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Marakkar: Difference between revisions
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}} | {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}} | ||
'''Marakkar'''/'''Maricar/Marecar/Marikkar/Marican/Marecan''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: '''Marrakayar''')([[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]]: '''Marakkala'''),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=TSCHACHER|first=TORSTEN|date=2006|title=THE IMPACT OF BEING TAMIL ON RELIGIOUS LIFE AMONG TAMIL MUSLIMS IN SINGAPORE|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48631039.pdf|journal=Degree of Doctor of Philosophy PHD|pages=79|via=NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> is a South Asian [[Muslims|Muslim]] community found in parts of [[India]]n states of [[Tamil Nadu]] (the Palk Strait and Coromandel Coast), [[Kerala]] and in [[Sri Lanka]]. The Marakkars speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka and [[Malayalam]] in Kerala.<ref name="KunhaliV">Kunhali, V. "Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798" PhD Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University (1986) [http://ir.amu.ac.in/2736/1/T%205242.pdf]</ref> The community trace their ancestry to marriages between early Arab Muslim traders of the high seas and indigenous [[Mukkuvar]] coastal women. Arab traders have also married with other non-Mukkuvar South Asian women in Sri Lanka and India, but their descendants are not necessarily members of the Marakkar community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Prashant More|first=Jean-Baptiste|title=The Marakkayar Muslims of Karikal, South India|date=1991|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|volume=2|pages=25–44|doi=10.1093/jis/2.1.25|pmid=15455059|pmc=355923|via=JSTOR/ Oxford Academic Journals}}</ref><ref name=":1">Cf. Bayly 1989: 73-103; Bjerrum 1920: 172-3; Fanselow 1989: 274-81; Kamāl 1990: 37-55; More 2004: 3-27</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hoogervorst|first=Tom G.|date=2015|title=Tracing the linguistic crossroads between Malay and Tamil|journal=Wacana|volume=16|issue=2|pages=249–283|doi=10.17510/wacana.v16i2.378|via=Brill.com05/28/2020 DOI: 10.17510/wjhi.v16i2.378|doi-access=free}}</ref> | '''Marakkar'''/'''Maricar/Marecar/Marikkar/Marican/Marecan''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: '''Marrakayar''')([[Sinhala language|Sinhalese]]: '''Marakkala'''),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=TSCHACHER|first=TORSTEN|date=2006|title=THE IMPACT OF BEING TAMIL ON RELIGIOUS LIFE AMONG TAMIL MUSLIMS IN SINGAPORE|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/48631039.pdf|journal=Degree of Doctor of Philosophy PHD|pages=79|via=NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> is a South Asian [[Muslims|Muslim]] community found in parts of [[India]]n states of [[Tamil Nadu]] (the Palk Strait and Coromandel Coast), [[Kerala]] and in [[Sri Lanka]]. The Marakkars speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka and [[Malayalam]] in Kerala.<ref name="KunhaliV">Kunhali, V. "Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798" PhD Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University (1986) [http://ir.amu.ac.in/2736/1/T%205242.pdf]</ref> The community trace their ancestry to marriages between early Arab Muslim traders of the high seas and indigenous [[Mukkuvar (India)|Mukkuvar]] coastal women. Arab traders have also married with other non-Mukkuvar South Asian women in Sri Lanka and India, but their descendants are not necessarily members of the Marakkar community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Prashant More|first=Jean-Baptiste|title=The Marakkayar Muslims of Karikal, South India|date=1991|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|volume=2|pages=25–44|doi=10.1093/jis/2.1.25|pmid=15455059|pmc=355923|via=JSTOR/ Oxford Academic Journals}}</ref><ref name=":1">Cf. Bayly 1989: 73-103; Bjerrum 1920: 172-3; Fanselow 1989: 274-81; Kamāl 1990: 37-55; More 2004: 3-27</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hoogervorst|first=Tom G.|date=2015|title=Tracing the linguistic crossroads between Malay and Tamil|journal=Wacana|volume=16|issue=2|pages=249–283|doi=10.17510/wacana.v16i2.378|via=Brill.com05/28/2020 DOI: 10.17510/wjhi.v16i2.378|doi-access=free}}</ref> | ||
== Kayalpatnam and origins == | == Kayalpatnam and origins == | ||
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The main item of trade of the Arabs was natural pearls fished in the Gulf of Mannar, Palk Strait separating Ceylon (Sri Lanka) from South India and horses. These pearls were exchanged with horses brought from Arabia. | The main item of trade of the Arabs was natural pearls fished in the Gulf of Mannar, Palk Strait separating Ceylon (Sri Lanka) from South India and horses. These pearls were exchanged with horses brought from Arabia. | ||
== Deeper into roots == | == Deeper into roots == | ||
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== Role in regional history == | == Role in regional history == | ||
According to tradition, the Kunjali Marakkars were maritime merchants of Arab descent who supported the trade in the Indian ocean who settled in the coastal regions of Kayalpattinam, Kilakarai, Thoothukudi, Nagore and Karaikal. But they shifted their trade to Kochi and then migrated to [[Ponnani]] in the [[Samoothiri|Zamorin]]'s dominion when the Portuguese fleets came to [[Kingdom of Cochin]]With the emergence of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese in India]], some Marakkars were forced to take up arms and enlist themselves in service of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] king ([[Zamorin of Calicut|the zamorin]]) of [[Calicut]]. The Marakkar naval chiefs of the Calicut were known as [[Kunjali Marakkar]]s.<ref name="KunhaliV2" /> The seamen were famous for their naval [[guerrilla warfare]] and hand-to-hand fighting on board. The Marakkar vessels — small, lightly armed and highly mobile — were a major threat to the Portuguese shipping all along the Indian west coast. | According to tradition, the Kunjali Marakkars were maritime merchants of Arab descent who supported the trade in the Indian ocean who settled in the coastal regions of Kayalpattinam, Kilakarai, Thoothukudi, Nagore and Karaikal. But they shifted their trade to Kochi and then migrated to [[Ponnani]] in the [[Samoothiri|Zamorin]]'s dominion when the Portuguese fleets came to [[Kingdom of Cochin]]With the emergence of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese in India]], some Marakkars were forced to take up arms and enlist themselves in service of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] king ([[Zamorin of Calicut|the zamorin]]) of [[Calicut]]. The Marakkar naval chiefs of the Calicut were known as [[Kunjali Marakkar]]s.<ref name="KunhaliV2" /> The seamen were famous for their naval [[guerrilla warfare]] and hand-to-hand fighting on board. The Marakkar vessels — small, lightly armed and highly mobile — were a major threat to the Portuguese shipping all along the Indian west coast. | ||
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Susan Bayly states in her book ‘Saints Goddesses and Kings’ (pg80) that Tamil Marakkayars have always looked down upon converted Muslims and had a higher social standing, being directly linked to Arabs. She states the Sunni Shafi Madhab connection to Arabia as proof of their identity. They (marakkars) maintained the sect by intermarriage between the Marakkayars of Malabar and Tamil Nadu strictly. She states that Labbais sect are follow rules like marrying father’s sister’s daughter (Murapennu- a popular south Indian ‘kalyana murai’). Nagore, Kulasekarapattinam, Kayalpattanam, Kilakkarai, Adiramapattanam are the main centers with old mosques and remains of ancient Sahabi saint. | Susan Bayly states in her book ‘Saints Goddesses and Kings’ (pg80) that Tamil Marakkayars have always looked down upon converted Muslims and had a higher social standing, being directly linked to Arabs. She states the Sunni Shafi Madhab connection to Arabia as proof of their identity. They (marakkars) maintained the sect by intermarriage between the Marakkayars of Malabar and Tamil Nadu strictly. She states that Labbais sect are follow rules like marrying father’s sister’s daughter (Murapennu- a popular south Indian ‘kalyana murai’). Nagore, Kulasekarapattinam, Kayalpattanam, Kilakkarai, Adiramapattanam are the main centers with old mosques and remains of ancient Sahabi saint. | ||
Bayly mentions Patattu marakkayar signifies a title or Pattam having been granted to one of these families. Could that be the Pattu marakkar that we know from Cochin? The Kayal Patanam Quadiri Sufis had connections with the Calicut Sufi families. This sort of confirms the connection between the Calicut, Cochin and Kayal | Bayly mentions Patattu marakkayar signifies a title or Pattam having been granted to one of these families. Could that be the Pattu marakkar that we know from Cochin? The Kayal Patanam Quadiri Sufis had connections with the Calicut Sufi families. This sort of confirms the connection between the Calicut, Cochin and Kayal Marakkayar families and the Arabic links. The Marakkayar port of Porto Novo (Mahmud Bandar) was a popular and busy port in the later years. In Ramnad however, the Marikkars mainly handled trade for the Setupati royal family. | ||
The Rowther, Marakkayar, Lebbai and Kayalar are the four Muslim communities in Tamil Nadu. Rowthers follow the Hanafi madhab while Kayalar, Lebbai and Marakkayar belong to the Shafi branch of Islam which spread from the coasts of southern Yemen. Kayalar seems to be a subdivision of Marakkayar. Kayalars and Marakkayars are found primarily along the Coramandel coast. [[Rowther|Rowthers]] predominate in the ASEAN. | The Rowther, Marakkayar, Lebbai and Kayalar are the four Muslim communities in Tamil Nadu. Rowthers follow the Hanafi madhab while Kayalar, Lebbai and Marakkayar belong to the Shafi branch of Islam which spread from the coasts of southern Yemen. Kayalar seems to be a subdivision of Marakkayar. Kayalars and Marakkayars are found primarily along the Coramandel coast. [[Rowther|Rowthers]] predominate in the ASEAN. | ||