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{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}} | {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}} | ||
'''Gaana''' (or Gana) is a style of [[Tamil music]] from [[Chennai]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/gaana-ulaganathan-bags-3-more-film-offers/article3141626.ece|title=`Gaana' Ulaganathan bags 3 more film offers|date=2006-04-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Valan|first=Antony Arul|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1134074309|title=Keywords for India : A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century.|date=|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|others=|year=2020|isbn=978-1-350-03927-8|location=London|pages=83-84|chapter=Gana (Gānā)|oclc=1134074309}}</ref> It is [[Rapping|rap]]-like "collection of rhythms, beats and sensibilities native to the Chennai people."<ref name=":0" /> It evolved over the past two centuries, with influences ranging from the ''siddhars'' (tantric adepts) of ancient [[Tamilakam]] to rural Tamil folk music to Tamil [[Sufism|sufi]] mystics.<ref name=":0" /> It's popularity rose when it was brought to the music of the mainstream Tamil film industry.<ref name=":0" /> Contemporary gaana bands are bringing the genre to new audiences while using it for social activism, especially against [[Caste system in India|caste discrimination]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Valan|first=Antony Arul|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1134074309|title=Keywords for India : A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century.|date=|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|others=|year=2020|isbn=978-1-350-03927-8|location=London|pages=83-84|chapter=Gana (Gānā)|oclc=1134074309}}</ref> | '''Gaana''' (or Gana) is a style of [[Tamil music]] from [[Chennai]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/gaana-ulaganathan-bags-3-more-film-offers/article3141626.ece|title=`Gaana' Ulaganathan bags 3 more film offers|date=2006-04-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Valan|first=Antony Arul|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1134074309|title=Keywords for India : A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century.|date=|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|others=|year=2020|isbn=978-1-350-03927-8|location=London|pages=83-84|chapter=Gana (Gānā)|oclc=1134074309}}</ref> It is [[Rapping|rap]]-like "collection of [[Rhythm|rhythms]], beats and sensibilities native to the Chennai people."<ref name=":0" /> It evolved over the past two centuries, with influences ranging from the ''siddhars'' (tantric adepts) of ancient [[Tamilakam]] to rural Tamil folk music to Tamil [[Sufism|sufi]] mystics.<ref name=":0" /> It's popularity rose when it was brought to the music of the mainstream Tamil film industry.<ref name=":0" /> Contemporary gaana bands are bringing the genre to new audiences while using it for social activism, especially against [[Caste system in India|caste discrimination]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Valan|first=Antony Arul|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1134074309|title=Keywords for India : A Conceptual Lexicon for the 21st Century.|date=|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|others=|year=2020|isbn=978-1-350-03927-8|location=London|pages=83-84|chapter=Gana (Gānā)|oclc=1134074309}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
The etymology of the term "gaana" is unclear, though it may have come from Hindi, where the word means "song".<ref name=":0" /> | The [[etymology]] of the term "gaana" is unclear, though it may have come from [[Hindi]], where the word means "song".<ref name=":0" /> | ||
The genre arose in the slums and burial grounds of Chennai.<ref name=":0" /> Gaana singers have performed in the city for the past two centuries.<ref name=":0" /> The art form can trace its descent from the ''[[Siddhar|siddhars]]'' (tantric adepts) of ancient [[Tamilakam]], to the compositions of early nineteenth-century [[Tamil Muslim]] Sufi mystic [[Kunangudi Masthan Sahib]], to [[Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai]], popularly known as the first Tamil novelist.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kumari|first=J. Vijay Ratna|date=2018|title=The Influence of Sufism in Gaana Songs|journal=International Journal of Current Humanities and Social Science Researches|volume=2|issue=4|pages=22-26|issn=2456-7205}}</ref> Kunangudi Masthan Sahib's songs are still sung by gaana singers today.<ref name=":0" /> Other strands of influence come from migrants from rural Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":0" /> | The genre arose in the slums and burial grounds of Chennai.<ref name=":0" /> Gaana singers have performed in the city for the past two centuries.<ref name=":0" /> The art form can trace its descent from the ''[[Siddhar|siddhars]]'' (tantric adepts) of ancient [[Tamilakam]], to the compositions of early nineteenth-century [[Tamil Muslim]] Sufi mystic [[Kunangudi Masthan Sahib]], to [[Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai]], popularly known as the first Tamil novelist.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kumari|first=J. Vijay Ratna|date=2018|title=The Influence of Sufism in Gaana Songs|journal=International Journal of Current Humanities and Social Science Researches|volume=2|issue=4|pages=22-26|issn=2456-7205}}</ref> [[Kunangudi Masthan Sahib|Kunangudi Masthan]] Sahib's songs are still sung by gaana singers today.<ref name=":0" /> Other strands of influence come from migrants from rural Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
With the arrival of recording technology, gaana artists have been able to record their songs for posterity and earn income from them.<ref name=":0" /> In the 1990s, Tamil film composers brought gaana-inspired songs to movies.<ref name=":0" /> Composer [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] was instrumental in bringing gaana to blockbusters like ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''; his songs are still popular today.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saravanan|first=T.|date=2017-07-20|title=Composer Deva: the monarch of Gaana music|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/music-composer-deva-talks-about-tweaking-ragas-and-understanding-film-music-in-his-journey-from-composer-to-singer/article19316698.ece|access-date=2021-03-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|date=2020-05-18|title=Deva interview: ‘Kushi’ proved that I could do more than just ‘gaana’|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/20-years-of-kushi-how-deva-used-the-vijay-film-to-prove-that-he-was-more-than-a-gaana-composer/article31615468.ece|access-date=2021-03-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> This newfound exposure led to the genre's popularity in college campuses.<ref name=":0" /> The genre's spread to campuses has led to criticism from gaana singers that its essence, "angst and melancholy" based in life's struggles, had been replaced by "themes of fun and romance."<ref name=":0" /> | With the arrival of recording technology, gaana artists have been able to record their songs for posterity and earn income from them.<ref name=":0" /> In the 1990s, Tamil film composers brought gaana-inspired songs to movies.<ref name=":0" /> Composer [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] was instrumental in bringing gaana to blockbusters like ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]''; his songs are still popular today.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saravanan|first=T.|date=2017-07-20|title=Composer Deva: the monarch of Gaana music|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/music-composer-deva-talks-about-tweaking-ragas-and-understanding-film-music-in-his-journey-from-composer-to-singer/article19316698.ece|access-date=2021-03-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|date=2020-05-18|title=Deva interview: ‘Kushi’ proved that I could do more than just ‘gaana’|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/20-years-of-kushi-how-deva-used-the-vijay-film-to-prove-that-he-was-more-than-a-gaana-composer/article31615468.ece|access-date=2021-03-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> This newfound exposure led to the genre's popularity in college campuses.<ref name=":0" /> The genre's spread to campuses has led to criticism from gaana singers that its essence, "angst and melancholy" based in life's struggles, had been replaced by "themes of fun and romance."<ref name=":0" /> | ||
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Gaana songs are performed at weddings, stage shows, political rallies, and funerals.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite thesis|last=Ratna Kumar J|first=Vijay|title=A Culture in Transition: A Study of Gaana Singers in Chennai|date=2016|degree=PhD|publisher=Manonmaniam Sundaranar University|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/175924|doi=}}</ref> There are more than 500 performers in Chennai who earn their living from these events.<ref name=":4" /> In 2016, around one hundred gaana performers formed the South Indian Gana Singers Association to promote the art form, earn respect for their art, and prevent their work from being stolen.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> An earlier association, the Tamil Nadu Gana Artists Association was formed in 2007 and had 750 members as of 2012.<ref name=":4" /> | Gaana songs are performed at weddings, stage shows, political rallies, and funerals.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite thesis|last=Ratna Kumar J|first=Vijay|title=A Culture in Transition: A Study of Gaana Singers in Chennai|date=2016|degree=PhD|publisher=Manonmaniam Sundaranar University|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/175924|doi=}}</ref> There are more than 500 performers in Chennai who earn their living from these events.<ref name=":4" /> In 2016, around one hundred gaana performers formed the South Indian Gana Singers Association to promote the art form, earn respect for their art, and prevent their work from being stolen.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> An earlier association, the Tamil Nadu Gana Artists Association was formed in 2007 and had 750 members as of 2012.<ref name=":4" /> | ||
Gaana has been a vehicle for social activism. In 2018, a band of gaana artists was brought together by [[Pa. Ranjith|Pa. Rajinth]], an [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkarite]] film-maker, to form [[The Casteless Collective]].<ref name=":0" /> They sing against caste discrimination, | Gaana has been a vehicle for social activism. In 2018, a band of gaana artists was brought together by [[Pa. Ranjith|Pa. Rajinth]], an [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkarite]] film-maker, to form [[The Casteless Collective]].<ref name=":0" /> They sing against [[Caste discrimination in Sri Lanka|caste discrimination]], abou[[B. R. Ambedkar|t Ambedkar]], the small joys of living in poverty in Chennai, and even have a lesbian song in their repertoire.<ref name=":0" /> Artists have also used gaana songs to transmit information like COVID-19 health guidelines in an easily-accessible form.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|date=August 8, 2020|title=Corona crooners: Tamil ‘gaana’ and folk performers spread COVID-19 awareness with music|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/spreading-awareness-through-gaana-and-folk-songs/article32304463.ece|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2021|website=The Hindu}}</ref> | ||
Though the major gaana artists are men, and gaana songs are usually written from a male viewpoint, women gaana artists are seeing increasing recognition.<ref name=":4" /> [[Isaivani]], a member of The Casteless Collective, was recognised for her pioneering women's involvement in the genre with one of the [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC 100 Women]] Awards.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2020-11-23|title=BBC 100 Women 2020: Who is on the list this year?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-55042935|access-date=2020-12-19}}</ref> | Though the major gaana artists are men, and gaana songs are usually written from a male viewpoint, women gaana artists are seeing increasing recognition.<ref name=":4" /> [[Isaivani]], a member of The Casteless Collective, was recognised for her pioneering women's involvement in the genre with one of the [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC 100 Women]] Awards.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2020-11-23|title=BBC 100 Women 2020: Who is on the list this year?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-55042935|access-date=2020-12-19}}</ref> | ||