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'''Khambhat''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɑː|m|ˈ|b|ɑː|t}}, {{IPA-gu|kʰəmbʱɑt|lang|Khambat.ogg}}) ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ખંભાત), also known as '''Khambat''', '''Khambaj'''{{Citation needed|reason=Source needed|date=October 2020}}, and '''Cambay''', is a town and the surrounding [[urban agglomeration]] in Khambhat [[Tehsil|Taluka]], [[Anand district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Towns and their Population: Gujarat |work= Census of India 2010|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/towns/guj_towns.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124151904/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/guj_towns.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was once an important trading center, but its harbour gradually silted up, and the maritime trade moved to [[Surat]].{{Citation needed|reason=Source needed|date=October 2020}} Khambat lies on an [[alluvial plain]] at the north end of the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], noted for the extreme rise and fall of its [[tide]]s, which can vary as much as thirty feet in the vicinity of Khambat. Khambat is known for its halvasan, [[sutarfeni]] and [[kite]]s (patang), and for sources of oil and gas. | '''Khambhat''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɑː|m|ˈ|b|ɑː|t}}, {{IPA-gu|kʰəmbʱɑt|lang|Khambat.ogg}}) ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ખંભાત), also known as '''Khambat''', '''Khambaj'''{{Citation needed|reason=Source needed|date=October 2020}}, and '''Cambay''', is a town and the surrounding [[urban agglomeration]] in Khambhat [[Tehsil|Taluka]], [[Anand district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Towns and their Population: Gujarat |work= Census of India 2010|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/towns/guj_towns.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124151904/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/guj_towns.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was once an important trading center, but its harbour gradually silted up, and the maritime trade moved to [[Surat]].{{Citation needed|reason=Source needed|date=October 2020}} Khambat lies on an [[alluvial plain]] at the north end of the [[Gulf of Khambhat]], noted for the extreme rise and fall of its [[tide]]s, which can vary as much as thirty feet in the vicinity of Khambat. Khambat is known for its halvasan, [[sutarfeni]] and [[kite]]s (patang), and for sources of oil and gas. | ||
Khambat is perhaps the only place in India where the [[Harappa]]n craft agate bead making is found in the living tradition. Surprisingly Khambat has no stone deposits; the craft has survived mainly through acquiring stones from the [[Rajpipla]] hills, about 200 km away from the | Khambat is perhaps the only place in India where the [[Harappa]]n craft agate bead making is found in the living tradition. Surprisingly Khambat has no stone deposits; the craft has survived mainly through acquiring stones from the [[Rajpipla]] hills, about 200 km away from the city. In the folklore of Khambat, the beginning of the craft is attributed to Baba Ghor, a 1500 AD saint from Ethiopia who had led a large contingent of Muslims to settle in the city. However, in the archaeological record the origin of the craft can be traced to nearby [[Lothal]], a Harappan outpost that flourished about 4000 years ago. | ||
==Variants of name== | ==Variants of name== | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
[[File:Mohman Khan Nawab of Cambay.jpg|left|thumb|Mohman Khan Nawab of Cambay]] | [[File:Mohman Khan Nawab of Cambay.jpg|left|thumb|Mohman Khan Nawab of [[Cambay State|Cambay]]]] | ||
[[File:Moulai Abadullah khambhat.JPG|thumb|Mausoleum of 1st Wali–ul–Hind Moulai Abdullah, Khambat, Gujarat, 1050AD-1100AD.]] | [[File:Moulai Abadullah khambhat.JPG|thumb|Mausoleum of 1st Wali–ul–Hind Moulai Abdullah, Khambat, Gujarat, 1050AD-1100AD.]] | ||
[[File:Illustration of The city of Cambay in the 15th century.jpg|thumb|The city of Cambay was an important Indian manufacturing and trading center noted by Marco Polo and illustrated here in the 15th century.]] | [[File:Illustration of The city of Cambay in the 15th century.jpg|thumb|The city of Cambay was an important Indian manufacturing and trading center noted by Marco Polo and illustrated here in the 15th century.]] | ||
[[File:Ludovico-di-Varthema-King-of-Khambat-16th-century-India.jpg|thumb|The king of Cambay (in present-day Gujarat) from "Figurae variae Asiae et Africae," a 16th-century Portuguese manuscript in the Casanatense Library in Rome ([[Codex Casanatense 1889]]).]] | [[File:Ludovico-di-Varthema-King-of-Khambat-16th-century-India.jpg|thumb|The king of Cambay (in present-day Gujarat) from "Figurae variae Asiae et Africae," a 16th-century Portuguese manuscript in the Casanatense Library in Rome ([[Codex Casanatense 1889]]).]] | ||
Cambay was formerly a flourishing city, the seat of an extensive trade, and celebrated for its manufactures of [[silk]], [[chintz]] and gold stuffs.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Cambay |volume=5 |page=81 |inline=1}}</ref> The Arab traveler [[al-Mas'udi]] visited the city in 915 AD, describing it as a very successful port; it was mentioned in 1293 by [[Marco Polo]], who, calling it Cambaet, noted it as a busy port. He mentions that the city had its own king. Indigo and fine buckram were particular products of the region, but much cotton and leather was exported through Cambay. In the early 1340s, the Moroccan traveller [[Ibn Battuta]] remarked on its impressive architecture and cosmopolitan population.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rehla of Ibn Battuta (India, Maldive Islands and Ceylon)|last=Baṭṭūṭa|first=Ibn|last2=Husain|first2=Mahdi|publisher=Oriental Institute|year=1976|location=Baroda|pages=172}}</ref> <blockquote>"Cambay is one of the most beautiful cities as regards the artistic architecture of its houses and the construction of its mosques. The reason is that the majority of its inhabitants are foreign merchants, who continually build there beautiful houses and wonderful mosques -- an achievement in which they endeavour to surpass each other."</blockquote>An Italian traveler, [[Marino Sanuto the Elder|Marino Sanud]]o, said that Cambeth was one of India's main two ocean ports. Another Italian, visiting in about 1440, [[Niccolò de' Conti]], mentions that the walls of the city were twelve miles in circumference. The Kothi gateway traditioally believed to be constructed by an English factory is in fact a 14th-century gate, probably dating to the 1330s, of [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluq]] era.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lambourn|first=Elizabeth|date=2002-10-01|title=The English factory or Kothī gateway at Cambay: an unpublished Tughluq structure from Gujarat|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/div-classtitlethe-english-factory-or-span-classitalickothspan-gateway-at-cambay-an-unpublished-tughluq-structure-from-gujarat-div/4801B76D11B55E561B18C7DE2A2EC2AC|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=65|issue=3|pages=495–517|doi=10.1017/S0041977X02000307|issn=1474-0699}}</ref> | Cambay was formerly a flourishing city, the seat of an extensive trade, and celebrated for its manufactures of [[silk]], [[chintz]] and gold stuffs.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Cambay |volume=5 |page=81 |inline=1}}</ref> The Arab traveler [[al-Mas'udi]] visited the city in 915 AD, describing it as a very successful port; it was mentioned in 1293 by [[Marco Polo]], who, calling it Cambaet, noted it as a busy port. He mentions that the city had its own king. [[Indigo]] and fine [[buckram]] were particular products of the region, but much cotton and leather was exported through Cambay. In the early 1340s, the Moroccan traveller [[Ibn Battuta]] remarked on its impressive architecture and cosmopolitan population.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rehla of Ibn Battuta (India, Maldive Islands and Ceylon)|last=Baṭṭūṭa|first=Ibn|last2=Husain|first2=Mahdi|publisher=Oriental Institute|year=1976|location=Baroda|pages=172}}</ref> <blockquote>"Cambay is one of the most beautiful cities as regards the artistic architecture of its houses and the construction of its mosques. The reason is that the majority of its inhabitants are foreign merchants, who continually build there beautiful houses and wonderful mosques -- an achievement in which they endeavour to surpass each other."</blockquote>An Italian traveler, [[Marino Sanuto the Elder|Marino Sanud]]o, said that Cambeth was one of India's main two ocean ports. Another Italian, visiting in about 1440, [[Niccolò de' Conti]], mentions that the walls of the city were twelve miles in circumference. The Kothi gateway traditioally believed to be constructed by an English factory is in fact a 14th-century gate, probably dating to the 1330s, of [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughluq]] era.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lambourn|first=Elizabeth|date=2002-10-01|title=The English factory or Kothī gateway at Cambay: an unpublished Tughluq structure from Gujarat|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/div-classtitlethe-english-factory-or-span-classitalickothspan-gateway-at-cambay-an-unpublished-tughluq-structure-from-gujarat-div/4801B76D11B55E561B18C7DE2A2EC2AC|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=65|issue=3|pages=495–517|doi=10.1017/S0041977X02000307|issn=1474-0699}}</ref> | ||
The Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] visited the city, which he calls Cambaia, in the early sixteenth century.<ref name=":2">''Livro em que dá relação do que viu e ouviu no Oriente''. p. 77 sq.</ref> | The Portuguese explorer [[Duarte Barbosa]] visited the city, which he calls Cambaia, in the early sixteenth century.<ref name=":2">''Livro em que dá relação do que viu e ouviu no Oriente''. p. 77 sq.</ref> | ||