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Bhutan–India border: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|International border}} | |||
{{Infobox border | {{Infobox border | ||
| name = Bhutan–India border | | name = Bhutan–India border | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
Britain had begun conquering India from the 17th century, gradually expanding their rule and creating [[British India]]. This brought them into conflict with Bhutan, with [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] being annexed by Britain in 1770 and a peace treaty signed in 1774 which recognised Bhutan's then borders.<ref name="CS">{{cite web |title=Bhutan: A Country Study |url=http://countrystudies.us/bhutan/ |publisher=Library of Congress |date=1991|accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> Boundary disputed flared up repeatedly in the first half of the 1800s, with Britain annexing the [[Bengal Duars|Bengal]] and [[Assam Duars]] in 1841-42.<ref name="CS"/> Continuing tensions led to the [[Bhutan War]] of 1860-65; by the subsequent [[Treaty of Sinchula]] Bhutan permanently ceded the Bengal and Assam Duars and parts of [[Dewangiri]].<ref name="CS"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Bhutan: a Kingdom in the Himalayas : a study of the land, its people, and their government |first1=Nagendra |last1=Singh |edition=2nd |chapter=Appendix VII – The Treaty of Sinchula |page=243 |publisher=Thomson Press Publication Division |year=1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSRuAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=2011-08-25}}</ref> Some further modifications to the boundary were made in 1910 via the [[Treaty of Punakha]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDxx_ibIwZ0C |title=Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation |first=Awadhesh Coomar |last=Sinha |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=81-7387-119-1 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref name=Syamukapu>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbgVAQAAMAAJ |title=Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu |first=Deb Shova Kansakar |last=Hilker |publisher=Vajra Publications |year=2005 |isbn=99946-644-6-8 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eONIAQAAIAAJ |title=Arts of Asia |volume=17 |publisher=Arts of Asia Publications |year=1987 |page=107 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref> | Britain had begun conquering India from the 17th century, gradually expanding their rule and creating [[British India]]. This brought them into conflict with Bhutan, with [[Cooch Behar State|Cooch Behar]] being annexed by Britain in 1770 and a peace treaty signed in 1774 which recognised Bhutan's then borders.<ref name="CS">{{cite web |title=Bhutan: A Country Study |url=http://countrystudies.us/bhutan/ |publisher=Library of Congress |date=1991|accessdate=23 September 2020}}</ref> Boundary disputed flared up repeatedly in the first half of the 1800s, with Britain annexing the [[Bengal Duars|Bengal]] and [[Assam Duars]] in 1841-42.<ref name="CS"/> Continuing tensions led to the [[Bhutan War]] of 1860-65; by the subsequent [[Treaty of Sinchula]] Bhutan permanently ceded the Bengal and Assam Duars and parts of [[Dewangiri]].<ref name="CS"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Bhutan: a Kingdom in the Himalayas : a study of the land, its people, and their government |first1=Nagendra |last1=Singh |edition=2nd |chapter=Appendix VII – The Treaty of Sinchula |page=243 |publisher=Thomson Press Publication Division |year=1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSRuAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=2011-08-25}}</ref> Some further modifications to the boundary were made in 1910 via the [[Treaty of Punakha]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDxx_ibIwZ0C |title=Himalayan kingdom Bhutan: tradition, transition, and transformation |first=Awadhesh Coomar |last=Sinha |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=81-7387-119-1 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref name=Syamukapu>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hbgVAQAAMAAJ |title=Syamukapu: The Lhasa Newars of Kalimpong and Kathmandu |first=Deb Shova Kansakar |last=Hilker |publisher=Vajra Publications |year=2005 |isbn=99946-644-6-8 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eONIAQAAIAAJ |title=Arts of Asia |volume=17 |publisher=Arts of Asia Publications |year=1987 |page=107 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref> | ||
In 1947 India gained independence from Britain, and two years later it signed a treaty with Bhutan by which it recognised the country's sovereignty, though retaining significant influence over its foreign affairs.<ref name="CS"/><ref name=Bedjaoui>{{citation |last=Bedjaoui |first=Mohammed |title=International Law: Achievements and Prospects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51 |year=1991 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=92-3-102716-6 |pages=51– |ref={{sfnref|Bedjaoui, International Law: Achievements and Prospects|1991}} |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905203717/https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51 |archivedate=2015-09-05 }}</ref> The boundary was further detailed and refined in the 1973-1984 period through talks between Bhutan and India.<ref name="CS"/> Border disputes of a relatively minor nature existed concerning part of the border with Arunachal Pradesh, and the region between [[Sarbhang]] and [[Geylegphug]].<ref name="CS"/> In 2006 a final border demarcation treaty was signed.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Bhutan formally demarcate border |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-bhutan-formally-demarcate-border/story-uav6wv85NCFdKt4dpkNLKJ.html |accessdate=23 September 2020 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=14 December 2006}}</ref> A new friendship and cooperation treaty granting Bhutan greater freedom in external matters was signed in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/india-bhutan-treaty-07.pdf|title=INDIA-BHUTAN FRIENDSHIP TREATY|last=https://mea.gov.in/|date=2007-03-02|website=mea.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509040714/http://mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/india-bhutan-treaty-07.pdf|archive-date=2016-05-09|url-status=live|access-date=2017-08-13}}</ref> | In 1947 India gained independence from Britain, and two years later it signed a treaty with Bhutan by which it recognised the country's sovereignty, though retaining significant influence over its foreign affairs.<ref name="CS"/><ref name=Bedjaoui>{{citation |last=Bedjaoui |first=Mohammed |title=International Law: Achievements and Prospects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51 |year=1991 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=92-3-102716-6 |pages=51– |ref={{sfnref|Bedjaoui, International Law: Achievements and Prospects|1991}} |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905203717/https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51 |archivedate=2015-09-05 }}</ref> The boundary was further detailed and refined in the 1973-1984 period through talks between Bhutan and India.<ref name="CS"/> Border disputes of a relatively minor nature existed concerning part of the border with Arunachal Pradesh, and the region between [[Sarbhang]] and [[Geylegphug]].<ref name="CS"/> In 2006 a final border demarcation treaty was signed.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Bhutan formally demarcate border |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/india-bhutan-formally-demarcate-border/story-uav6wv85NCFdKt4dpkNLKJ.html |accessdate=23 September 2020 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=14 December 2006}}</ref> A new friendship and cooperation treaty granting Bhutan greater freedom in external matters was signed in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/india-bhutan-treaty-07.pdf|title=INDIA-BHUTAN FRIENDSHIP TREATY|last=https://mea.gov.in/|date=2007-03-02|website=mea.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509040714/http://mea.gov.in/Images/pdf/india-bhutan-treaty-07.pdf|archive-date=2016-05-09|url-status=live|access-date=2017-08-13}}</ref> | ||
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==Border protection== | ==Border protection== | ||
The Indian government deploys 12 battalions of [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB), and 132 border posts, to guard the border on its side. The bilateral Indian-Bhutan Group Border Management and Security has been established to collaboratively assess and secure the border between the two countries.<ref name=mha/> | The Indian government deploys 12 battalions of [[Sashastra Seema Bal]] (SSB), and 132 border posts, to guard the border on its side. The bilateral Indian-Bhutan Group Border Management and Security has been established to collaboratively assess and secure the border between the two countries.<ref name=mha/> The Bhutan Army patrols the Bhutanese side. | ||
Following the [[2017 China–India border standoff]], the Indian government increased the number of border posts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chauhani|first1=Neeraj|title=SSB to strengthen presence on India-Bhutan border|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ssb-to-strengthen-presence-on-india-bhutan-border/articleshow/62181663.cms|date=20 Dec 2017|work=Times of India}}</ref> | Following the [[2017 China–India border standoff]], the Indian government increased the number of border posts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chauhani|first1=Neeraj|title=SSB to strengthen presence on India-Bhutan border|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ssb-to-strengthen-presence-on-india-bhutan-border/articleshow/62181663.cms|date=20 Dec 2017|work=Times of India}}</ref> | ||