other at [[Zaveri Bazaar]] in [[Kalbadevi]]. At least 44 people were killed and 150 injured.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3921000/3921475.stm |title=2003: Bombay rocked by twin car bombs |date=25 August 2003 |website=BBC News |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=10 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410202413/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/25/newsid_3921000/3921475.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 July 2006, seven bombs exploded within 11&nbsp;minutes on the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|Suburban Railway]] in Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/11slid1.htm |title=For the record: The 11/7 chargesheet |date=11 July 2008 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=19 August 2008 |archive-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012085159/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/11slid1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> killing 209 people, including 22 foreigners<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_A_major_terror_target_/articleshow/3654886.cms |title=India: A major terror target |date=30 October 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=11 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112172125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_A_major_terror_target_/articleshow/3654886.cms |archive-date=12 January 2009 }}</ref><ref name="CNN-Gunfire">{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/26/india.attacks/ |title=Gunfire heard at two Mumbai hotels |date=27 November 2008 |website=CNN |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144853/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/26/india.attacks/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/terrorthreatinte0000hami |url-access=registration |title=Terror Threat: International and Homegrown Terrorists and Their Threat to Canada |first1=Dwight |last1=Hamilton |first2=Kostas |last2=Rimsa |date=19 November 2007 |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd. |isbn=978-1-55002-736-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/terrorthreatinte0000hami/page/103 103] |access-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> and more than 700 injured.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=71404 |title=Rs 50,000 not enough for injured |date=21 July 2006 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=11 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114034406/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=71404 |archive-date=14 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.sascv.org/ijcjs/editorial4ijcjs.html |title=India's 26/11: From Communal Violence to Communal Terrorism to Terrorism |last=Jaishankar |first=K. |date=2007 |journal=International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences |volume=2 |issue=2 |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144919/http://www.sascv.org/ijcjs/editorial4ijcjs.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[Mumbai Police]], the bombings were carried out by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Students Islamic Movement of India]] (SIMI).<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/30/india.bombs/index.html?section=cnn_world# |title=India police: Indian Government spy agency behind Mumbai bombings |date=1 October 2006 |website=CNN |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-date=23 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423062022/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/09/30/india.bombs/index.html?section=cnn_world |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2052996.cms |title=Mumbai Police blames ISI, LeT for 7/11 blasts |date=30 September 2006 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-date=19 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819125401/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2052996.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Training==
A group of men, sometimes stated as 24 and at other times 26,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5265938.ece |title=City fears five terrorists are missing |first=Rhys |last=Blakely |date=2 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London, UK |access-date=23 April 2010 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> received training in marine warfare at a remote camp in mountainous [[Muzaffarabad]] in [[Pakistan]]. Part of the training was reported to have taken place on the [[Mangla Dam]] reservoir in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/01/mumbai-terror-attacks-india-pakistan1 |title=Rumours abound as inquiry begins its search for truth |last1=Rahman |first1=Maseeh |last2=Jones |first2=Sam |date=1 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London, UK |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202011506/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/dec/01/mumbai-terror-attacks-india-pakistan1 |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The recruits went through the following stages of training, according to Indian and [[United States|US]] media reports:
* Psychological: [[Indoctrination]] to [[Islamist]] Jihadi ideas, including imagery of atrocities suffered by Muslims in India,<ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/02/stories/2008120259961000.htm |title=A journey into the Lashkar |first=Praveen |last=Swami |date=2 December 2008 |location=Chennai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205005025/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/02/stories/2008120259961000.htm |archive-date=5 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Chechnya]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and across the globe.
* Basic Combat: Lashkar's basic combat training and methodology course, the ''Daura Aam''.
* Advanced Training: Selected to undergo advanced combat training at a camp near [[Mansehra]], a course the organisation calls the ''Daura Khaas''.<ref name="hindu.com"/> According to an unnamed source at the [[United States Department of Defense|US Defense Department]] this includes advanced weapons and explosives training supervised by former members of the [[Pakistan Army]],<ref name="NPR-2008-12-03"/> along with [[survival training]] and further [[indoctrination]].
* [[Commando]] Training: Finally, an even smaller group selected for specialized commando tactics training and marine navigation training given to the [[Fedayeen]] unit selected in order to target Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-mumbai-militants-sb-idUSTRE4AS09W20081129 |title=Militants in Mumbai wanted an Indian 9/11 |last=Williams |first=Matthias |date=29 November 2008 |website=Reuters |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022700/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/11/29/us-india-mumbai-militants-sb-idUSTRE4AS09W20081129 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
From the recruits, ten were handpicked for the Mumbai mission.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/02/AR2008120202968_2.html |title=Indian Investigators Reveal Details Culled From Arrested Gunman |last=Lakshmi |first=Rama |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=3 December 2008 |archive-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113084552/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/02/AR2008120202968_2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They also received training in swimming and sailing, besides the use of high-end weapons and [[explosives]] under the supervision of LeT commanders. According to a media report citing an unnamed former Defence Department Official of the US, the intelligence agencies of the US had determined that former officers from Pakistan's Army and [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] agency assisted actively and continuously in training.<ref name="NPR-2008-12-03"/> They were given blueprints of all the four targets&nbsp;– [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]], [[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point|Oberoi Trident]], [[Nariman House]] and [[Mumbai CST|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]].
 
==Attacks==
{{Main|Timeline of the 2008 Mumbai attacks}}
The first events were detailed around 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time]] (IST) on 26 November, when 10 men in inflatable speedboats came ashore at two locations in [[Colaba]]. They reportedly told local [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking fishermen who asked them who they were to "mind their own business" before they split up and headed two different ways. The fishermen's subsequent report to the police department received little response and local police failed to act.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/171056 |title=India-Pakistan Tensions Grow in Wake of Attacks |first1=Ron|last1=Moreau|last2=Mazumdar |first2=Sudip |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=28 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206064557/http://www.newsweek.com/id/171056|archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref>
 
===Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus===
[[File:2008 Mumbai terror attack VT bullet mark.jpg|right|thumb|Bullet marks on the wall at the CSMT]]
The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] (CSMT) was attacked by two gunmen, Ismail Khan and [[Ajmal Kasab]].<ref name="rainbowskill">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rainbowskill.com/news/meet-the-men-who-attacked-mumbai.php |title=Meet the men who attacked Mumbai |date=14 December 2008 |website=Rainbow Skill |access-date=12 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113112720/http://www.rainbowskill.com/news/meet-the-men-who-attacked-mumbai.php |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kasab was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. The attacks began around 21:30 when the two men entered the passenger hall and opened fire<ref name="CCTV">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/3-witnesses-identify-Kasab-court-takes-on-record-CCTV-footage/articleshow/4665196.cms |title=3 witnesses identify Kasab, court takes on record CCTV footage |date=17 June 2009 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5hg3SZxC0?url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/3-witnesses-identify-Kasab-court-takes-on-record-CCTV-footage/articleshow/4665196.cms |archive-date=20 June 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref> using [[AK-47]] [[rifle]]s.<ref name=recalls/> The attackers killed 58 people and injured 104 others,<ref name="recalls">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=22785 |title=Photographer recalls Mumbai attacks |newspaper=[[The News International]] |date=16 June 2009 |access-date=17 June 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5hg3Sz06d?url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=22785 |archive-date=20 June 2009 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> their assault ending at about 22:45.<ref name=CCTV/> Security forces and emergency services arrived shortly afterwards. Announcements by a railway announcer, Vishnu Dattaram Zende, alerted passengers to leave the station and saved many lives.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-2611-attacks-two-years-on-rail-announcer-vishnu-zende-has-moved-on-1471388 |title=26/11 attacks: Two years on, rail announcer Vishnu Zende has moved on |date=24 November 2010 |agency=PTI |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=8 May 2015 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102301/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-2611-attacks-two-years-on-rail-announcer-vishnu-zende-has-moved-on-1471388 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cst-announcer-who-saved-lives-rewarded/398228/1 |title=CST announcer who saved lives rewarded |first=Raghavendra |last=Rao |date=14 December 2008 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126024934/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cst-announcer-who-saved-lives-rewarded/398228/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The two gunmen fled the scene and fired at [[pedestrian]]s and police officers in the streets, killing eight police officers. The attackers passed a police station. Knowing that they were outgunned against the heavily armed terrorists, the police officers at the station, instead of confronting the terrorists, decided to switch off the lights and secure the gates.
 
The attackers then headed towards Cama Hospital with intent to kill patients,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo/7539165.cms |title=Judgement, The High Court of Judicature at Bombay, The Judgment Reserved : 7 February 2011; The Order Is Pronounced: 21 February 2011 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227030101/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/photo/7539165.cms |archive-date=27 February 2011}}</ref> but the hospital staff locked all of the patient wards. A team of the [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|Mumbai Anti-Terrorist Squad]] led by police chief [[Hemant Karkare]] searched the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and then left in pursuit of Kasab and Khan. Kasab and Khan opened fire on the vehicle in a lane next to the hospital, and received return fire in response. Karkare, [[Vijay Salaskar]], [[Ashok Kamte]] and one of their officers were killed. The only survivor, Constable Arun Jadhav, was severely wounded.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/dec/031208-News-Mumbai-Lone-survivor-Hemant-Karkare-Kasab-terrorist-Arun-Jadhav.htm |title=Info from cop in Karkare's jeep led to Kasab's arrest |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617083920/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/dec/031208-News-Mumbai-Lone-survivor-Hemant-Karkare-Kasab-terrorist-Arun-Jadhav.htm |archive-date=17 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kasab and Khan seized the police vehicle but later abandoned it and seized a passenger car instead. They then ran into a police roadblock, which had been set up after Jadhav radioed for help.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/south-asia/mumbai-gunman-guilty-of-act-of-war |title=Mumbai gunman guilty of 'act of war' |date=4 May 2010 |newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |location=[[Abu Dhabi]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120917111105/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/south-asia/mumbai-gunman-guilty-of-act-of-war |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2012}}</ref> A gun battle then ensued in which Khan was killed and Kasab was wounded. After a physical struggle, Kasab was arrested.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canopycanopycanopy.com/8/jukeboxes_on_the_moon |title=Jukeboxes on the Moon |first=Rafil |last=Kroll-Zaidi |date=July 2010 |website=[[Triple Canopy (online magazine)|Triple Canopy]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=13 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713075615/http://canopycanopycanopy.com/8/jukeboxes_on_the_moon |url-status=live }}</ref> A police officer, [[Tukaram Omble]], was also killed when he tried to disarm Kasab by wrestling his weapon away from him.
 
[[File:Cafe leopold damage Mumbai nov 2008.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bullet marks left at Leopold Cafe]]
 
===Leopold Cafe===
The [[Leopold Cafe]], a popular restaurant and bar on [[Colaba Causeway]] in [[South Mumbai]], was one of the first sites to be attacked.<ref name="times-5260641">{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5260641.ece |title=Defiant Leopold café shows that Mumbai is not afraid |first1=Rhys |last1=Blakely |first2=Jeremy |last2=Page |date=1 December 2008 |newspaper=The Times |location=London, UK |access-date=19 March 2009}}</ref> Two attackers, Shoaib alias Soheb and Nazir alias Abu Umer,<ref name="rainbowskill" /> opened fire on the cafe on the evening of 26 November between 21:30 and 21:48, killing 10 people (including some foreigners) and injuring many more.<ref name="deccanherald">{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/Dec12008/national20081130103900.asp |title=Leopold Cafe reopens amidst desolation |first=Kalyan |last=Ray |date=1 December 2008 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |location=[[Karnataka]] |access-date=19 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205034308/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/Dec12008/national20081130103900.asp |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
===Bomb blasts in taxis===
There were two explosions in taxis caused by timer bombs. The first one occurred at 22:40 at [[Vile Parle]], killing the driver and a passenger. The second explosion took place at Wadi Bunder between 22:20 and 22:25. Three people, including the driver of the taxi were killed, and about 15 others were injured.<ref name="Tracing the terror route"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2008/11/27/mumbai-attack-timeline-of-how-the-terror-unfolded-115875-20929121/ |title=Mumbai attack: Timeline of how the terror unfolded |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Daily Mirror]] |location=London, UK |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5h7IVr0yz?url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2008/11/27/mumbai-attack-timeline-of-how-the-terror-unfolded-115875-20929121/ |archive-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
 
===Taj Mahal Palace Hotel and Oberoi Trident===
[[File:2008 Mumbai terror attacks Oberoi Restaurant.jpg|thumb|right|The damaged [[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point|Oberoi Trident]] hotel]]
Two hotels, [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] and the [[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point|Oberoi Trident]], were among the four locations targeted. Six explosions were reported at the [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Hotel]] – one in the lobby, two in the elevators, three in the restaurant – and one at the Oberoi Trident.<ref name="IBN-Taj">{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/taj-hotel-burns-2-terrorists-killed/79137-3.html |title=Taj Hotel Burns, 2 Terrorists Killed |date=27 November 2008|website=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=27 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824211653/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/taj-hotel-burns-2-terrorists-killed/79137-3.html |archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="TTKN News">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ttkn.com/world/terror-attacks-army-stormed-taj-hotel-mumbai-217.html |title=Taj Hotel Attacked |date=27 November 2008 |website=TTKN News |access-date=27 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113213148/http://www.ttkn.com/world/terror-attacks-army-stormed-taj-hotel-mumbai-217.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2009}}</ref> At the Taj, firefighters rescued 200 hostages from windows using ladders during the first night.
 
CNN initially reported on the morning of 27 November 2008 that the hostage situation at the Taj Hotel had been resolved and quoted the police chief of [[Maharashtra]] stating that all hostages were freed;<ref name="CNN-Gunfire"/> however, it was learned later that day that there were still two attackers holding hostages, including foreigners, in the [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Hotel]].<ref name="CNN-27th">{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/27/india.attacks/index.html |title=Fighting reported at Mumbai Jewish center |first1=Andrew |last1=Stevens |first2=Mallika |last2=Kapur |first3=Phil |last3=O'Sullivan |first4=Phillip |last4=Turner |first5=Ravi |last5=Hiranand |first6=Yasmin |last6=Wong |first7=Harmeet |last7=Shah Singh |date=27 November 2008 |website=CNN |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202132254/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/27/india.attacks/index.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:2008 Mumbai terror attacks Taj Hotel Wasabi Restaurant burned.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The first floor of the Taj Hotel was completely gutted]]
 
A number of [[European Parliament]] [[Committee on International Trade]] delegates were staying in the Taj Hotel when it was attacked,<ref name="MEP">{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5240689.ece |title=Tory MEP flees for his life as gunman starts spraying the hotel bar with bullets |first=David |last=Charter |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times |location=London, UK |access-date=21 February 2008 |archive-date=18 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918074117/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5240689.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> but none of them were injured.<ref name="dpa-eu-del">{{Cite web |url=http://www.topnews.in/node/93372 |title=EU trade delegation in Mumbai safe, delegate says |first=Sahil |last=Nagpal |date=27 November 2008 |agency=[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]] |website=TopNews.in |access-date=23 February 2009 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105071408/http://www.topnews.in/node/93372 |url-status=live }}</ref> British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP) [[Sajjad Karim]] (who was in the lobby when attackers initially opened fire there) and German [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrat]] MEP [[Erika Mann (politician)|Erika Mann]] were hiding in different parts of the building.<ref name="MEP"/> Also reported present was Spanish MEP [[Ignasi Guardans]], who was barricaded in a hotel room.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1227738722.36 |title=EU parliament staff member wounded in India shootout |date=27 November 2008 |website=EU Business |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203141240/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/1227738722.36 |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://euobserver.com/9/27253 |title=MEP attacks EU consular reaction in Mumbai |last=Runner |first=Philippa |date=8 December 2008 |website=EUobserver |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822003735/http://euobserver.com/9/27253 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another British Conservative MEP, [[Syed Kamall]], reported that he along with several other MEPs left the hotel and went to a nearby restaurant shortly before the attack.<ref name="MEP"/> Kamall also reported that Polish MEP [[Jan Masiel]] was thought to have been sleeping in his hotel room when the attacks started, but eventually left the hotel safely.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tvn24.pl/12691,1574853,,,relacja-polaka-z-piekla,wiadomosc.html |title=Relacja Polaka z piekła |trans-title=Pole's report from hell |date=27 November 2008 |agency=Reuters |website=TVN24 |language=pl |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405070542/http://www.tvn24.pl/12691,1574853,,,relacja-polaka-z-piekla,wiadomosc.html |archive-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamall and Guardans reported that a Hungarian MEP's assistant was shot.<ref name="MEP"/><ref name="MEPs-staff">{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/EU_parliament_staff_member_wounded_in_India_shootout/articleshow/3762103.cms |title=EU parliament staff member wounded in India shootout |newspaper=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |date=27 November 2008 |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413065729/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/EU_parliament_staff_member_wounded_in_India_shootout/articleshow/3762103.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Also caught up in the shooting were the [[President of Madrid]], [[Esperanza Aguirre]], while checking in at the [[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point|Oberoi Trident]],<ref name="MEPs-staff" /> and Indian MP [[N. N. Krishnadas]] of [[Kerala]] and [[Gulam Noon]] while having dinner at a restaurant in the [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Hotel]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074226&type=News |title=200 people held hostage at Taj Hotel |agency=Press Trust of India |date=27 November 2008 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122183237/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074226&type=News |archive-date=22 November 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5245365.ece |title=Sir Gulam Noon, British 'Curry King': how I escaped bombed hotel |last1=Thomson |first1=Alice |first2=Rachel |last2=Sylvester |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times |location=London, UK |access-date=27 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814104652/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5245365.ece |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref>
 
===Nariman House===
[[File:2008 Mumbai terror attacks Nariman House front view 3.jpg|thumb|upright|Front view of the Nariman House a week after the attacks]]
[[Nariman House]], a [[Chabad Lubavitch]] Jewish centre in Colaba known as the Mumbai [[Chabad House]], was taken over by two attackers and several residents were held hostage.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/International/Consulate-Unspecified-number-of-Israelis-missing-in-Mumbai |title=Consulate: Unspecified number of Israelis missing in Mumbai |first=Vaakov |last=Lappin |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-date=6 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706111748/https://www.jpost.com/International/Consulate-Unspecified-number-of-Israelis-missing-in-Mumbai |url-status=live }}</ref> Police evacuated adjacent buildings and exchanged fire with the attackers, wounding one. Local residents were told to stay inside. The attackers threw a grenade into a nearby lane, causing no casualties. NSG commandos arrived from [[Delhi]], and a naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the first day, 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor. The following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings. After a long battle, one NSG commando, Sergeant [[Gajender Singh Bisht]], and both perpetrators were killed.<ref name="toi-nariman">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/NSG_ends_reign_of_terror_at_Nariman/articleshow/3771314.cms |title=NSG ends reign of terror at Nariman |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=23 February 2009 |archive-date=5 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205011234/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/NSG_ends_reign_of_terror_at_Nariman/articleshow/3771314.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="http">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200811290340.htm |title=Siege at Nariman House ends, two terrorists killed |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201100425/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200811290340.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008 }}</ref> Rabbi [[Gavriel Holtzberg]] and his wife [[Rivka Holtzberg]], who was six months pregnant, were murdered with four other hostages inside the house by the attackers.<ref name="reuters1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE4AR52W20081129 |title=Rabbi killed in Mumbai had gone to serve Jews |first=Daniel |last=Trotta |date=28 November 2008 |website=Reuters |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203070651/https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE4AR52W20081129 |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
According to radio transmissions picked up by Indian intelligence, the attackers "would be told by their handlers in Pakistan that the lives of Jews were worth 50 times those of non-Jews". Injuries on some of the bodies indicated that they may have been tortured.<ref name="time">{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6896107.ece |title=Mumbai terror attacks: And then they came for the Jews |last=Gee |first=Alastair |newspaper=The Times |location=London, UK |date=1 November 2009 |access-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://wayback.vefsafn.is/wayback/20110326010631/http%3A//www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6896107.ece |archive-date= 26 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?view=article&id=15442%3Aand-then&option=com_content&Itemid=57 |title=And then they came for the Jews |last=Gee |first=Alastair |newspaper=[[Samoa Observer]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510111633/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/index.php?view=article&id=15442%3Aand-then&option=com_content&Itemid=57 |archive-date=10 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
[[File:NSG Air Assault Mumbai Attacks.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Security Guard|NSG]] Commandos beginning the assault on [[Nariman House]] by [[fast-roping]] onto the terrace.]]
 
===NSG raid===
During the attacks, both hotels were surrounded by [[Rapid Action Force]] personnel and [[MARCOS (India)|Marine Commandos]] (MARCOS) and [[National Security Guards]] (NSG) commandos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://voanews.com/english/archive/2008-11/2008-11-27-voa9.cfm |title=Commandos Launch Operations to Clear Luxury Hotels Seized by Gunmen in Mumbai |first=Anjana |last=Pasricha |date=27 November 2008 |website=Voice of America |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090317163829/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2008-11/2008-11-27-voa9.cfm |archive-date=17 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="toi_army_storms">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Army_storms_Mumbais_besieged_five-star_hotels_/articleshow/3762100.cms |title=We want all Mujahideen released: Terrorist inside Oberoi |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715025042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Army_storms_Mumbais_besieged_five-star_hotels_/articleshow/3762100.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> When reports emerged that attackers were receiving television broadcasts, feeds to the hotels were blocked.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2008/tv/asia/indian-journalists-in-media-firestorm-1117996604/ |title=Indian journalists in media firestorm|first=Patrick |last=Frater |date=30 November 2008 |website=Variety |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202024047/http://www.variety.com/VR1117996604.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Security forces stormed both hotels, and all nine attackers were killed by the morning of 29 November.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/28/india.attacks/index.html |title=Mumbai operation appears nearly over|date=29 November 2008 |website=CNN |access-date=23 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308091722/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/28/india.attacks/index.html |archive-date=8 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cnn-oberoi-end">{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/28/india.attacks/ |title=Oberoi standoff ends |date=28 November 2008 |website=CNN |access-date=7 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083956/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/28/india.attacks/ |url-status=live |archive-date=1 December 2008 }}</ref> Major [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan]] of the NSG was fatally shot during the rescue of Commando Sunil Yadav, who was hit in the leg by a bullet during the rescue operations at Taj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/30mumterror-terrorists-had-no-plans-to-blow-up-taj.htm |title=Terrorists had no plan to blow up Taj: NSG DG |date=30 November 2008 |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=26 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622030627/http://in.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/30mumterror-terrorists-had-no-plans-to-blow-up-taj.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nsg-commando-recounts-gunfight-with-terrorists/79466-3.html |title=NSG commando recounts gunfight with terrorists |website=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=26 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204081135/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nsg-commando-recounts-gunfight-with-terrorists/79466-3.html |archive-date=4 December 2008}}</ref> 32 hostages were killed at the Oberoi Trident.<ref>{{Cite news|url=hhttps://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-taste-of-defiance-as-massacre-hotel-opens-for-high-tea-jxgnng7xxhb|title=A taste of defiance as massacre hotel opens for high tea |first=Rhys |last=Blakely |date=22 December 2008|newspaper=The Times|location=London|access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
 
NSG commandos then took on the Nariman house, and a naval helicopter took an aerial survey. During the first day, 9 hostages were rescued from the first floor. The following day, the house was stormed by NSG commandos fast-roping from helicopters onto the roof, covered by snipers positioned in nearby buildings. NSG Commando Sergeant [[Gajender Singh Bisht]], who was part of the team that [[fast-roping|fast-roped]] onto Nariman House, died after a long battle in which both perpetrators were also killed.<ref name="toi-nariman"/><ref name="http"/> By the morning of 28 November, the [[National Security Guards|NSG]] had secured the Jewish outreach centre at Nariman House as well as the Oberoi Trident hotel. They also incorrectly believed that the Taj Palace and Towers had been cleared of attackers, and soldiers were leading hostages and holed-up guests to safety, and removing bodies of those killed in the attacks.<ref name="Jewish">{{Cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/11/28/news/29MUMBAI.php |title=Indian forces battle pockets of militants |first1=Keith|last1=Bradsher |first2=Somini|last2=Sengupta |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]|access-date=28 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083533/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/11/28/news/29MUMBAI.php |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="back">{{Cite news |url=http://www.ttkn.com/business/mumbai-takes-control-terrorists-260.html|title=Mumbai takes back control from terrorists|date=28 November 2008 |website=TTKN Oxford |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228183602/http://www.ttkn.com/business/mumbai-takes-control-terrorists-260.html |archive-date=28 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ndtv-third">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Election_Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074405&type=News |title=Gunbattle enters third day, intense firing at Taj hotel |date=28 November 2008 |website=NDTV |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201002326/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Election_Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074405&type=News |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, later news reports indicated that there were still two or three attackers in the Taj, with explosions heard and gunfire exchanged.<ref name="ndtv-third" /> Fires were also reported at the ground floor of the Taj with plumes of smoke arising from the first floor.<ref name="ndtv-third" /> The final operation at the Taj Palace hotel was completed by the NSG commandos at 08:00 on 29 November, killing three attackers and resulting in the conclusion of the attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?id=2653de0a-434a-4f90-bb24-59598fd65686Mumbaiunderattack_Special&MatchID1=4858&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=5&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1224&PrimaryID=4858&Headline=62-hour+Taj+operation+ends%2c+3+terrorists+killed |title=Taj operation over, three terrorists killed |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202235541/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?id=2653de0a-434a-4f90-bb24-59598fd65686Mumbaiunderattack_Special&MatchID1=4858&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=5&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1224&PrimaryID=4858&Headline=62-hour%2BTaj%2Boperation%2Bends%2C%2B3%2Bterrorists%2Bkilled |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[National Security Guards|NSG]] rescued 250 people from the Oberoi, 300 from the Taj and 60 people (members of 12 different families) from Nariman House.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Battle_ends_in_Mumbai_death_toll_rises_to_195/articleshow/3771119.cms |title=Battle for Mumbai ends, death toll rises to 195 |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715032050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Battle_ends_in_Mumbai_death_toll_rises_to_195/articleshow/3771119.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, police seized a boat filled with arms and explosives anchored at [[Mazgaon]] dock off [[Mumbai Harbour|Mumbai harbour]].<ref name="es">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23593839-details/Timeline:+one+night+of+slaughter+and+mayhem/article.do |title=Timeline: one night of slaughter and mayhem |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Evening Standard]] |location=London, UK |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205105713/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23593839-details/Timeline%3A%2Bone%2Bnight%2Bof%2Bslaughter%2Band%2Bmayhem/article.do |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
==Attribution==
[[File:Mohammed Ajmal Kasab.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ajmal Kasab]] at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus with an AK-47 in his hand]]
{{Main|Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks|Erroneous reporting on the 2008 Mumbai attacks}}
The Mumbai attacks were planned and directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan, and carried out by 10 young armed men trained and sent to Mumbai and directed from inside Pakistan via mobile phones and [[VoIP phone|VoIP.]]<ref name=NYT-2008-12-03 /><ref name="NPR-2008-12-03"/><ref name="NYTdeepties">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/asia/27pstan.html?pagewanted=print |title=Terror Ties Run Deep in Pakistan, Mumbai Case Shows |first1=Jane |last1=Perlez |first2=Salman |last2=Masood |page=A4 |date=27 July 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=2 May 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331104022/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/27/world/asia/27pstan.html?pagewanted=print |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
In July 2009 Pakistani authorities confirmed that LeT plotted and financed the attacks from LeT camps in Karachi and [[Thatta]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124872197786784603?mod=googlenews_wsj |title=Islamabad Tells of Plot by Lashkar |last=Hussain |first=Zahid |date=28 July 2009 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144837/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124872197786784603?mod=googlenews_wsj |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2009, Pakistani authorities charged seven men they had arrested earlier, of planning and executing the assault.<ref name="abc20091125"/>
 
Mumbai police department originally identified 37 suspects—including two [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani army]] officers—for their alleged involvement in the plot. All but two of the suspects, many of whom are identified only through aliases, are Pakistani.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5806381.ece |title=Pakistani Army colonel 'was involved' in Mumbai terror attacks |first=Rhys |last=Blakely |date=26 February 2009 |newspaper=The Times |location=London, UK |access-date=26 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814030052/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5806381.ece |archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref> [[David Coleman Headley|Two more suspects]] arrested in the [[United States]] in October 2009 for other attacks were also found to have been involved in planning the Mumbai attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/who-are-david-headley-tahawwur-rana/105433-3.html |title=Who are David Headley, Tahawwur Rana? |date=17 November 2009 |website=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121085401/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/who-are-david-headley-tahawwur-rana/105433-3.html |archive-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Headley-link-traced-to-Pak-2-LeT-men-arrested/articleshow/5205152.cms |title=Headley link traced to Pak, 2 LeT men arrested |first1=Vishwa |last1=Mohan |date=7 November 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716145353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Headley-link-traced-to-Pak-2-LeT-men-arrested/articleshow/5205152.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> One of these men, [[Pakistani Americans|Pakistani American]] [[David Headley]] (born Daood Sayed Gilani), was found to have made several trips to India before the attacks and gathered video and [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] information on behalf of the plotters.
 
In April 2011, the United States issued arrest warrants for four Pakistani men as suspects in the attack. The men, Sajid Mir, Abu Qahafa, Mazhar Iqbal alias "Major Iqbal", are believed to be members of Lashkar-e-Taiba and helped plan and train the attackers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Four more men charged in Mumbai attack |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=27 April 2011 |newspaper=[[Japan Times]] |page=4}}</ref>
 
===Negotiations with Pakistan===
Pakistani Prime Minister [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] and President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] condemned the attacks.<ref name="PM Gilani denounces Mumbai attacks">{{cite news|date=27 November 2008|title=PM Gilani denounces Mumbai attacks|newspaper=[[The News International]]|location=[[Karachi]]|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=61064|url-status=dead|access-date=28 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201145846/http://thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=61064|archive-date=1 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="The International News">{{cite news|date=27 November 2008|title=PM Gilani expresses condolences for slain ISI men|newspaper=The News International|location=Karachi|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=61067|url-status=dead|access-date=28 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202042018/http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=61067|archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref> Pakistan promised to assist in the investigation and President Zardari vowed "strong action against any Pakistani elements found involved in the attack".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3548014/Mumbai-attacks-Pakistans-Asif-Ali-Zardari-vows-action-against-militants.html |title=Mumbai attacks: Pakistan's Asif Ali Zardari vows 'action' against militants |date=4 December 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713130615/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3548014/Mumbai-attacks-Pakistans-Asif-Ali-Zardari-vows-action-against-militants.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Pakistan initially denied that Pakistanis were responsible for the attacks, blaming plotters in Bangladesh and Indian criminals,<ref name="Dawn_Bdeshlink">{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/2009/02/05/top2.htm |title=Investigators see Bangladesh link in Mumbai terror attacks |first1=Baqir |last1=Sajjad Syed |first2=Mohammad |last2=Asghar |date=9 February 2009 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=10 February 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5h7IUEUW8?url=http://www.dawn.com/2009/02/05/top2.htm |archive-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref> a claim refuted by India,<ref name="hindu020909">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200902092232.htm |title=Chidambaram asserts 26/11 originated from Pak soil |date=9 February 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105141847/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200902092232.htm |archive-date=5 November 2012 }}</ref> and saying they needed information from India on other bombings first.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/2009/02/16/top5.htm |title=Samjhota, Mumbai attacks linked, says Qureshi |first=Shakeel |last=Ahmad |date=16 February 2009 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=16 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219175006/http://dawn.com/2009/02/16/top5.htm |archive-date=19 February 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Pakistani authorities finally agreed that Ajmal Kasab was a Pakistani on 7 January 2009,<ref name="TIME08JAN2009" /><ref name="PakAdmitsNYT">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/08/world/asia/08pstan.html |title=Gunman in Mumbai Siege a Pakistani, Official Says |first1=Richard A. |last1=Oppel |first2=Salman |last2=Masood |date=7 January 2009 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411120649/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/08/world/asia/08pstan.html |archive-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dawn.net/wps/wcm/connect/Dawn%20Content%20Library/dawn/news/pakistan/surviving-gunmans-identity-established-as-pakistani-ss |title=Surviving gunman's identity established as Pakistani |first=Mubashir |last=Zaidi |date=7 January 2009 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=7 January 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5h7IXS0KL?url=http://www.dawn.net/wps/wcm/connect/Dawn%20Content%20Library/dawn/news/pakistan/surviving-gunmans-identity-established-as-pakistani-ss |archive-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> and registered a case against three other Pakistani nationals.<ref name="nd">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20090083331&type=News |title=Part of 26/11 plan made on our land, admits Pakistan |date=12 February 2009 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=12 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213155833/http://ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20090083331&type=News |archive-date=13 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
The Indian government supplied evidence to Pakistan and other governments, in the form of interrogations, weapons, and call records of conversations during the attacks.<ref name="DossierNYT">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/07/world/asia/07india.html |title=Dossier From India Gives New Details of Mumbai Attacks |first=Somini |last=Sengupta |date=6 January 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409223252/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/07/world/asia/07india.html |archive-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/CONTENT/Jan42009/scroll20090104110538.asp?section=frontpagenews |title=PC heads for US with 26/11 proof |first=Anirban |last=Bhaumik |date=4 January 2009 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |location=India |access-date=21 February 2009}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In addition, Indian government officials said that the attacks were so sophisticated that they must have had official backing from Pakistani "agencies", an accusation denied by Pakistan.<ref name="NPR-2008-12-03" /><ref name="PakAdmitsNYT" />
 
Under US and [[United Nations|UN]] pressure, Pakistan arrested a few members of Jamaat ud-Dawa and briefly put its founder under house arrest, but he was found to be free a few days later.<ref name="bloomberg20090128">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=aF44YOpTiIJk |title=Pakistan's Partial Crackdown Lets Imams Preach Jihad |last=Rupert |first=James |date=28 January 2009 |website=Bloomberg |access-date=6 December 2009 }}</ref> A year after the attacks, Mumbai police continued to complain that Pakistani authorities were not co-operating by providing information for their investigation.<ref name="hindu20091123">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Missing-evidence-mars-Mumbai-massacre-probe/article16484366.ece |title=Missing evidence mars Mumbai massacre probe |first=Praveen |last=Swami |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 November 2009 |location=Chennai |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507134530/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Missing-evidence-mars-Mumbai-massacre-probe/article16484366.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, journalists in Pakistan said security agencies were preventing them from interviewing people from Kasab's village.<ref name="rsf20091113">{{Cite web |url=http://en.rsf.org/pakistan-two-journalists-held-after-helping-13-11-2009,34979.html |title=Two journalists held after helping media probe Mumbai attacker's background |date=13 November 2009 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080609/http://en.rsf.org/pakistan-two-journalists-held-after-helping-13-11-2009,34979.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hindu20091124">{{Cite news |url=http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article53785.ece |title=Kasab's village remains a no-go area for journalists |first=Nirupama |last=Subramanian |date=24 November 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=30 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130204126/http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article53785.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The then Home Minister P. Chidambaram said the Pakistani authorities had not shared any information about American suspects Headley and [[Tahawwur Hussain Rana|Rana]], but that the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] had been more forthcoming.<ref name="toi20091201">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-information-on-Headley-Rana-from-Pakistan-says-home-minister-Chidambaram/articleshow/5288207.cms |title=No information on Headley, Rana from Pakistan, says Home Minister Chidambaram |date=1 December 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |agency=PTI |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111082305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-information-on-Headley-Rana-from-Pakistan-says-home-minister-Chidambaram/articleshow/5288207.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
An Indian report, summarising intelligence gained from India's interrogation of David Headley,<ref name="ap-20101019">{{Cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101019/ap_on_re_as/as_india_mumbai_attack |title=Indian gov't: Pakistan spies tied to Mumbai siege |last1=Nessman |first1=Ravi |last2=Sharma |first2=Ashok |date=19 October 2010 |website=Yahoo! News |access-date=20 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021114840/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101019/ap_on_re_as/as_india_mumbai_attack |archive-date=21 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> was released in October 2010. It alleged that Pakistan's intelligence agency (ISI) had provided support for the attacks by providing funding for reconnaissance missions in Mumbai.<ref name="fox-20101019">{{Cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/10/19/indian-report-pakistan-spies-tied-mumbai-siege/ |date=19 October 2010 |title=Report: Pakistan Spies Tied to Mumbai Siege |agency=Associated Press |website=Fox News Channel |access-date=20 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122010702/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2010/10/19/indian-report-pakistan-spies-tied-mumbai-siege/ |archive-date=22 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> The report included Headley's claim that Lashkar-e-Taiba's chief military commander, Zaki-ur-Rahman Lakhvi, had close ties to the ISI.<ref name="ap-20101019"/> He alleged that "every big action of LeT is done in close coordination with [the] ISI."<ref name="fox-20101019"/>
 
In 2018, during an interview with newspaper ''Dawn'',<ref name="Dawn_Nawaz">{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1407192 |title=For Nawaz, it's not over till it's over |last1=Almeida |first1=Cyril |date=12 May 2018 |newspaper=Dawn |access-date=12 May 2018 |archive-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512072628/https://www.dawn.com/news/1407192 |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan's former Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] reportedly indirectly accepted Pakistan's involvement in not preventing the Mumbai attacks.<ref name="NDTV_Nawaz">{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nawaz-sharif-admits-pak-terrorists-carried-out-26-11-mumbai-attacks-1851224 |title=Nawaz Sharif Admits Pak Terrorists Carried Out 26/11 Mumbai Attacks |date=12 May 2018 |website=NDTV |access-date=12 May 2018 |archive-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512153850/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nawaz-sharif-admits-pak-terrorists-carried-out-26-11-mumbai-attacks-1851224 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/world/asia/pakistan-journalist-treason-military.html |title=Treason Trial for Pakistani Journalist Signals New Pressure on Media |date=5 October 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |quote=In the interview, Mr. Sharif appeared to reinforce India's accusation that Pakistan's military aided the militants who carried out the 2008 Mumbai attacks, which killed more than 160 locals and foreign tourists. |archive-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927195328/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/05/world/asia/pakistan-journalist-treason-military.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
[[File:Mumbai attacks vinu image01-crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Police looking for attackers outside Colaba]]
 
===Investigation===
According to investigations, the attackers travelled by sea from [[Karachi]], Pakistan, across the [[Arabian Sea]], hijacked the Indian fishing trawler 'Kuber', killed the crew of four, then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai. After murdering the captain, the attackers entered Mumbai on a [[rubber dinghy]]. The captain of 'Kuber', Amar Singh Solanki, had earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Slain_navigator_of_Porbandar_trawler_was_imprisoned_in_Pak/articleshow/3777132.cms |title=Slain navigator of Porbandar trawler was imprisoned in Pak |date=30 September 2008 |newspaper=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=15 February 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5h7IWEIuY?url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Slain_navigator_of_Porbandar_trawler_was_imprisoned_in_Pak/articleshow/3777132.cms |archive-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref> The attackers stayed and were trained by the Lashkar-e-Taiba in a safehouse at [[Azizabad (Karachi)|Azizabad]] in [[Karachi]] before boarding a small boat for Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3816639.cms |title=Terror boat was almost nabbed off Mumbai |date=10 December 2008 |newspaper=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=17 May 2010 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713132124/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3816639.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
David Headley was a member of Lashkar-e-Taiba, and between 2002 and 2009 Headley travelled extensively as part of his work for LeT. Headley received training in small arms and countersurveillance from LeT, built a network of connections for the group, and was chief scout in scoping out targets for Mumbai attack<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/17/world/asia/17headley.html |title=US Had Warnings on Plotter of Mumbai Attack |last1=Perlez |first1=Jane |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |last3=Thompson |first3=Ginger |date=16 October 2010 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415020016/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/17/world/asia/17headley.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/mumbai-plot-fbi-was-warned-years-in-advance |title=FBI Was Warned Years in Advance of Mumbai Attacker's Terror Ties |last=Rotella |first=Sebastian |date=15 October 2010 |website=[[ProPublica]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922002007/https://www.propublica.org/article/mumbai-plot-fbi-was-warned-years-in-advance |url-status=live }}</ref> having allegedly been given $25,000 in cash in 2006 by an ISI officer known as [[Major Iqbal]], The officer also helped him arrange a communications system for the attack, and oversaw a model of the Taj Hotel so that gunmen could know their way inside the target, according to Headley's testimony to Indian authorities. Headley also helped ISI recruit Indian agents to monitor Indian troop levels and movements, according to a US official. At the same time, Headley was also an informant for the US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]], and Headley's wives warned American officials of Headley's involvement with LeT and his plotting attacks, warning specifically that the Taj Hotel may be their target.<ref name="nytimes1"/>
 
US officials believed that the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (I.S.I.) officers provided support to Lashkar-e-Taiba militants who carried out the attacks.<ref name="suit">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/world/asia/18pstan.html |title=Pakistani Role Is Suspected in Revealing U.S. Spy's Name |last1=Mazzetti |first1=Mark |last2=Masood |first2=Salman |date=17 December 2010 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415013437/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/world/asia/18pstan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Disclosures made by former American intelligence contractor Edward Snowden in 2013 revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had intercepted communications between the Lashkar boat and the LeT headquarters in Pakistan-administered Kashmir and passed the alert on to [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] on 18 November, eight days before the terrorists actually struck Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20151026-why-india-didnt-strike-pakistan-after-26-11-820634-2015-10-14 |title=Why India didn't strike Pakistan after 26/11 |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |date=26 October 2015 |website=India Today |access-date=21 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303190125/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20151026-why-india-didnt-strike-pakistan-after-26-11-820634-2015-10-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the hours after the attack, the [[New York City]] Police Department sent [[Brandon del Pozo]], an official from their Intelligence Division, to investigate the incident in order to understand what vulnerabilities its methods posed for New York City.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97912059 |title=Mumbai Attacks Offer Clues to Security |access-date=25 March 2020 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724143017/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97912059 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The arrest of [[Zabiuddin Ansari]] alias Abu Hamza in June 2012 provided further clarity on how the plot was hatched. According to Abu Hamza, the attacks were previously scheduled for 2006, using Indian youth for the job. However, a huge cache of AK-47's and [[RDX]], which were to be used for the attacks, was recovered from [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] in 2006, thus leading to the dismantling of the original plot. Subsequently, Abu Hamza fled to [[Pakistan]] and along with Lashkar commanders, scouted for Pakistani youth to be used for the attacks. In September 2007, 10 people were selected for the mission. In September 2008, these people tried sailing to Mumbai from [[Karachi]], but couldn't complete their mission due to choppy waters. These men made a second attempt in November 2008, and successfully managed to execute the final attacks. David Headley's disclosures, that three Pakistani army officers were associated with the planning and execution of the attack were substantiated by Ansari's revelations during his interrogation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/26/11-Abu-Jundal-names-same-Pak-army-officers-as-Headley-did/articleshow/14619870.cms |title=26/11: Abu Jundal names same Pak army officers as Headley did |first=S. Ahmed |last=Ali |date=3 July 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116024853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/26/11-Abu-Jundal-names-same-Pak-army-officers-as-Headley-did/articleshow/14619870.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/26-11-had-been-planned-originally-for-2006-reveals-abu-hamza-489999 |title=26/11 had been planned originally for 2006, reveals Abu Hamza |first=Rashmi |last=Rajput |date=26 June 2012 |website=NDTV |access-date=26 June 2012 |archive-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126024934/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/26-11-had-been-planned-originally-for-2006-reveals-abu-hamza-489999 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
After Ansari's arrest, Pakistan's Foreign Office claimed they had received information that up to 40 Indian nationals were involved in the attacks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-Pakistan-says-Mumbai-attackers-were-helped-by-40-Indians/articleshow/14590556.cms |title=26/11: Pakistan says Mumbai attackers were helped by 40 Indians |date=2 July 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405140444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-Pakistan-says-Mumbai-attackers-were-helped-by-40-Indians/articleshow/14590556.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===Method===
The attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time and knew some areas well enough to vanish and reappear after security forces had left. Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents.<ref name="locals">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mumbai_locals_helped_us_terrorist_tells_cops/articleshow/3774106.cms |title=Mumbai locals helped us, terrorist tells cops |first1=S. Ahmed |last1=Ali |date=30 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109010053/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mumbai_locals_helped_us_terrorist_tells_cops/articleshow/3774106.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/27mum-lashkar-0operative-ismail-arrested-for-attacks.htm |title=LeT terrorist Ismail arrested in Mumbai |first=Sheela |last=Bhatt |date=27 November 2008 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205113835/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/27mum-lashkar-0operative-ismail-arrested-for-attacks.htm |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The attackers used at least three [[SIM card]]s purchased on the Indian side of the border with [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1864539,00.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204123539/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,1864539,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2013 |title=Pakistani Involvement in the Mumbai Attacks |first=Ishaan |last=Tharoor |date=4 December 2008 |magazine=[[TIME]] |access-date=21 February 2009}}</ref> There were also reports of a SIM card purchased in the US state of [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5284594.ece |title=Mumbai gunman says he was paid $1,900 for attack&nbsp;– as new CCTV emerges |first=Rhys |last=Blakely |date=4 December 2008 |newspaper=The Times |location=London, UK |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605000346/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5284594.ece |archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> Police had also mentioned that [[Faheem Ansari]], an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24757587-663,00.html |title=Indian 'scouted attack' in Mumbai |date=6 December 2008 |newspaper=[[Herald Sun]] |location=[[Melbourne]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206232640/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24757587-663,00.html |archive-date=6 December 2008}}</ref> Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/2-men-accused-of-providing-sim-cards-to-mumbai-attackers-1.711547 |title=Two men accused of providing SIM cards to Mumbai attackers |date=6 December 2008 |access-date=21 February 2009 |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322012902/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/2-men-accused-of-providing-sim-cards-to-mumbai-attackers-1.711547 |archive-date=22 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The attackers used a satellite phone and cell phones to talk to each other as well as their handlers that were based in Pakistan. In transcripts intercepted by Indian authorities between the attackers and their handlers, the handlers provided the attackers with encouragement, tactical advice, and information gained from media coverage. The attackers used both personal cell phones and those obtained from their victims to communicate with each other and the news media. Although the attackers were encouraged to murder hostages, the attackers were in communication with the news media via cell phones to make demands in return for the release of hostages. This was believed to be done in order to further confuse Indian authorities that they were dealing with primarily a hostage situation.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP249.pdf |first1=Angel |last1=Rabasa |first2=Robert D. |last2=Blackwill |first3=Peter |last3=Chalk |first4=Kim |last4=Cragin |first5=C. Christine |last5=Fair |first6=Brian A. |last6=Jackson |first7=Brian Michael |last7=Jenkins |first8=Seth G. |last8=Jones |first9=Nathaniel |last9=Shestak |first10=Ashley J. |last10=Tellis |display-authors=3 |title=The Lessons of Mumbai |date=2009 |location=Santa Monica, California |publisher=[[RAND Corporation]] |isbn=978-0-8330-4667-3 |access-date=27 February 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307034757/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP249.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Type 86 Grenades made by China's state-owned [[Norinco]] were used in the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/08/13/india-china-relations-population-opinions-columnists-gordon-chang.html |title=India's China Problem |first=Gordon G. |last=Chang |date=13 August 2009 |website=Forbes |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-date=22 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222101609/http://www.forbes.com/2009/08/13/india-china-relations-population-opinions-columnists-gordon-chang.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
There were also indications that the attackers had been taking steroids.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3540964/Mumbai-attacks-Terrorists-took-cocaine-to-stay-awake-during-assault.html |title=Mumbai attacks Terrorists took cocaine to stay awake during assault |first=Damien |last=McElroy |date=3 December 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London, UK |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209010040/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3540964/Mumbai-attacks-Terrorists-took-cocaine-to-stay-awake-during-assault.html |archive-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used [[Google Earth]] to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3691723/Mumbai-attacks-Indian-suit-against-Google-Earth-over-image-use-by-terrorists.html |title=Mumbai attacks: Indian suit against Google Earth over image use by terrorists |first=Rahul |last=Bedi |date=9 December 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London, UK |access-date=20 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211122758/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3691723/Mumbai-attacks-Indian-suit-against-Google-Earth-over-image-use-by-terrorists.html |archive-date=11 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
There were 10 gunmen, nine of whom were subsequently shot dead and one captured by security forces.<ref name="NYT_NOV29">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/asia/30mumbai.html |first1=Somini |last1=Sengupta |first2=Keith |last2=Bradsher |date=29 November 2008 |title=India Faces Reckoning as Terror Toll Eclipses 170 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-date=10 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310091334/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/asia/30mumbai.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bm-saline">{{Cite news |url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=1&contentid=2008112920081129095627277cedee9e0&sectxslt= |title=Please give me saline |first=Rakesh |last=Prakash |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302112856/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=1&contentid=2008112920081129095627277cedee9e0&sectxslt= |archive-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Witnesses reported that they seemed to be in their early twenties, wore black T-shirts and jeans, and that they smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims.<ref name="cool">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/28/mumbai-terror-attacks-india |title=They were in no hurry. Cool and composed, they killed and killed |last1=Ramesh |first1=Randeep |last2=Duncan |first2=Campbell |last3=Paul |first3=Lewis |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London, UK |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201071600/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/28/mumbai-terror-attacks-india
|archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
It was initially reported that some of the attackers were British citizens,<ref name="numbers">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/28/british-terrorists-mumbai |title=Claims emerge of British terrorists in Mumbai |last=Balakrishnan |first=Angela |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London, UK |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201071534/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/28/british-terrorists-mumbai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ASSOCIATED PRESS-27th">{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/new-claims-of-britons-amongst-mumbai-gunmen-1039452.html |title=Arrested Mumbai gunmen 'of British descent' |first=Tom |last=Morgan |agency=AP |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=The Independent |location=London, UK |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201062047/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/new-claims-of-britons-amongst-mumbai-gunmen-1039452.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> but the Indian government later stated that there was no evidence to confirm this.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3533837/Mumbai-attack-Government-has-no-evidence-of-British-involvement.html |title=Mumbai attack: Government 'has no evidence of British involvement' |first=Jon |last=Swaine |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London, UK |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202210536/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3533837/Mumbai-attack-Government-has-no-evidence-of-British-involvement.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, early reports of 12 gunmen<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3628614/Mumbai-attacks-police-admit-there-were-more-than-ten-attackers.html |title=Mumbai attacks: police admit there were more than ten attackers |last=McElroy |first=Damien |date=6 December 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London, UK |access-date=4 August 2009 |archive-date=22 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222024843/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3628614/Mumbai-attacks-police-admit-there-were-more-than-ten-attackers.html |url-status=live }}</ref> were also later shown to be incorrect.<ref name="DossierNYT" />
 
On 9 December, the 10 attackers were identified by Mumbai police, along with their home towns in Pakistan: Ajmal Amir from [[Faridkot, Okara|Faridkot]], [[Abu Ismail Dera Ismail Khan]] from [[Dera Ismail Khan]], Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from [[Multan]], Javed from [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]], Shoaib from [[Sialkot]], Nazir Ahmed and Nasir from [[Faisalabad]], Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla, and Fahadullah from Dipalpur Taluka. Dera Ismail Khan is in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]]; the rest of the towns are in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Pakistani Punjab]].<ref name="NYTFullNames">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/10/world/asia/10mumbai.html |title=Mumbai Attackers Called Part of Larger Band of Recruits |first1=Jeremy |last1=Kahn |first2=Robert F. |last2=Worth |date=9 December 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211082019/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/10/world/asia/10mumbai.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
On 6 April 2010, the Home Minister of [[Maharashtra]] State, which includes Mumbai, informed the Assembly that the bodies of the nine killed Pakistani gunmen from the 2008 attack on Mumbai were buried in a secret location in January 2010. The bodies had been in the mortuary of a Mumbai hospital after Muslim clerics in the city refused to let them be buried on their grounds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINSGE6350JE20100406 |title=Bodies of nine Mumbai gunmen buried secretly in January |first=Rina |last=Chandran |date=6 April 2010 |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502111453/https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idINSGE6350JE20100406?edition-redirect=in |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===Attackers===
Only one of the 10 attackers, [[Ajmal Kasab]], survived the attack. He was hanged in [[Yerwada Central Jail|Yerwada jail]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Bodies-of-9-terrorists-of-2611-disposed-off/videoshow/4342368.cms |title=Bodies of 9 terrorists of 26/11 disposed of |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=12 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105014952/http://www.timesnow.tv/Bodies-of-9-terrorists-of-2611-disposed-off/videoshow/4342368.cms |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> The other nine attackers killed during the onslaught were Hafiz Arshad alias Abdul Rehman Bada, Abdul Rahman Chhota, Javed alias Abu Ali, Fahadullah alias Abu Fahad, Ismail Khan alias Abu Ismail, Babar Imran alias Abu Akasha, Nasir alias Abu Umar, Nazir alias Abu Umer and Shoaib alias Abu Soheb.
 
===Arrests===
{{Main|Ajmal Kasab|Zabiuddin Ansari}}
Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker arrested alive by police. At first, he deposed to police inspector Ramesh Mahale that he had come to India ''"to see [[Amitabh Bachchan]]'s bungalow"'', and that he was apprehended by the [[Mumbai Police]] outside the bungalow.<ref name="hindu.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajmal-kasab-amitabh-bachchan-raw-mumbai-attacks-ramesh-mahale-1396531-2018-11-26 |title=Amitabh Bachchan and RAW: How Ajmal Kasab spun a tale to escape punishment for 26/11 attacks |first=Divyesh |last=Singh |date=26 November 2018 |website=India Today |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817230540/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajmal-kasab-amitabh-bachchan-raw-mumbai-attacks-ramesh-mahale-1396531-2018-11-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> Much of the information about the attackers' preparation, travel, and movements comes from his subsequent confessions to the Mumbai police.<ref name="azam">{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeenews.com/nation/2008-11-29/487150news.html |title=Planned 9/11 at Taj, reveals caught terrorist |date=29 November 2008 |website=[[Zee TV|Zee News]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225174923/http://www.zeenews.com/nation/2008-11-29/487150news.html |archive-date=25 December 2008 }}</ref>
 
On 12 February 2009 Pakistan's Interior Minister [[Rehman Malik]] said that Pakistani national Javed Iqbal, who acquired [[VoIP]] phones in Spain for the Mumbai attackers, and Hamad Ameen Sadiq, who had facilitated money transfer for the attack, had been arrested.<ref name="nd"/> Two other men known as Khan and Riaz, but whose full names were not given, were also arrested.<ref name="Haider"/> Two Pakistanis were arrested in [[Brescia]], Italy (east of [[Milan]]) on 21 November 2009, after being accused of providing logistical support to the attacks and transferring more than US$200 to Internet accounts using a false ID.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://beta.thehindu.com/news/international/article52322.ece |title=Italy arrests two for Mumbai attacks |date=21 November 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |access-date=21 November 2009}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20091121-two-pakistanis-arrested-brescia-connection-with-mumbai-attacks-italy-india |title=Two Pakistanis arrested in connection with Mumbai attacks |date=21 November 2009 |website=France 24 |access-date=14 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214075728/http://www.france24.com/en/20091121-two-pakistanis-arrested-brescia-connection-with-mumbai-attacks-italy-india |archive-date=14 February 2011 }}</ref> They had [[Red corner notice|Red Corner Notices]] issued against them by [[Interpol]] for their suspected involvement and it was issued after the last year's strikes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Pak-mum-on-2611-terror-duo-held-in-Italy/articleshow/4332698.cms |title=Pak mum on 26/11 terror duo held in Italy |date=22 November 2009 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=1 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105013259/http://www.timesnow.tv/Pak-mum-on-2611-terror-duo-held-in-Italy/articleshow/4332698.cms |archive-date=5 November 2013 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
 
In October 2009, two Chicago men were arrested and charged by the FBI for involvement in "terrorism" abroad, [[David Coleman Headley]] and [[Tahawwur Hussain Rana]]. Headley, a Pakistani-American, was charged in November 2009 with scouting locations for the 2008 Mumbai attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-police-probe-david-headley-s-links-to-26-11-attacks_1308973 |title=Mumbai police probe David Headley's links to 26/11 attacks |date=8 November 2009 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |location=India |access-date=16 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091116155352/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-police-probe-david-headley-s-links-to-26-11-attacks_1308973 |archive-date=16 November 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="reuters20091208">{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-fbi-mumbai-idUSTRE5B72I620091208 |title=India Plans to Try Chicago Man For Mumbai Attacks |agency=Reuters |date=8 December 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701030824/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-fbi-mumbai-idUSTRE5B72I620091208 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2016 }}</ref> Headley is reported to have posed as an American Jew and is believed to have links with militant Islamist groups based in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_david-headley-posed-as-jew-in-mumbai_1309057 |title=David Headley posed as Jew in Mumbai |first=Josy |last=Joseph |date=9 November 2009 |newspaper=Daily News and Analysis |location=India |access-date=16 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112184125/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_david-headley-posed-as-jew-in-mumbai_1309057 |archive-date=12 November 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 March 2010, Headley pleaded guilty to a dozen charges against him thereby avoiding going to trial.
 
In December 2009, the FBI charged Abdur Rehman Hashim Syed, a retired [[major]] in the [[Pakistani army]], for planning the attacks in association with Headley.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/FBI-nails-Pak-Major-for-Mumbai-attacks/articleshow/5317076.cms |title=FBI nails Pak Major for Mumbai attacks |date=9 December 2009 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=9 December 2009 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119220318/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/FBI-nails-Pak-Major-for-Mumbai-attacks/articleshow/5317076.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
On 15 January 2010, in a successful snatch operation [[R&AW]] agents nabbed Sheikh Abdul Khwaja, one of the handlers of the 26/11 attacks, chief of [[HuJI]] India operations and a most wanted suspect in India, from [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka, and brought him over to [[Hyderabad, India]] for formal arrest.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/hyderabad/26-11-attacks-handler-arrested/Article1-499019.aspx |title=26/11 attacks handler arrested |last1=Sharan |first1=Abhishek |last2=Das |first2=Ashok |date=18 January 2010 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129053925/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/hyderabad/26-11-attacks-handler-arrested/Article1-499019.aspx |archive-date=29 January 2010}}</ref>
 
On 25 June 2012, the Delhi Police Department arrested [[Zabiuddin Ansari]] alias Abu Hamza, one of the key suspects in the attack at the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] in New Delhi. His arrest was touted as the most significant development in the case since Kasab's arrest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/key-2611-conspirator-abu-hamza-arrested-in-delhi/267741-3.html |title=Key 26/11 conspirator Abu Hamza arrested at IGI airport in Delhi |date=25 June 2012 |website=IBN Live |access-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711161029/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/key-2611-conspirator-abu-hamza-arrested-in-delhi/267741-3.html |archive-date=11 July 2012}}</ref> Security agencies had been chasing him for three years in Delhi. Ansari is a Lashker-e-Taiba ultra and the Hindi tutor of the 10 attackers who were responsible for the Mumbai attacks in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Key-Mumbai-terror-attack-handler-arrested-in-Delhi/articleshow/14384313.cms |title=Key Mumbai terror attack handler arrested in Delhi |date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419025559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Key-Mumbai-terror-attack-handler-arrested-in-Delhi/articleshow/14384313.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=hindu_key>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3568185.ece?homepage=true |title=Key 26/11 terrorist arrested |first=Praveen |last=Swami |date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai |access-date=25 June 2012 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407233752/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Zabiuddin-arrest-opens-doors-for-2611-probe/article12914651.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live }}</ref> He was apprehended, after he was arrested and deported to India by Saudi Intelligence officials as per official request by Indian authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2611-suspect-abu-jindal-in-delhi-police-net/267804-3.html |title=26/11 suspect Abu Jundal in Delhi Police net |date=28 June 2012 |website=IBN Live |access-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827143103/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/2611-suspect-abu-jindal-in-delhi-police-net/267804-3.html |archive-date=27 August 2012}}</ref> After Ansari's arrest, investigations revealed that in 2009 he allegedly stayed for a day in a room in Old Legislators's Hostel, belonging to Fauzia Khan, a former MLA and minister in Maharashtra Government. The minister, however, denied having any links with him. Home Minister P. Chidambaram asserted that Ansari was provided a safe place in Pakistan and was present in the control room, which could not have been established without active State support. Ansari's interrogation further revealed that Sajid Mir and a Pakistani Army major visited India under fake names as cricket spectators to survey targets in Delhi and Mumbai for about a fortnight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistan-used-cricket-diplomacy-to-survey-terror-targets/articleshow/14514152.cms |title=Pakistan used cricket diplomacy to survey terror targets |first=Deeptimaan |last=Tiwary |date=30 June 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420181410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Pakistan-used-cricket-diplomacy-to-survey-terror-targets/articleshow/14514152.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Jundal-had-a-very-safe-haven-in-Pakistan-Chidambaram/Article1-880833.aspx |title=Jundal had a very safe haven in Pakistan: Chidambaram |date=29 June 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630092816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Jundal-had-a-very-safe-haven-in-Pakistan-Chidambaram/Article1-880833.aspx |archive-date=30 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Maharashtra/Maharashtra-minister-denies-links-with-Jundal-says-ready-for-probe/Article1-878883.aspx |title=Maharashtra minister denies links with Jundal, says ready for probe |date=26 June 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626225200/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Maharashtra/Maharashtra-minister-denies-links-with-Jundal-says-ready-for-probe/Article1-878883.aspx |archive-date=26 June 2012 }}</ref>
 
A number of suspects were also arrested on false charges. At least two of them spent nearly eight years in prison and were not paid any compensation by the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobepost.com/2018/05/09/india-terrorism-falsely-accused/ |title=No Hope for Justice: Struggle of Falsely Accused of Terror in India |last=Kumar |first=Amit |date=9 May 2018 |newspaper=[[The Globe Post]] |access-date=10 May 2018 |archive-date=11 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013230/https://www.theglobepost.com/2018/05/09/india-terrorism-falsely-accused/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Casualties and compensation==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;"
|-
! Nationality !! Deaths !! Injured
|-
|{{flagu|India}} || 141 || 256
|-
|{{flagu|United States}} || 6{{efn|Two with dual US-Israeli citizenship.}}<ref name="ML-Israel-India">{{cite news |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/28/news/ML-Israel-India.php |title=Israel: 6 bodies removed from Jewish center |agency=Associated Press |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |access-date=28 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204100914/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/11/28/news/ML-Israel-India.php |archive-date=4 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="turkishpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=255384 |title=Six US citizens killed in Mumbai attacks: State Dept |date=1 December 2008 |website=Turkish Press |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713131026/http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp%3Fid%3D255384 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 2<ref name="turkishpress.com"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Israel}} || 4<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5066649 |title=9 Dead in Mumbai Chabad House Attack; Israel to Help Identify Bodies |first=Anshel |last=Pfeffer |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=29 August 2019 |archive-date=29 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829221300/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5066649 |url-status=live }}</ref> ||–
|-
|{{flagu|Germany}} || 3<ref name="ASSOCIATED PRESS-27th" /> || 3
|-
|{{flagu|Australia}} || 2<ref name="Aussies_accounted_for">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/11/30/2433586.htm?section=justin |title=Aussies in Mumbai accounted for: DFAT |date=30 November 2008 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=14 December 2008 |archive-date=15 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215082303/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/11/30/2433586.htm?section=justin |url-status=live }}</ref> || 2
|-
|{{flagu|Canada}} || 2<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/identity-of-2nd-canadian-killed-in-mumbai-attacks-confirmed-1.709811 |title=Identity of 2nd Canadian killed in Mumbai attacks confirmed |date=30 November 2008 |website=CBC News |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331135401/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/identity-of-2nd-canadian-killed-in-mumbai-attacks-confirmed-1.709811 |url-status=live }}</ref> || 2
|-
|{{flagu|France}} || 2<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7753639.stm |title=As it happened: Mumbai attacks - 28 November |date=29 November 2008 |website=BBC News |access-date=29 November 2008 |archive-date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209142814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7753639.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> || –
|-
|{{flagu|Italy}} || 1<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.repubblica.it/2008/11/sezioni/esteri/india-attentato-2/viaggio-figlio/viaggio-figlio.html |title=Ucciso da una granata era in<!--not a mistake--> in viaggio col figlio |trans-title=Killed by a grenade; he was travelling with his son |first=Laura |last=Montanari |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=[[la Repubblica]] |language=it |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713131024/http://www.repubblica.it/2008/11/sezioni/esteri/india-attentato-2/viaggio-figlio/viaggio-figlio.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|| –
|-
|{{flagu|United Kingdom}} || 1{{efn|Dual British-Cypriot citizenship.}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/27/mumbai-terror-attacks-india3 |title=Briton killed in Mumbai |first=David |last=Batty |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713131025/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/27/mumbai-terror-attacks-india3 |url-status=live }}</ref> || 7
|-
|{{flagu|Netherlands}} || 1<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2008/12/1/011208_vermistenederlanderoverleden.html |title=In Mumbai vermiste Nederlander overleden |trans-title=Dutchman missing in Mumbai died |date=1 December 2008 |website=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS News]] |language=nl |access-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204090436/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2008/12/1/011208_vermistenederlanderoverleden.html |archive-date=4 December 2008 }}</ref> || 1<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nu.nl/news/1859547/24/Nederlander_gewond_in_Mumbai.html |title=Nederlander gewond in Mumbai |trans-title=Dutchman injured in Mumbai |date=27 November 2008 |website=[[NU.nl]] |language=nl |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-date=3 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203030009/http://www.nu.nl/news/1859547/24/Nederlander_gewond_in_Mumbai.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Japan}} || 1<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3536066/List-of-those-known-to-have-died-in-the-Mumbai-attacks.html |title=List of those known to have died in the Mumbai attacks |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713131027/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3536066/List-of-those-known-to-have-died-in-the-Mumbai-attacks.html |url-status=live }}</ref> || 1
|-
|{{flagu|Jordan}} || 1 || 1
|-
|{{flagu|Malaysia}} || 1<ref name=Malaysian>{{cite news |url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/11/30/nation/2684733&sec=nation |title=Hema died of smoke inhalation, says consul-general |first=Nelson |last=Benjamin |date=30 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |access-date=30 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201001200/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F11%2F30%2Fnation%2F2684733&sec=nation |archive-date=1 December 2008 }}</ref> || –
|-
|{{flagu|Mauritius}} || 1<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nerve.in/news:253500186081 |title=CEO of Mauritian bank reported missing in Mumbai |date=27 November 2008 |website=Nerve.in |access-date=22 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204004429/http://www.nerve.in/news:253500186081 |archive-date=4 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gulfnews.com/world/India/10263688.html |title=Commandos free Mumbai |first=Pamela |last=Raghunath |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Gulf News]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203073604/http://www.gulfnews.com/world/India/10263688.html |archive-date=3 December 2008 }}</ref> || –
|-
|{{flagu|Mexico}} || 1<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3775389.cms |title=Mexican national among Mumbai victims: Mexican Foreign Ministry |date=30 November 2008 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713132126/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/3775389.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> || –
|-
|{{flagu|Singapore}} || 1<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_308041.html |title=S'porean hostage killed |first1=Teh Joo |last1=Lin |first2=Carolyn |last2=Quek |date=28 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |location=[[Singapore]] |access-date=28 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204032707/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_308041.html |archive-date=4 February 2009}}</ref> || –
|-
|{{flagu|Thailand}} || 1<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/291108_News/29Nov2008_news02.php |title=Thai woman shot dead by militants in Mumbai |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Bangkok Post]] |access-date=29 November 2008}}{{dead link|date=September 2019}}</ref>|| –
|-
|{{flagu|Austria}} || – || 1<ref name="NDTV 13 dead">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081129/jsp/jharkhand/story_10182204.jsp |title=13 foreigners died in Mumbai: MHA |first=Raj |last=Kumar |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |location=[[Kolkata]] |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020074731/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1081129/jsp/jharkhand/story_10182204.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|Spain}} || – || 2<ref name="ASSOCIATED PRESS-27th"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/matrimonio/espanol/herido/atentado/Bombay/vuelve/casa/elpepuesp/20081130elpepunac_7/Tes |title=El matrimonio español herido en el atentado de Bombay vuelve a casa |trans-title=Spanish couple injured in Bombay attack return home |date=30 November 2008 |newspaper=[[El País]] |language=es |access-date=22 October 2015 |archive-date=20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520191733/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/matrimonio/espanol/herido/atentado/Bombay/vuelve/casa/elpepuesp/20081130elpepunac_7/Tes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="españoles heridos">{{cite web |url=http://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-dos-espanoles-heridos-atentados-bombay-regresaran-espana-avion-ambulancia-20081130132229.html |title=Los dos españoles heridos en los atentados de Bombay regresarán a España en un avión-ambulancia |trans-title=The two Spaniards injured in the Bombay attacks will return to Spain in an air ambulance |date=30 November 2008 |website=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] |language=es |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-date=6 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506063928/http://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-dos-espanoles-heridos-atentados-bombay-regresaran-espana-avion-ambulancia-20081130132229.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagu|China}} || – || 1<ref name="ASSOCIATED PRESS-27th"/>
|-
|{{flagu|Oman}} || – || 2<ref name="ASSOCIATED PRESS-27th"/>
|-
|-
! Location !! Type of attack
|{{flagu|Philippines}} || – || 1<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/136118/Filipino-tourist-injured-in-Mumbai-hotel-attack |title=Filipino tourist injured in Mumbai hotel attack |date=27 November 2008 |website=[[GMA News Online]] |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-date=22 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522083352/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/136118/Filipino-tourist-injured-in-Mumbai-hotel-attack |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[File:Mumbai India.jpg|30px]] [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] railway station || [[Shooting]]s; [[Hand grenade|grenades]].
|{{flagu|Finland}} || – || 1<ref name="ASSOCIATED PRESS-27th"/>
|-
|-
| [[File:LeopoldCafe gobeirne.jpg|30px]] [[Leopold Cafe|Leopold Café]], [[Colaba]] || Shootings.
|{{flagu|Norway}} || – || 1<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.norwaypost.no/News/Norway-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-India/menu-id-26.html |title=Norway condemns terrorist attacks in India |first=Rolleiv |last=Solholm |date=28 November 2008 |website=The Norway Post |publisher=[[Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=28 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202075415/http://www.norwaypost.no/News/Norway-condemns-terrorist-attacks-in-India/menu-id-26.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 }}</ref>
|- class="sortbottom"
!style="text-align:left;"|Total
| '''166'''
| '''293'''
|}
A total of 175 people, including civilians, security personnel, and nine of the attackers, were killed in the attacks. Among the dead were 29 foreign nationals.<ref name=Journal.Mortality/><ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="CNN-Gunfire"/><ref name="bbc1">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7751707.stm |title=Indian forces storm Jewish centre |date=27 November 2008 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128024751/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7751707.stm |archive-date=28 November 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/392538/1/.html |title=One Japanese killed, another wounded in Mumbai shootings |website=[[Channel NewsAsia]] |access-date=26 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108181716/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/392538/1/.html |archive-date=8 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="for">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112854911900.htm |title=Caught in the crossfire, 9 foreign nationals killed |first=P.S. |last=Suryanarayana |date=27 November 2008 |location=Chennai |access-date=27 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813153720/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112854911900.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=13 August 2011}}</ref> One attacker was captured.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.attacks/index.html |last1=Stevens |first1=Andrew |first2=Mallika |last2=Kapur |author-link2=Mallika Kapur |first3=Harmeet |last3=Shah Singh |first4=Saeed |last4=Ahmed |first5=Sara |last5=Sidner |first6=Alessio |last6=Vinci |first7=Reza |last7=Sayah |first8=Paula |last8=Newton |author-link8=Paula Newton |title=Indian official: Terrorists wanted to kill 5,000 |date=29 November 2008 |website=CNN |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202083137/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.attacks/index.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The bodies of many of the dead hostages showed signs of torture or disfigurement.<ref name="torture">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/30mumterror-doctors-shocked-at-hostagess-torture.htm |title=Doctors shocked at hostages's torture |last1=Krishnakumar |first1=P. |first2=Vicky |last2=Nanjappa |date=30 November 2008 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305213427/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/30mumterror-doctors-shocked-at-hostagess-torture.htm |archive-date=5 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> A number of those killed were notable figures in business, media, and security services.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/british-yachting-tycoon-andreas-liveras-killed-in-bombay-terror-attacks-f8sm6wkqzqc |title=British yachting tycoon Andreas Liveras killed in Bombay terror attacks |first=Philippe |last=Naughton |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times |location=London, UK |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725035031/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/british-yachting-tycoon-andreas-liveras-killed-in-bombay-terror-attacks-f8sm6wkqzqc |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="topcopcasualties">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Mumbai_3_top_cops_die_on_duty/articleshow/3762023.cms |title=Three top cops die on duty |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=27 November 2008 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725175046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Mumbai_3_top_cops_die_on_duty/articleshow/3762023.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nsgkia">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.victims/index.html?iref=topnews |title=Indian victims include financier, journalist, actor's sister, police |date=30 November 2008 |website=CNN |access-date=30 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202083222/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.victims/index.html?iref=topnews |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The [[Chief minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]], stated that 15 policemen and two [[National Security Guards|NSG]] commandos were killed, including the following officers:<ref name="bbc1"/><ref name="nsgkia"/>
* Assistant Police Sub-Inspector [[Tukaram Omble]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/09slid1-how-we-caught-the-fidayeen-alive.htm |title=How we caught the fidayeen alive |date=9 December 2008 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=1 May 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705091739/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/09slid1-how-we-caught-the-fidayeen-alive.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> who succeeded in capturing a terrorist alive, with his bare hands.
* Joint Commissioner of Police [[Hemant Karkare]], the Chief of the Mumbai [[Anti Terrorist Squad (India)|Anti-Terrorism Squad]]<ref name="topcopcasualties"/>
* Additional Commissioner of Police: [[Ashok Kamte]]<ref name="topcopcasualties" />
* Encounter specialist Senior Inspector [[Vijay Salaskar]]<ref name="topcopcasualties" />
* Senior Inspector [[Shashank Shinde]]<ref name="topcopcasualties" />
* NSG Commando, Major [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan]]
* NSG Commando, Hawaldar [[Gajender Singh Bisht]]
Three railway officials of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] were also killed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/nov/271108-Terror-Attack-Chhatrapati-Shivaji-Terminus.htm |title=Three railway men killed in CST encounter |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=7 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307061933/http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/nov/271108-Terror-Attack-Chhatrapati-Shivaji-Terminus.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The casualties occurred in the following locations:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
| [[File:TajMahalPalaceMumbai1 gobeirne.jpg|30px]] [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower]] hotel || Shootings; six [[explosion]]s; [[arson|fire on the top floor]]; [[hostage]]s were taken. The [[explosive material]] [[RDX]] was found nearby.<ref name="Amir Kasab" />
! Location !! Type of attack !! Dead !! Rescued
|-
|-
| [[File:OberoiMumbai02 gobeirne.jpg|30px]] [[Oberoi Trident]] hotel || Shootings; explosions; fire; hostages were taken.
| [[Mumbai Harbour]] || Shootings; hostages. || 4 || none
|-
|-
|Cama Hospital
| [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (CST) railway station; {{Coord|18.940631|72.836426|type:event_region:IN-MH}} (express train terminus), {{Coord|18.94061|72.835343|type:event_region:IN-MH}} (suburban terminus) || Shootings; grenade attacks. || 58<ref name="yahoo_corpses">{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081130/ap_on_re_as/as_india_three_days_of_terror;_ylt=Av6QjVu3WBqaVaIH9i.lpL1vaA8F |title=India terror begins with corpses on train platform |last1=Sullivan |first1=Tim |first2=Ravi |last2=Nessman |date=30 November 2008 |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |website=[[Yahoo! News]] |access-date=9 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081203151635/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081130/ap_on_re_as/as_india_three_days_of_terror;_ylt=Av6QjVu3WBqaVaIH9i.lpL1vaA8F |archive-date=3 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-03/mumbai/27928854_1_muslims-terror-attack-cst |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022141052/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-03/mumbai/27928854_1_muslims-terror-attack-cst |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=Of 58 killed at terminus, 22 were Muslims |last=Dasgupta |first=Devraj |date=2 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref> || none
|Shootings; hostages were taken.[http://www.ijtr.nic.in/amir%20kasab.pdf]
|-
|-
| [[Mazagaon]] docks || Explosion; a boat with [[military]] weapons on it was stolen.
| [[Leopold Cafe]], a popular tourist restaurant in [[Colaba]]; {{Coord|18.922272|72.831566|type:event_region:IN-MH}} || Shootings; grenade explosion.<ref name="times-5260641"/> || 10<ref name="times-5260641"/> || none
|-
|-
| [[Cama Hospital]] || Shootings; hostages were taken.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/frontpage|title=Homepage|date=14 February 2018|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
| [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] near the [[Gateway of India]]; {{Coord|18.921739|72.83331|region:IN-MH_type:event}} || Shootings;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2008/11/2008112617472965818.html |title=Scores killed in Mumbai attacks |date=27 November 2008 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928191240/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2008/11/2008112617472965818.html |url-status=live }}</ref> six explosions; fire on ground, first, and top floors; hostages;<ref name="CNN-Gunfire"/> [[RDX]] found nearby.<ref name="CNN-27th"/> || 31<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/sns-ap-as-india-terror-anniversary,0,7693599.story?track=rss |title=Topic Galleries |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />(in addition to 1 commando) || around 250
|-
|-
| [[Mumbai Chabad House|Mumbai Chabad House (Nariman House)]] || [[Siege]]; shootings;<ref name="Amir Kasab" /> hostages were taken.
|[[Trident Hotel, Nariman Point|Oberoi Trident]] at [[Nariman Point]]; {{Coord|18.927118|72.820618|region:IN-MH_type:event}} || Shootings; explosions; hostages; fire. || 30<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taratv.com/national.php?task=full&newsid=4384 |title=Nariman secured, Taj ops on |date=28 November 2008 |website=TaraTV |access-date=22 September 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716193120/http://www.taratv.com/national.php?task=full&newsid=4384 |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> || 143
|-
|-
| [[Vile Parle]] suburb, North Mumbai || [[Car bomb]].<ref name="Amir Kasab" />
|[[Metro Adlabs|Metro Cinema]] {{Coord|18.943178|72.829474|type:event_region:IN-MH}} || Shooting from carjacked police jeep.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12708194 |title=India under attack |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=28 November 2008 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=10 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210075027/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12708194 |url-status=live }}</ref> || around 10 || none
|-
|-
|Wadi Bandar, Mazgaon, South Mumbai
| [[Cama Hospital|Cama and Albless Hospital]]; {{Coord|18.94266|72.832993|type:event_region:IN-MH}} || Shootings; hostages.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov272008/scroll20081127103063.asp?section=frontpagenews |title=Mumbai terror kills 65 |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> || 5 policemen<ref name="yahoo_corpses"/> || none
|[[Car bomb]].<ref name="Amir Kasab" />
|-
|-
|[[Girgaum Chowpatty]]|| One terrorist was shot and one caught alive <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/26-11/timeline/perpetrators-and-masterminds-of-the-2611-mumbai-terror-attacks/|title=Perpetrators and masterminds of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks|date=2016-11-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>
| [[Nariman House]] ([[Chabad House]]) [[Orthodox Jewish outreach|Jewish outreach]] centre; {{Coord|18.916517|72.827682|type:event_region:IN-MH}} || Siege; shootings; hostages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/firing-at-nariman-house-in-south-mumbai-intensifies/79156-3-1.html |title=One terrorist killed at Nariman House |date=27 November 2008 |website=IBN Live |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727033448/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/firing-at-nariman-house-in-south-mumbai-intensifies/79156-3-1.html |archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> || 7 (including 1 commando)<ref name="ML-Israel-India"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/slain-nsg-commando-paid-tributes-at-special-ceremony-in-delhi_100125076.html |title=Slain NSG commando paid tributes at special ceremony in Delhi |date=29 November 2008 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |website=Thaindian News |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226071605/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/slain-nsg-commando-paid-tributes-at-special-ceremony-in-delhi_100125076.html |url-status=live }}</ref> || 9
|-
| [[Vile Parle]] suburb near the airport, North Mumbai || Car bomb blast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=1&theme=&usrsess=1&id=233003 |title=Terror Takes Over Mumbai |website=The Statesman.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022015526/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=1&theme=&usrsess=1&id=233003 |archive-date=22 October 2009}}</ref> || 1<ref name="yahoo_corpses" /> || none
|-
| Badruddin Tayabji Lane behind the [[Times of India]] building.{{Coord|18.942117|72.833734|type:event_region:IN-MH}} || Police killed by gunfire. || 9 policemen || none
|-
| [[Mazagaon]] docks in Mumbai's port area; || Explosion; boat with armaments seized.<ref name="es"/> || none || none
|}
|}


== Who did the attacks? ==
The [[government of Maharashtra]] announced about {{INRConvert|500000}} as compensation to the kin of each of those killed in the terror attacks and about {{INRConvert|50000}} to the seriously injured.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/002200811271331.htm |title=Key developments in Mumbai terror attacks |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |access-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515164132/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/002200811271331.htm |archive-date=15 May 2010 }}</ref> In August 2009, the Indian Hotels Company and the Oberoi Group received about US$28&nbsp;million as part-payment of the insurance claims, on account of the attacks on Taj and Trident, from General Insurance Corporation of India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/08/15/stories/2009081552020100.htm |title=Taj, Oberoi get Rs 140 cr as terror insurance claims so far |date=15 August 2009 |newspaper=[[Business Line]] |location=Chennai |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818163839/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/08/15/stories/2009081552020100.htm |archive-date=18 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
'''Mumbai Terror Attacks'''
 
==Aftermath==
{{Main|Aftermath of the 2008 Mumbai attacks}}
 
The attacks are sometimes referred to in India as "26/11", after the date in 2008 that the attacks began. The [[Pradhan Inquiry Commission]], appointed by the Maharashtra government, produced a report that was tabled before the [[Vidhan Sabha|legislative assembly]] more than a year after the events. The report said the "war-like" attack was beyond the capacity to respond of any police force, but also found fault with the Mumbai Police Commissioner [[Hasan Gafoor]]'s lack of leadership during the crisis.<ref name="hindupradhantable">{{Cite news |url=http://beta.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article68262.ece |title=Pradhan Committee finds serious lapses on Gafoor's part |agency=PTI |date=21 December 2009 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |access-date=15 July 2011 |quote="There was absence of overt leadership on the part of Hasan Gafoor, the CP, and lack of visible Command and Control at the CP's office," said the report prepared by former Governor and Union Home Secretary R.D. Pradhan. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731081805/http://beta.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article68262.ece |archive-date=31 July 2010 }}</ref>
 
The Maharashtra government planned to buy 36 speed boats to patrol the coastal areas and several helicopters for the same purpose. It also planned to create an anti-terror force called "[[Force One (Mumbai Police)|Force One]]" and upgrade all the weapons that Mumbai police currently have.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=344449 |title=No consensus on security plan even a month after Mumbai attacks |first=Sapna |last=Agarwal |date=27 December 2008 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607145849/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=344449 |archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] on an all-party conference declared that legal framework would be strengthened in the battle against "terrorism" and a federal anti-terrorist intelligence and investigation agency, like the [[FBI]], will be set up soon to co-ordinate action against "terrorism".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Election_Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074719&type=News |title=PM for federal agency, better legal framework |date=1 December 2008 |website=[[NDTV]] |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201234935/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Election_Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080074719&type=News |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The government strengthened anti-terror laws with [[UAPA|UAPA 2008]], and the federal [[National Investigation Agency]] was formed.
 
The attacks further strained India's slowly recovering relationship with Pakistan. India's then External Affairs Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] declared that India may indulge in military strikes against terror camps in Pakistan to protect its territorial integrity. There were also after-effects on the United States's relationships with both countries,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/30/india.attacks/index.html |title=Mumbai attacks probed as India-Pakistan relations strained |date=1 December 2008 |website=CNN |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219205611/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/30/india.attacks/index.html |archive-date=19 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> the US-led [[NATO]] [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5263919.ece |title=Mumbai attacks 'were a ploy to wreck Obama plan to isolate al-Qaeda' |first1=Jeremy |last1=Page |first2=Tom |last2=Coghlan |first3=Zahid |last3=Hussain |date=1 December 2008 |newspaper=The Times |location=London, UK |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211052907/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article5263919.ece |archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref> and on the [[War on Terror|Global War on Terror]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/16mumterror-do-not-look-at-mumbai-attacks-through-prism-of-kashmir.htm |title=Don't look at Mumbai attacks through prism of Kashmir |date=16 December 2008 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302144039/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/16mumterror-do-not-look-at-mumbai-attacks-through-prism-of-kashmir.htm |archive-date=2 March 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> FBI chief [[Robert Mueller]] praised the "unprecedented cooperation" between American and [[List of Indian Intelligence agencies|Indian intelligence agencies]] over the Mumbai terror attack probe.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/LATEST-NEWS/FBI-chief-hails-India-cooperation-after-Mumbai-attacks/articleshow/4219974.cms |title=FBI chief hails India cooperation after Mumbai attacks |date=3 March 2009 |newspaper=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=4 August 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5ipp9SWTp?url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/LATEST-NEWS/FBI-chief-hails-India-cooperation-after-Mumbai-attacks/articleshow/4219974.cms |archive-date=6 August 2009 |url-status=live  }}</ref> However, [[Interpol]] secretary general [[Ronald Noble]] said that Indian intelligence agencies did not share any information with Interpol.<ref name="bbc-interpol">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7796993.stm |title=Interpol 'not given Mumbai data' |date=23 December 2008 |website=BBC News |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717063549/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7796993.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
A new [[National Counter Terrorism Centre]] (NCTC) was proposed to be set up by the then-Home Minister P. Chidambaram as an office to collect, collate, summarise, integrate, analyse, co-ordinate and report all information and inputs received from various intelligence agencies, state police departments, and other ministries and their departments.
 
===Movement of troops===
Pakistan moved troops towards the border with India voicing concerns about the Indian government's possible plans to launch attacks on Pakistani soil if it did not co-operate. After days of talks, the Pakistan government, however, decided to start moving troops away from the border.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Pak-might-soon-move-troops-from-border-with-India/articleshow/4660681.cms |title=Pak might soon move troops from border with India |agency=PTI |date=16 June 2009 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729040758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Pak-might-soon-move-troops-from-border-with-India/articleshow/4660681.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Reactions==
{{Main|Reactions to the 2008 Mumbai attacks}}
[[File:3 December 2008 Gateway protest march 4.jpg|thumb|200px|Candlelight vigils at the [[Gateway of India]] in Mumbai]]
Indians criticised their political leaders after the attacks, saying that their ineptness was partly responsible. ''[[The Times of India]]'' commented on its front page that "Our politicians fiddle as innocents die."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/SP304200.htm |title=India directs anger at politicians after Mumbai attacks |first=Raju |last=Gopalakrishnan |date=1 December 2008 |website=[[Alertnet]] |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5h7IWfjWa?url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/SP304200.htm |archive-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Political reactions in Mumbai and India included a range of resignations and political changes, including the resignations of [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Minister for Home Affairs]] [[Shivraj Patil]],<ref name="BBC-2008-11-29"/> [[List of Chief Ministers of India|Chief Minister]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21767&issueid=82 |title=Vilasrao Deshmukh quits as Maharashtra CM |first=Aditi |last=Pai |date=4 December 2008 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822003737/https://www.indiatoday.in/mumbai-terror-strikes/story/vilasrao-deshmukh-quits-as-maharashtra-cm-34561-2008-12-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> and deputy chief minister [[R. R. Patil]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-deputy-cm-r-r-patil-resigns/79454-3.html |title=Maharashtra Deputy CM RR Patil resigns |date=1 December 2008 |website=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202022605/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/maharashtra-deputy-cm-r-r-patil-resigns/79454-3.html |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> for controversial reactions to the attack including taking the former's son and [[Bollywood]] director [[Ram Gopal Verma]] to tour the damaged Taj Hotel and the latters remarks that the attacks were not a big deal in such a large city. [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]] condemned the attacks and refused to bury the attackers. Groups of Muslims marched against the attacks<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/08/world/asia/08muslims.html |title=Muslims in India Put Aside Grievances to Repudiate Terrorism |first=Robert F. |last=Worth |date=7 December 2008 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717070909/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/08/world/asia/08muslims.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and mosques observed silence. Prominent Muslim personalities such as Bollywood actor [[Aamir Khan]] appealed to their community members in the country to observe [[Eid al-Adha]] as a day of mourning on 9 December.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?642291 |title=Muslims Condemn Mumbai Attacks, Call for Black Eid |date=4 December 2008 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718090144/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?642291 |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref> The business establishment also reacted, with changes to transport, and requests for an increase in self-defence capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20081217/ap_tr_ge/as_travel_brief_india_business_travel |title=Mumbai attack dents business travel |first=Erika |last=Kinetz |date=17 December 2008 |website=Yahoo! News |access-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231201918/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20081217/ap_tr_ge/as_travel_brief_india_business_travel |archive-date=31 December 2008}}</ref> The attacks also triggered a chain of citizens' movements across India such as the [[India Today|India Today Group's]] "War Against Terror" campaign. There were vigils held across all of India with candles and placards commemorating the victims of the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20090119-be-the-change-738729-2009-01-09 |title=Be the change |date=9 January 2009 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405043019/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20090119-be-the-change-738729-2009-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> The NSG commandos based in [[Delhi]] also met criticism for taking ten hours to reach the three sites under attack.<ref name="India Today">{{Cite web |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21305&issueid=82 |title=Red tape delays NSG by 6 hours |first=Aman |last=Sharma |date=29 November 2008 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5h7Ih9916?url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21305&issueid=82 |archive-date=28 May 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Why_did_NSG_take_10_hours_to_arrive/articleshow/3775099.cms |title=Why did NSG take 10 hours to arrive? |date=30 November 2008 |newspaper=The Economic Times |location=Mumbai |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119220328/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Why_did_NSG_take_10_hours_to_arrive/articleshow/3775099.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
[[File:Mumbai Terror Protest.JPG|left|thumb|200px|Citizens gather outside [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] demanding the government take action.]]
 
International reaction for the attacks was widespread, with many countries and international organisations condemning the attacks and expressing their condolences to the civilian victims. Many important personalities around the world also condemned the attacks.<ref name="resp">{{Cite web |url=http://voanews.com/english/archive/2008-11/2008-11-27-voa32.cfm |title=Mumbai Attacks Draw Worldwide Condemnation |first=Tom |last=Rivers |date=27 November 2008 |website=Voice of America |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090318031207/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2008-11/2008-11-27-voa32.cfm |archive-date=18 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Media coverage highlighted the use of [[social media]] and social networking tools, including [[Twitter]] and [[Flickr]], in spreading information about the attacks. In addition, many Indian bloggers offered live textual coverage of the attacks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3530640/Mumbai-attacks-Twitter-and-Flickr-used-to-break-news-Bombay-India.html |title=Mumbai attacks: Twitter and Flickr used to break news |first=Claudine |last=Beaumont |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London, UK |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219031027/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3530640/Mumbai-attacks-Twitter-and-Flickr-used-to-break-news-Bombay-India.html |archive-date=19 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> A map of the attacks was set up by a web journalist using [[Google Maps]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/tracking-the-mumbai-attacks/?pagemode=print |title=Tracking the Mumbai Attacks |first=Robert |last=Mackey |date=26 November 2008 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626195304/https://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/tracking-the-mumbai-attacks/?pagemode=print |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&ll=18.922445,72.832242&spn=0.007054,0.007864&z=17&msid=105055855763538009401.00045c9d8b16af3ad1008 |title=Map of Mumbai attacks |date=26 November 2008 |website=Google Maps |access-date=6 February 2013 |archive-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713102537/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&ll=18.922445,72.832242&spn=0.007054,0.007864&z=17&msid=105055855763538009401.00045c9d8b16af3ad1008 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The New York Times]], in July 2009, described the event as "what may be the most well-documented terrorist attack anywhere".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/world/asia/21india.html |title=Suspect Stirs Mumbai Court by Confessing |last1=Polgreen |first1=Lydia |first2=Vikas |last2=Bajaj |date=20 July 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=21 July 2009 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717070909/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/21/world/asia/21india.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
In November 2010, families of American victims of the attacks filed a lawsuit in Brooklyn, New York, naming Lt. Gen. [[Ahmed Shuja Pasha]], chief of the ISI, as being complicit in the Mumbai attacks. On 22 September 2011, the attack on the American Embassy in Afghanistan was attributed to Pakistan via cell phone records identical to the attacks in Mumbai, also linked to Pakistan.
 
==Trials==
 
===Kasab's trial===
[[Ajmal Kasab|Kasab]]'s trial was delayed due to legal issues, as many Indian lawyers were unwilling to represent him. A Mumbai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming that none of its members would represent Kasab. However, the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab needed a lawyer for a fair trial. A lawyer for Kasab was eventually found, but was replaced due to a conflict of interest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kasab's lawyer Waghmare removed|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/apr/15/kasabs-lawyer-waghmare-removed-41310.html|access-date=2021-01-13|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502111543/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2009/apr/15/kasabs-lawyer-waghmare-removed-41310.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 February 2009, Indian investigators filed an 11,000-page [[chargesheet]], formally charging Kasab with murder, conspiracy, and waging war against India among other charges.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}
 
Kasab's trial began on 23 March 2009, and he pled not guilty on 6 May 2009.<ref name="BBC 2012">{{cite news |title=Twists and turns of Mumbai court drama |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12369356 |access-date=17 November 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=November 12, 2012}}</ref> On 10 June 2009, [[Devika Rotawan]], a child who had been shot in her leg during the attack, identified Kasab as one of the attackers during her testimony.<ref name="Pinglay 2009">{{cite news |last1=Pinglay |first1=Prachi |title=Girl 'identifies Mumbai gunman' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8093749.stm |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=June 10, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Biswas 2010">{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=The girl who identified Qasab |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2010/11/anniversaries_are_remembrances_of_things.html |access-date=16 November 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=November 26, 2010}}</ref> He  pled guilty on 20 July 2009.<ref name="BBC 2012"/> The judge found many of the 86 charges were not addressed in his confession, and therefore the trial continued 23 July 2009.<ref name="BBC 2012"/> Kasab initially apologised for the attacks and said he deserved the death penalty for his crimes, but on 18 December 2009, retracted his confession, and said he had been forced by police to make his confession.<ref name="BBC 2012"/>
 
Kasab was convicted of all 86 charges on 3 May 2010.<ref name="BBC 2012"/> He was found guilty of murder for directly killing seven people, conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of the 164 people killed in the three-day terror siege, waging war against India, causing terror, and of conspiracy to murder two high-ranking police officers. On 6 May 2010, he was sentenced to death by hanging.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-Kasab-guilty-Ansari-Sabauddin-Shaikh-acquitted/articleshow/5885540.cms |title=26/11: Kasab guilty; Ansari, Sabauddin Shaikh acquitted |date=3 May 2010 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626195302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-Kasab-guilty-Ansari-Sabauddin-Shaikh-acquitted/articleshow/5885540.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8664179.stm |title=Mumbai attack gunman Qasab sentenced to death |date=6 May 2010 |website=BBC News |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=8 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508141053/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8664179.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/03/mumbai-gunman-convicted-murder |title=Mumbai gunman convicted of murder over terror attacks |first=Gethin |last=Chamberlain |date=3 May 2010 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London, UK |access-date=3 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506073534/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/03/mumbai-gunman-convicted-murder |archive-date=6 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-Kasab-held-guilty-2-Indians-walk-free/articleshow/5887615.cms |title=26/11 Kasab held guilty 2 Indians walk free |first1=Swati |last1=Deshpande |date=3 May 2010 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405044036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/26/11-Kasab-held-guilty-2-Indians-walk-free/articleshow/5887615.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, he appealed his sentence at high court. On 21 February 2011, the Bombay High Court upheld the death sentence of Kasab, dismissing his appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-HC-order-Kasab-one-step-closer-to-gallows/articleshow/7543562.cms |title=With HC order, Kasab one step closer to gallows |first1=Shibu |last1=Thomas |first2=Swati |last2=Deshpande |date=22 February 2011 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=22 February 2011 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414074736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-HC-order-Kasab-one-step-closer-to-gallows/articleshow/7543562.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
On 29 August 2012, the Indian Supreme Court upheld the death sentence for Kasab. The court stated, "We are left with no option but to award death penalty. The primary and foremost offence committed by Kasab is waging war against the Government of India".<ref name="AFP supreme court">{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/745421 |title=Indian Supreme Court upholds death penalty for Kasab |date=29 August 2012 |newspaper=Dawn |agency=Agence France-Presse |access-date=29 August 2012 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724143119/https://www.dawn.com/news/745421 |url-status=live }}</ref> The verdict followed 10 weeks of appeal hearings, and was decided by a two-judge Supreme Court panel, which was led by Judge Aftab Alam. The panel rejected arguments that Kasab was denied a free and fair trial.<ref name="Businessweek ruling">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-29/death-sentence-for-mumbai-gunman-upheld-by-india-s-supreme-court |title=Death Sentence for Mumbai Gunman Upheld by India's Supreme Court |last=Patnaik |first=Pratap |date=29 August 2012 |magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek |access-date=29 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721193410/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-29/death-sentence-for-mumbai-gunman-upheld-by-india-s-supreme-court |archive-date=21 July 2013}}</ref>
 
Kasab filed a mercy petition with the President of India, which was rejected on 5 November. Kasab was hanged in Pune's Yerwada jail in secret on 21 November 2012 at 7:30&nbsp;am named as operation 'X'. The Indian mission in Islamabad informed the Pakistan government about Kasab's hanging through a letter. Pakistan refused to take the letter, which was then faxed to them. His family in Pakistan was sent news of his hanging via a courier.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ajmal-Kasab-hanged-at-Yerwada-Jail-in-Pune-at-730am/articleshow/17303820.cms |title=Ajmal Kasab hanged at Yerwada Jail in Pune at 7:30&nbsp;am |date=21 November 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=21 November 2012 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204135334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ajmal-Kasab-hanged-at-Yerwada-Jail-in-Pune-at-730am/articleshow/17303820.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===In Pakistan===
Indian and Pakistani police exchanged [[DNA]] evidence, photographs and items found with the attackers to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot. Police in Pakistan arrested seven people, including Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homoeopathic pharmacist, who arranged bank accounts and secured supplies. Sadiq and six others began their formal trial on 3 October 2009 in Pakistan. Indian authorities said the prosecution stopped well short of top Lashkar leaders.<ref name="nytfearnewmumbai">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/30/world/asia/30mumbai.html |title=Militant Network Is Intact Long After Mumbai Siege |first1=Lydia |last1=Polgreen |first2=Souad |last2=Mekhennet |date=30 September 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119160509/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/30/world/asia/30mumbai.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2009, Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] said that Pakistan had not done enough to bring the perpetrators of the attacks to justice.<ref name="liveminttranscript">{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/11/23211836/Pakistan-has-not-done-enough-o.html |title=Pakistan has not done enough on attacks |first=Fareed |last=Zakaria |date=23 November 2009 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125112424/http://www.livemint.com/2009/11/23211836/Pakistan-has-not-done-enough-o.html |archive-date=25 November 2009}}</ref>
 
An eight-member commission comprising defence lawyers, prosecutors and a court official was allowed to travel to India on 15 March 2013 to gather evidence for the prosecution of seven suspects linked to the 2008 Mumbai attacks. However, the defence lawyers were barred from cross-examining the four prosecution witnesses in the case including Ajmal Kasab.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/371467/2008-mumbai-attacks-indias-refusal-to-allow-cross-examination-challenged/ |title=2008 Mumbai attacks: India's refusal to allow cross-examination challenged |first=Mudassir |last=Raja |date=29 April 2012 |newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]] |location=Karachi |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404192642/https://tribune.com.pk/story/371467/2008-mumbai-attacks-indias-refusal-to-allow-cross-examination-challenged/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Mar-2015/pakistan-india-trade-demarches-over-lakhvi-trial |title=Pakistan, India trade demarches over Lakhvi trial |first=Maqbool |last=Malik |date=14 March 2015 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]] |location=[[Lahore]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144859/http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Mar-2015/pakistan-india-trade-demarches-over-lakhvi-trial |url-status=live }}</ref> On the eve of the first anniversary of 26/11, a Pakistani anti-terror court formally charged seven accused, including LeT operations commander [[Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi]]. However, the actual trial started on 5 May 2012. The Pakistani court conducting trial of Mumbai attacks accused, reserved its judgement on the application filed by Lakhvi, challenging the report of the judicial panel, to 17 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/2611-trial-pak-court-reserves-decision-on-lakhvi-plea-377815.html |title=26/11 trial: Pak court reserves decision on Lakhvi plea |date=14 July 2012 |website=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405230005/https://www.firstpost.com/world/2611-trial-pak-court-reserves-decision-on-lakhvi-plea-377815.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 July 2012, the court refused to take the findings of the Pakistani judicial commission as part of the evidence. However, it ruled that if a new agreement, which allows the panel's examination of witnesses, is reached, the prosecution may make an application for sending the panel to Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mumbai-terror-attacks-pak-court-calls-judicial-panels-report-illegal/975611/0 |title=Mumbai terror attacks: Pak court calls judicial panel's report illegal |date=17 July 2012 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref>
The Indian Government, upset over the court ruling, however, contended that evidence collected by the Pakistani judicial panel has evidential value to punish all those involved in the attack.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/26-11-Upset-over-Pak-court-ruling-India-says-will-talk-to-govt/Article1-890644.aspx |title=26/11: Upset over Pak court ruling, India says will talk to govt |date=17 July 2012 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 September 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718050038/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/26-11-Upset-over-Pak-court-ruling-India-says-will-talk-to-govt/Article1-890644.aspx |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> On 21 September 2013, a Pakistani judicial commission arrived in India to carry out the investigation and to cross examine the witnesses. This is the second such visit: the one in March 2012 was not a success<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-22/india/42291272_1_26-11-witnesses-pakistani-judicial-panel-chenab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034438/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-22/india/42291272_1_26-11-witnesses-pakistani-judicial-panel-chenab |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Pakistani judicial panel to grill 26/11 witnesses |last=Rana |first=Yudhvir |date=22 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 December 2013}}</ref> as its report was rejected by an anti-terrorism court in Pakistan due to lack of evidence.
 
===In the United States===
The LeT operative [[David Headley]] (born Daood Sayed Gilani) in his testimony before a Chicago federal court during co-accused [[Tahawwur Rana]]'s trial revealed that Mumbai [[Chabad House]] was added to the list of targets for surveillance given by his [[Inter Services Intelligence]] handler Major Iqbal, though the [[Oberoi Hotel]], one of the sites attacked, was not originally on the list.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-oberoi-hotel-accidentally-became-a-26-11-target/20110615.htm |title=How Oberoi hotel accidentally became a 26/11 target |date=15 June 2011 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=15 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415064647/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-oberoi-hotel-accidentally-became-a-26-11-target/20110615.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 10 June 2011, [[Tahawwur Rana]] was acquitted of plotting the 2008 Mumbai attacks, but was held guilty on two other charges.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/167713/rana-not-guilty-mumbai-india.html |title=Rana acquitted on terror plot |date=10 June 2011 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=16 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126020645/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/167713/rana-not-guilty-mumbai-india.html
|archive-date=26 November 2011}}</ref> He was sentenced to 14 years in federal prison on 17 January 2013.<ref name="LAT20130117">{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-tahawwur-rana-terrorism-plots-20130117,0,37764.story |title=Businessman Tahawwur Rana gets 14 years for role in terrorism plots |first=Michael |last=Muskal |date=17 January 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=17 January 2013 |archive-date=18 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118142603/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-tahawwur-rana-terrorism-plots-20130117,0,37764.story |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
David Headley pleaded guilty to 12 counts related to the attacks, including conspiracy to commit murder in India and aiding and abetting in the murder of six Americans. On 23 January 2013, he was sentenced to 35 years in federal prison. His plea that he not be extradited to India, Pakistan or Denmark was accepted.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/25/us/david-c-headley-gets-35-years-for-mumbai-attack.html |title=Planner Of Mumbai Attacks is Given a 35-Year Sentence |last=Yaccino |first=Steven |date=24 January 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507135433/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/25/us/david-c-headley-gets-35-years-for-mumbai-attack.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Memorials==
On the first anniversary of the event, the state paid homage to the victims of the attack. [[Force One (Mumbai Police)|Force One]]—a new security force created by the Maharashtra government—staged a parade from Nariman Point to Chowpatty. Other memorials and [[candlelight vigil]]s were also organised at the various locations where the attacks occurred.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbai-bustles-but-also-remembers-2611-victims/105997-3.html |title=Mumbai bustles but also remembers 26/11 victims |website=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=26 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129130724/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbai-bustles-but-also-remembers-2611-victims/105997-3.html |archive-date=29 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
[[File:IAshishTripathi_Mumbai_26Nov2008_CST-Memorial.jpg|thumb|200px| Mumbai 26/11 Attacks memorial bearing the names of people killed at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]].]]
 
On the second anniversary of the event, homage was again paid to the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/26/india.mumbai.anniversary/ |title=India remembers Mumbai dead |first=Harmeet |last=Shah Singh |date=26 November 2010 |website=CNN |access-date=31 December 2010 |archive-date=30 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130101718/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/26/india.mumbai.anniversary/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
On the 10th anniversary of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks, Nariman House, one of the several establishments that were targeted by the Lashkar-e-Taiba terrorists, were to be declared a memorial and renamed as Nariman Light House.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nariman-house-to-be-turned-into-memorial-for-all-26-11-victims-1396122-2018-11-25 |title=Nariman House to be turned into memorial for all 26/11 victims |first=Mustafa |last=Shaikh |date=25 November 2018 |website=India Today |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126015126/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nariman-house-to-be-turned-into-memorial-for-all-26-11-victims-1396122-2018-11-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The Indian Express group hosts an annual memorial event, 26/11 - Stories of Strength, in Mumbai to pay homage to those killed in the ghastly terror attacks in the city in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/26-11/ |title=26/11 Stories of Strength |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223235416/https://indianexpress.com/26-11/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/photos/26-11-stories-of-strength-a-memorial-to-mark-11th-anniversary-of-mumbai-attacks/ss-BBXlHJO |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724141655/https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/photos/26-11-stories-of-strength-a-memorial-to-mark-11th-anniversary-of-mumbai-attacks/ss-BBXlHJO |url-status=live }}</ref> The memorial event started in 2016, is now organised at the Gateway of India and brings forth the inspiring stories of courage and strength of more than 100 survivors that the Indian Express has interviewed over the past decade. Actor Amitabh Bachchan has been the brand ambassador for the event over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adgully.com/26-11-stories-of-strength-89636.html |title=26/11 Stories of Strength |access-date=9 March 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128182141/https://www.adgully.com/26-11-stories-of-strength-89636.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Published accounts==
===Documentaries===
''Operation Black Tornado'' (2018) is a [[TV documentary]] which premiered on Veer by [[Discovery Channel]] series, ''Battle Ops''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece |title=This R-Day, get ready for Discovery channel's 'Battle Ops' |first=Deepa |last=Alexander |date=25 January 2018 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 April 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806152611/https://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1py-qe26Os |title=9:56 Operation Black Tornado: How 26/11 Mumbai Attack Started |author=Veer by Discovery |date=13 February 2018 |website=YouTube |access-date=22 April 2018 |archive-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420062303/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1py-qe26Os |url-status=live }}</ref>


'''(November 26–29. 2008)'''
===Films===
# ''[[Hotel Mumbai]]'' (2019) is an American-Australian action thriller film directed by [[Anthony Maras]] and written by [[John Collee]] and Maras. It has come under criticism for omitting any reference to the role of Pakistan in the terror strikes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/movie-on-mumbai-attacks-criticised-for-not-mentioning-role-of-pakistan/story-KncsLj9gStUIbQuTPJtIqI.html |title=Movie on Mumbai attacks criticised for not mentioning role of Pakistan |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Anirudh |date=9 September 2018 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807084054/https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/movie-on-mumbai-attacks-criticised-for-not-mentioning-role-of-pakistan/story-KncsLj9gStUIbQuTPJtIqI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''[[The Attacks of 26/11]]'' (2013) is an Indian action thriller film directed by Ram Gopal Varma, depicting the attacks.
# ''[[Taj Mahal (2015 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (2015) is a French-Belgian thriller-drama film directed and written by Nicolas Saada. It was screened in the Horizons section at the [[72nd Venice International Film Festival]]. The film is about an 18-year-old French girl who was alone in her hotel room when the terrorists attacked the hotel.{{fact|date=September 2021}}
# ''Terror in Mumbai'' (2009) features audio tapes of the intercepted phone calls between the young gunmen and their controllers in [[Pakistan]], and testimony from the sole surviving gunman.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1465510/ |title=Terror in Mumbai (2009) |website=IMDb.com |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408184821/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1465510/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''Mumbai Siege: 4 Days of Terror'' (also known as ''One Less God'') (2017) features the situation of some foreigners inside [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel|Taj Hotel]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3418424/ |title=One Less God (2017) |website=IMDb.com |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131175136/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3418424/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''[[State of Siege: 26/11]]'' (2020) is an Indian Hindi-language web series released on [[ZEE5]], showing the attacks from the perspective of NSG Commandos.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt11102296/ |title=State of Siege: 26/11 (2020) |website=IMDb.com |access-date=25 December 2020 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502111521/https://m.imdb.com/title/tt11102296/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]'' (2021) is an Indian Hindi-language medical drama series on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The series is directed by [[Nikkhil Advani|Nikhil Advani]] and Nikhil Gonsalves. It follows the staff of [[Cama Hospital|Bombay General Hospital]] during the night of the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 26, 2021|title=Mumbai Diaries 26/11 trailer out. Amazon series shows doctors' struggle during attack|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/mumbai-diaries-26-11-trailer-out-amazon-series-shows-doctors-struggle-during-attack-1845499-2021-08-26|access-date=2021-09-12|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-25|title=Mumbai Diaries 26/11 trailer: Amazon series shows the night of terror, as lived by doctors who didn't give up|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/mumbai-diaries-26-11-trailer-amazon-series-shows-the-night-of-terror-as-lived-by-doctors-who-didn-t-give-up-101629903901656.html|access-date=2021-09-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>


Mumbai City (mainly south Mumbai area) came under heavy terrorist attacks with gunmen firing sophisticated weapons, hurling grenades and blasts on Nov 26, 2008, from 2120 hrs. [http://www.ijtr.nic.in/amir%20kasab.pdf] The attack began with two heavily armed terrorists opening indiscriminate fire and grenade attack on the public and police inside the CST (VT) Railway Station, after which, they threw grenades at BMC Office and then moved to Cama Hospital at a distance of about 200 mtrs from CST. They tried to take some hostages in the hospital,[https://indianexpress.com/article/26-11/stories-of-strength/mumbai-26-11-attack-lessons-at-cama-hospital-87-cctvs-70-guards-keep-vigil-5458283/ 26/11 lessons at Cama hospital: 87 CCTVs, 70 guards keep vigil &#124; 26-11 News, The Indian Express] then, came out on main road where they shot dead the ATS chief, HemantKarkare and other police officials, who were coming in a Toyota Qualis vehicle.<ref name="Amir Kasab" /> Two terrorists hijacked a police vehicle and tried to escape but faced cross fire from Police in which one terrorist (injured) was captured and other died near Metro Cinema.
===Books===
''[[The Siege: The Attack on the Taj]]'' is a non-fiction book by Cathy Scott-Clerk and Adrian Levy. It is an account of the 2008 attacks on [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] in Mumbai, India, during the night of 26 November 2008. The book was first published by [[Penguin Books]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-siege-takes-the-reader-into-the-heart-of-the-2611-attack/437423-40-101.html |title=The Siege takes the reader into the heart of the 26/11 attack |website=[[IBNLive]] |access-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206123948/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/the-siege-takes-the-reader-into-the-heart-of-the-2611-attack/437423-40-101.html |archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref>


Another group of terrorists opened indiscriminate fire on occupants of Leopold Cafe, Colaba (at a distance of 2.5&nbsp;km from CST)and took some hostages including a Jewish couple. Later, the group holed itself up inside Nariman House after taking hostages [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/five-hostages-dead-in-nariman-house-two-terrorists-killed/articleshow/3770111.cms Five hostages dead in Nariman House; two terrorists killed - The Economic Times] while another group forced themselves inside the lobby of Hotel Taj (at 0.5&nbsp;km from Nariman House),threw grenades and started indiscriminate firing on the people inside the hotel lobby. Later, they moved onto the third floor and took some hostages including foreigners. They tried to blast the dome of the hotel and set the hotel on fire through grenade blast. Yet another group of terrorists entered into the lobby of Hotel Trident Oberai (at 1.5&nbsp;km from CST) and started indiscriminate firing at different locations including pool side/upper floors and took hostages. Two taxies carrying explosives were also exploded killing its drivers and inmates in WadiBunder and Vile Parle area.[https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/26-11-mumbai-attacks-how-india-fought-back-a-timeline-1953099 26/11 Mumbai Attacks: How India Fought Back - A Timeline]
In 2017, [[Elias Davidsson]] published ''The Betrayal of India: Revisting the 26/11 Evidence'', claiming  powerful institutions in India and the US had been the beneficiaries and the attacks had been organized by Indian prime Intelligence Agency, RAW and her surrogates.<ref>{{cite web | access-date=14 January 2021 | first1=Adeela | last1=Naureen | url=https://nation.com.pk/07-Feb-2018/india-betrayed | title=India betrayed | website=nation.com.pk | date=6 February 2018 | archive-date=10 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110112358/https://nation.com.pk/07-Feb-2018/india-betrayed | url-status=live }}</ref>


In a major operation, the National Security Guards (NSG) neutralized all the terrorists holed up in Taj Hotel, Oberoi-Trident and Nariman House, Mumbai. The NSG completed the sanitization of Nariman House and Oberoi-Trident Hotel on November 29, 2008,Hotel Taj on early morning of November 30.In the attack, 175 persons were killed (Police-18, Public-122, Foreigners-26 and terrorists-9) and 291 were injured (Police-25,Public-243 Foreigners-22 and terrorist-1).[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22673262 Mortality pattern of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks. - PubMed - NCBI]
Aziz Burney wrote a book titled ''26/11: RSS ki Saazish?'' ("26/11: An RSS conspiracy?") hinting that [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] was somehow linked to the attack and launched the book in presence of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Digvijaya Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/after-nawaz-sharifs-admission-of-pakistan-role-in-2611-time-congress-apologised-to-rss-india-4467507.html |title=After Nawaz Sharif's admission of Pakistan role in 26/11, time Congress apologised to RSS, India |first=Raghav |last=Pandey |date=13 May 2018 |website=Firstpost |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807084400/https://www.firstpost.com/india/after-nawaz-sharifs-admission-of-pakistan-role-in-2611-time-congress-apologised-to-rss-india-4467507.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later as ''[[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]'' filed a case against him, he had to apologise for it.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/for-linking-rss-to-2611-aziz-burney-says-sorry-on-front-page/743433/0 |title=For linking RSS to 26/11, Aziz Burney says sorry on front page |first=Seema |last=Chishti |date=29 January 2011 |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615140844/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/for-linking-rss-to-2611-aziz-burney-says-sorry-on-front-page/743433/0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rss-rejects-aziz-burney-apology-to-pursue-case-against-him-1501809 |title=RSS rejects Aziz Burney apology, to pursue case against him |date=1 February 2011 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=22 May 2019 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921013013/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rss-rejects-aziz-burney-apology-to-pursue-case-against-him-1501809 |url-status=live }}</ref>


The multiple terrorist attacks in Mumbai were launched from Karachi from where a group of 10 Laskhar-e-Taiba (LeT)fidayeens (all Pakistanis) equipped with arms/ammunition had sailed off on November 23,2008.GPS instrument recovered [https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/10-infiltrators-take-26-11-sea-route-to-enter-city-expose-security-lapses/story-GAccPundp1QTMnp3c47YDK.html] from the boat which they had hijacked mid sea for coming to Mumbai showed Karachi-Mumbai route plotted for navigation. [https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/26/11-location-in-gps-matched-route-indicated-in-terrorists-diary_558851.html 26/11: Location in GPS matched route indicated in terrorist`s diary &#124; India News] A new militant outfit called Deccan Mujahideen claimed responsibility for the attack.[https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/27deccan-mujahideen-claims-responsibility.htm Deccan Mujahideen claims responsibility] Investigations have revealed that the sender of the email was connected to Zarrar Shah Communication, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/as-uk-us-and-india-watched-lashkar-man-plotted-2611/ Zarrar Shah] Coordinator of LeT based in Pakistan. One of the perpetrators namely Ajmal belonging to district Okara of Pakistan, who was captured, revealed in his interrogation his LeT connections and other details about the attack. According to him, the operation was planned by Zaki-ur-Rehman of LeT.
Former [[National Security Advisor of India]], [[Shivshankar Menon]] wrote ''Choices: Inside the Making of India's Foreign Policy''. In his book Menon mentioned that the reason why India did not immediately attacked Pakistan was, after the examination of the options by the leadership of the government, it was concluded by the decision makers that, ''"more was to be gained from not attacking Pakistan than from attacking it"''.<ref name="MenonHindu">{{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Shivshankar |title=Choices: Inside the Making of Indian Foreign Policy |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |isbn=978-0670089239 |edition=Excerpt from The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/all-for-one-one-for-all/article24875065.ece |access-date=8 September 2018 |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912174242/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/all-for-one-one-for-all/article24875065.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>


'''Nine terrorists killed in the operations by the security forces in Mumbai have been identified by Ajmal as his fidayeen associates from LeT.[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/26-11-attackers-pakistani-handlers-hyderabad-mujahideen-1396371-2018-11-26 Handlers asked 26/11 Pakistani terrorists to identify themselves as Hyderabad residents - India News]'''
In his 2020 memoirs, ''Let Me Say It Now'', former IPS officer [[Rakesh Maria]], who was given the responsibility of investigating the attacks and personally interrogated [[Ajmal Kasab]], revealed the extent to which terrorists had gone to ensure their bodies would be mis-identified as Hindus, to lend credence to the narrative that the attack was the handiwork of Hindu extremists, and thus provide the Pakistani authorities with [[plausible deniability]]. According to Maria, [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] wanted Kasab to be killed as a Bengaluru resident named ‘Samir Dinesh Chaudhari’, with a "red (sacred) thread" tied around his wrist to portray the attack as a case of ‘Hindu terror’, but their plan apparently did not succeed and the police nabbed Kasab. LeT had even given each terrorist a fake identity card listing an Indian address, to further strengthen the circumstantial narrative. If everything went according to plan, Kasab would have died as Chaudhari and the media would have blamed 'Hindu terrorists' for the attack. Kasab, in his confessional account, acknowledged this plot, as did [[David Coleman Headley]], who corroborated this account by confirming that the sacred threads to be worn around the terrorists' wrists to identify them as Hindus, were procured from Mumbai's [[Siddhivinayak Temple, Mumbai|Siddhivinayak Temple]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ajmal-kasab-was-given-hindu-identity-to-make-it-appear-hindu-terror-retired-ips-officer-rakesh-maria-805876.html |title=Ajmal Kasab was given Hindu identity to make it appear Hindu terror |first=Mritunjay |last=Bose |date=18 February 2020 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530051403/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ajmal-kasab-was-given-hindu-identity-to-make-it-appear-hindu-terror-retired-ips-officer-rakesh-maria-805876.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/let-planned-to-project-26/11-attack-as-hindu-terror-rakesh-maria/articleshow/74192048.cms |title=LeT planned to project 26/11 attack as ''Hindu terror'': Rakesh Maria |date=18 February 2020 |newspaper=Economic Times |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218203604/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/let-planned-to-project-26/11-attack-as-hindu-terror-rakesh-maria/articleshow/74192048.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>


'''Conviction of Mohd Amir MohdAjmalKasab and death penalty'''
==See also==
* [[1993 Bombay bombings]]
* [[2006 Mumbai train bombings]]
* [[2002 attack on American cultural centre in Kolkata|Attack on American Consulate, Kolkata]]
* [[Bowbazaar Bomb Blast 1993]]
* ''[[The Attacks of 26/11]]''
* [[Sarah Avraham]]
* [[List of Islamist terrorist attacks]]
* [[November 2015 Paris attacks]]
* ''[[Hotel Mumbai]]''
* ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]''
* ''[[The Siege: The Attack on the Taj]]''
* [[Survivor registry]]
* [[Westgate centre shootings]]
*[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]


Mohd Amir MohdAjmalKasab, Pakistani national [https://indianexpress.com/article/26-11/timeline/perpetrators-and-masterminds-of-the-2611-mumbai-terror-attacks/ Perpetrators and masterminds of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks &#124; 26-11 News, The Indian Express] and lone arrested terrorist was convicted by the Special Court, Mumbai (case no. 175/2009) and awarded death sentence on May 6, 2010. The death penalty was upheld by the Bombay High Court and the Supreme Court of India. The mercy petition of Ajmal Kasab was rejected by the President of India, and he was hanged on November 21,2012 at 7:30&nbsp;am at Yerwada jail, Pune. [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ajmal-kasab-the-26/11-mumbai-attacker-hanged-at-yerwada-jail-in-pune/articleshow/17303961.cms Ajmal Kasab: Ajmal Kasab, the 26/11 Mumbai attacker, hanged at Yerwada jail in Pune - The Economic Times]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}


'''Acquittal of Fahim Ansari and Sabahuddin'''
==References==
<!-- DO ''not'' ADD A SCROLL BAR! IT VIOLATES MOS:SCROLL and does not render in certain browsers. -->
{{Reflist}}


In the same case, two Indian accused viz. Fahim Ansari and Sabahuddin were acquitted with benefit of the doubt on May 3, 2010 by The Trial Court. Prosecution has challenged the acquittal of both co-accused, before the Supreme Court.[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Fahim-Ansari-Sabahuddin-get-the-benefit-of-doubt/article15453699.ece Fahim Ansari, Sabahuddin get the benefit of doubt - The Hindu]
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title=Nizam, la tanzim (System, not organization): Do organizations matter in terrorism today? A study of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks |last1=Acharya |first1=Arabinda |last2=Marwah |first2=Sonal |date=2010 |journal=[[Studies in Conflict & Terrorism]] |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2011.531455|s2cid=143924893 }}
*{{cite journal |title=The 2008 Mumbai terror attacks:(Re-) constructing Indian (counter-) terrorism |last=Kolås |first=Åshild |date=2010 |journal=Critical Studies on Terrorism |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=83–98 |doi=10.1080/17539151003594244|s2cid=144063969 }}
*{{cite book |last=Menon |first=Shivshankar |title=Choices: Inside the Making of India's Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GduACwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |pages=60–81 |isbn=978-0-8157-2911-2}}
*{{cite journal |title=At the Threshold of Order: Responses to the Mumbai Attacks |last=Svensson |first=Ted |date=2013 |journal=[[Global Society (journal)|Global Society]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=283–298 |doi=10.1080/13600826.2013.790790|s2cid=144513513 }}


== References ==
==External links==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons category|November 2008 Mumbai attacks}}<!-- ATTENTION! DO ''NOT'' ADD LINKS WITHOUT DISCUSSION AND CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE. OTHERWISE THEY WILL BE REMOVED. -->
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=200811260001 Incident Summary] at the [[Global Terrorism Database]]
* {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCAXnXTMFOY |title=Mumbai Terror Attack: Watch NSG successful in mission against Mumbai attackers |author=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=30 November 2008 |website=YouTube}}
* {{cite web |url=http://ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/MumbaiDossier/Mumbai-1-20-1st.htm |title=Mumbai Dossier |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=[[NDTV]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117212606/http://ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/MumbaiDossier/Mumbai-1-20-1st.htm |archive-date=17 January 2009}}
* {{cite web |url=http://blog.blogadda.com/2008/11/27/live-blogging-mumbai-terrorist-attacks |title=Live Blogging – Mumbai Terrorist Attacks
|date=27 November 2008 |website=Blogadda}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/20090314200903140230449709332dbe7/They-said-kill-till-you-die-par-hum-bhi-insan-hain-yaar.html |title=They said, kill till you die... par hum bhi insan hain yaar |date=14 March 2009 |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=22 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020141849/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/2/20090314200903140230449709332dbe7/They-said-kill-till-you-die-par-hum-bhi-insan-hain-yaar.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 }} [Interview of captured terrorist Mohammed Ajmal Amir Qasab]
* {{cite episode |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/episodes/mumbai-massacre-watch-the-full-episode/536/ |title=Mumbai Massacre |date=25 November 2009 |series=[[Secrets of the Dead]] |network=[[PBS]]}}


== Other websites ==
{{2008 Mumbai attacks}}
{{Wikinews|Grenade and machine gun attacks in Mumbai, India}}
{{Mumbai topics}}
* [http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bloodbath-in-mumbai-1209640 Bloodbath in Mumbai] Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis.
{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7751160.stm Mumbai rocked by deadly attacks] BBC.
{{PakistaniTerrorism}}
* [http://search.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/26-firing-in-cst-station.htm Mumbai rocked by deadly attacks] rediff News.
{{Authority control}}
* [http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowpics/3761459.cms Photo of alleged terrorist captured by cctv camera at CST railway station]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7751360.stm Pictures of attacks] from [[BBC]]


[[Category:2008 in India]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai attacks, 2008}}
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in Asia]]
[[Category:2008 Mumbai attacks| ]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2000s]]
[[Category:2008 in international relations]]
[[Category:Mass murder in Asia]]
[[Category:2008 mass shootings]]
[[Category:Mass murder in the 2000s]]
[[Category:2000s in Mumbai|2008 attacks]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in the 2000s]]
[[Category:2000s mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murder in India]]
[[Category:Murder in India]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in India]]
[[Category:November 2008 events]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2008]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on hospitals]]
[[Category:Attacks on hotels in Asia]]
[[Category:Building bombings in India]]
[[Category:Car and truck bombings in India]]
[[Category:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]]
[[Category:Grenade attacks]]
[[Category:Hotel bombings]]
[[Category:Hostage taking in India]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in 2008]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Islam and antisemitism]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2008]]
[[Category:Jewish Indian history]]
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba attacks]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 2008]]
[[Category:Mass murder in Mumbai|2008 attacks]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in India]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway|2008 attacks]]
[[Category:November 2008 crimes]]
[[Category:November 2008 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2008]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Mumbai|2008 attacks]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents on railway systems in Asia]]
[[Category:Urban warfare]]
Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/235108"