Jump to content

Line of Control: Difference between revisions

Line of Control (edit)

Revision as of 17:05, 30 August 2021

20,045 bytes added ,  30 August 2021
expanding
>TheGoodAndHolyLord
(Implementing talk page edit requested by 81.2.252.231 – using EngVarB per TFD)
imported>DiplomatTesterMan
(expanding)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{distinguish|Line of Actual Control|Line of Contact|Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact}}
{{short description|Demarcation line between India and Pakistan over the disputed region of Kashmir}}
{{short description|Demarcation line between India and Pakistan over the disputed region of Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{coord|34|56|N|76|46|E|display=title}}
{{coord|34|56|N|76|46|E|display=title}}
[[Image:Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg|thumb|240px|Political map of the [[Kashmir]] region showing the Line of Control (LoC)]]
{{Infobox border
[[Image:Un-kashmir-jammu.png|thumb|[[United Nations]] map of the Line of Control. The LoC is not defined near [[Siachen Glacier]].]]
|length={{convert|742|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|territory1={{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan
|territory2={{flagicon|India}} India
|established=2 July 1972
|treaties=[[Simla Agreement]]
|image=Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg|caption=Political map of the [[Kashmir]] region showing the Line of Control (LoC)
|establishedreason=Resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971 and after ratification of the Shimla Treaty}}
[[Image:Un-kashmir-jammu.png|thumb|[[United Nations]] map of the Line of Control. The LoC is not defined near [[Siachen Glacier]].|302x302px]]


The '''Line of Control''' ('''LoC''') is a military control line between the [[India]]n and [[Pakistan]]i controlled parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]]—a line which does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary, but serves as the [[de facto]] border. Originally known as the '''Cease-fire Line''', it was redesignated as the '''Line of Control''' following the [[Simla Agreement]], which was signed on 3 July 1972. The part of the former princely state that is under Indian control is divided into the union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], while the Pakistani-controlled part is divided into [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit–Baltistan]]. The northernmost point of the Line of Control is known as [[NJ9842]]. The [[India–Pakistan border]] continues from the southernmost point on the LoC.
The '''Line of Control''' ('''LoC''') is a military control line between the [[India]]n and [[Pakistan]]i controlled parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]]—a line which does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary, but serves as the [[de facto]] border. It was established as part of the [[Simla Agreement]] at the end of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], when the two nations agreed to rename the ceasefire line as "Line of Control" and pledged to respect it without prejudice to their respective positions.<ref>{{harvnb|Wirsing|1998|p=13}}: 'With particular reference to Kashmir, they agreed that: ... in J&K, the Line of Control resulting from the ceasefire of December 17, 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side.'</ref> The line is roughly the same as the original [[Karachi Agreement|cease-fire line of 1949]] except for minor details.


Another ceasefire line separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area known as [[Aksai Chin]]. Lying further to the east, it is known as the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC).
The part of the former princely state that is under Indian control is divided into the union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], while the Pakistani-controlled part is divided into [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit–Baltistan]]. The northernmost point of the Line of Control is known as [[NJ9842]], beyond which lies the [[Siachen Glacier]], which became a bone of contention in 1984. To the south of the Line of Control lies the border between [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] and the Jammu province, which has an ambiguous status: India regarding it as international boundary and Pakistan calling it a "working border".{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=10}}


Former US President [[Bill Clinton]] has referred to the Indian subcontinent and the Kashmir Line of Control, in particular, as one of the most dangerous places in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/687021.stm|title=BBC News &#124; SOUTH ASIA &#124; Analysis: The world's most dangerous place?|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/03/11/stories/01110006.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title='Most dangerous place'}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>{{update inline|date=August 2019}}
Another ceasefire line separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area known as [[Aksai Chin]]. Lying further to the east, it is known as the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC).{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=20}}


== Background ==
== Background ==
{{main|Kashmir conflict}}
{{main|Kashmir conflict}}
After the [[partition of India]], the present day India and Pakistan contested the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] – India by virtue of the ruler's accession to the country and Pakistan by virtue of the state's Muslim majority population. The [[First Kashmir War]] lasted more than a year, when a ceasefire was accepted through the [[UN mediation of Kashmir|UN mediation]]. A [[Karachi Agreement|ceasefire line]] was agreed by the two sides.
After the [[partition of India]], the present day India and Pakistan contested the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] – India by virtue of the ruler's accession to the country and Pakistan by virtue of the state's Muslim majority population. The [[First Kashmir War]] in 1947 lasted more than a year, when a ceasefire was accepted through the [[UN mediation of Kashmir|UN mediation]]. A [[Karachi Agreement|ceasefire line]] was agreed by the two sides.{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=4-7}}


After another [[1965 Indo-Pakistani War|Kashmir War]] in 1965, and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] (which saw [[Bangladesh]] become independent), only minor modifications had been effected in the original ceasefire line. In the ensuing [[Simla Agreement]] in 1972, the two countries agreed to convert the ceasefire line into a "Line of Control" and observe it as a ''de facto'' border that should not be violated by armed action.
After another [[1965 Indo-Pakistani War|Kashmir War]] in 1965, and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] (which saw [[Bangladesh]] become independent), only minor modifications had been effected in the original ceasefire line. In the ensuing [[Simla Agreement]] in 1972, the two countries agreed to convert the ceasefire line into a "Line of Control" and observe it as a ''de facto'' border that should not be violated by armed action. The agreement declared that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=13}}<ref name="MEA_site">{{cite web|date=2 July 1972|title=Simla Agreement|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5541/Simla+Agreement|url-status=live|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India.|publisher=|accessdate=27 September 2013}}</ref> The [[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]] (UNMOGIP) had the role of investigating ceasefire violations (CFV's), however their role decreased following 1971.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=110-111}} In 2000, US President [[Bill Clinton]] has referred to the Indian subcontinent and the Kashmir Line of Control, in particular, as one of the most dangerous places in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marcus|first=Jonathan|date=23 March 2000|title=Analysis: The world's most dangerous place?|newspaper=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/687021.stm|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnaswami|first=Sridhar|date=2000-03-11|title='Most dangerous place'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/most-dangerous-place/article28005434.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-08-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
 
=== Ceasefire violations ===
In 2018, the Indian side of the LOC was manned by two corps and a number of battalions of the [[Border Security Force]].{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=109}} The Pakistani side was manned by the [[X Corps (Pakistan)|Rawalpindi Corps]].{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=109}} Ceasefire violations (CFV's) are initiated and committed by both sides and show a symmetry.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=145}}{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=86}} Response for a CFV at one location can be responded to by firing at an entirely different location.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=85}} Weapons used on the LOC include small arms, rocket-propelled grenades, recoilless rifles, mortars, automatic grenade launchers, rocket launchers and a number of other direct and indirect weaponry.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=18}} Sniper firing along the LOC killed 27 Pakistani and 7 Indian seven soldiers in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|authors=PTI|date=10 January 2018|title=In Tactical Attacks, Army Killed 138 Pak Soldiers In 2017|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-tactical-attacks-army-killed-138-pakistani-soldiers-in-2017-1798323|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-30|website=NDTV}}</ref> Military personnel on both sides risk getting shot by snipers in moving vehicles, through bunker peepholes and also during meals.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=82}}
 
The civilian population at the LOC, at some points ahead of the forward most post, has complicated the situation.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=113}} Shelling and firing by both sides along the LOC has resulted in civilian deaths.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=96, 100}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=2017-12-25|title=3 Pakistani soldiers martyred in 'unprovoked' cross-LoC firing by Indian army: ISPR|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1378789|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-30|website=DAWN}}</ref> In the first quarter of 2018, 25 Pakistani and 13 Indian civilians lost their lives in cross-LOC firing.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=91}} Bunkers have been constructed for these civilians populations for protection during periods of CFV's.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 February 2021|title=J&K completes 84% of underground bunkers along LoC to protect residents during border shelling|work=ThePrint|agency=PTI|url=https://theprint.in/defence/jk-completes-84-of-underground-bunkers-along-loc-to-protect-residents-during-border-shelling/600614/|access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref>
 
=== Landmines and IEDs ===
Mines have been laid across the India-Pakistan border in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 2001.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=97}} The small stretch of land between the rows of fencing is mined with thousands of [[Land mine|landmines]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Umar|first=Baba|date=30 April 2011|title=Mines of war maim innocents|work=Tehelka|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne3000411Mines.asp|url-status=dead|access-date=7 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017152757/http://tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne3000411Mines.asp|archive-date=17 October 2011}}</ref>  During the [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]] thousands of acres of land along the LOC was mined.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=98}} Both civilians and military personnel on both sides have died in mine and [[improvised explosive device]] (IED) related blasts, and many more injured.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=98}} Between January 2000 to April 2002, 138 military personnel were killed on the Indian side.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=98}}
 
=== Posts and bunkers ===
Sandbagged and concrete posts and bunkers are among the first line of defence along the LOC.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=148}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=AP|date=2021-04-03|title=Pakistan-India peace move silences deadly LoC|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1616085|access-date=2021-08-30|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> Armed soldiers man these positions with enough supplies for at least a week.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=148-149}} The posts and bunkers allow soldiers to sleep, cook, and keep a watch on enemy positions round the clock.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=148-149}} Some posts are located in remote locations. Animals are sometimes used to assist in transporting loads, and at some posts animals are reared.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=148-149}} The living quarters and the forward facing bunker are located at some distance apart.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=150}} The location of some posts do not follow any pre-ordained plan, rather they are in locations as per the [[First Kashmir War]] and the following cease-fire line, and then the minor adjustments that were made in 1972.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=151}}


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
The Line of Control divided Kashmir into two parts and closed the Jehlum valley route, the only entrance and exit of the [[Kashmir Valley]] from [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]]. This territorial division, which to this day still exists, severed many villages and separated family members from each other.<ref>Ranjan Kumar Singh, Sarhad: Zero Mile, (Hindi), ''Parijat Prakashan'', {{ISBN|81-903561-0-0}}</ref><ref name="loc kashmir">{{cite book | author=Women in Security, Conflict Management, a Peace (Program) | title=Closer to ourselves: stories from the journ towards peace in South Asia | url=https://books.google.com/books?q=line+of+control+separated+villages+families+relatives+in+kashmir&btnG=Search+Books | access-date=19 June 2013 |year=2008 | publisher=WISCOMP, Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lam 2008 | page=75}}</ref>
The Line of Control divided Kashmir into two parts and closed the Jhelum valley route, the only entrance and exit of the [[Kashmir Valley]] from [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]]. This territorial division, which to this day still exists, severed many villages and separated family members from each other.<ref>Ranjan Kumar Singh, Sarhad: Zero Mile, (Hindi), ''Parijat Prakashan'', {{ISBN|81-903561-0-0}}</ref><ref name="loc kashmir">{{cite book|author=Women in Security, Conflict Management, a Peace (Program)|url=https://books.google.com/books?q=line+of+control+separated+villages+families+relatives+in+kashmir&btnG=Search+Books|title=Closer to ourselves: stories from the journey towards peace in South Asia|publisher=WISCOMP, Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama|year=2008|page=75|access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>
 
== Indian LoC fencing ==
India constructed a {{convert|550|km|mi|abbr=on}} barrier along the {{convert|742|km|mi|abbr=on}} Line of Control by 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Matthias|date=2008-10-20|title=FACTBOX-Line of control between India and Pakistan|language=en|work=Reuters|editor-last=Scrutton|editor-first=Alistair|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/kashmir-border-idINDEL18181520081020|access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The fence generally remains about 150 yards on the Indian-controlled side. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. The barrier, referred to as Anti-Infiltration Obstacle System (AIOS), consists of double-row of fencing and [[concertina wire]] {{cvt|8|-|12|ft|m}} in height, and is [[Electric fence|electrified]] and connected to a network of motion sensors, thermal imaging devices, lighting systems and alarms. They act as "fast alert signals" to the Indian troops who can be alerted and ambush the infiltrators trying to sneak in.<ref name="thehindu_Fence">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Vinay|date=Feb 1, 2004|title=LoC fencing in Jammu nearing completion|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/01/stories/2004020109130800.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=23 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040216000931/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/01/stories/2004020109130800.htm|archive-date=February 16, 2004}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2017-04-30|title=Army set to install smart fence along LoC|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-set-to-install-smart-fence-along-loc/article18340498.ece|access-date=2020-07-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
 
The construction of the barrier began in the 1990s, but slowed in the early 2000s as hostilities between India and Pakistan increased. After a November 2003 ceasefire agreement, building resumed and was completed in late 2004. LoC fencing was completed in Kashmir Valley and Jammu region on 30 September 2004.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|date=16 December 2004|title=LoC fencing completed: Mukherjee|work=The Times of India|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-16/india/27151889_1_loc-fencing-infiltration-barak|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-16/india/27151889_1_loc-fencing-infiltration-barak|archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> According to [[Indian military]] sources, the fence has reduced the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the Indian side of the disputed region by 80%.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gilani|first=Iftikhar|date=4 March 2005|title=Harsh weather likely to damage LoC fencing|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_41|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165205/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_41|archive-date=30 September 2007|access-date=2007-07-31|publisher=Daily Times}}</ref> In 2017, proposal for an upgraded smart fence on the Indian side were accepted.<ref name=":0" />
 
A number of villages lie between the Indian fence and the zero line. Pakistan has not constructed a border fence, however a number of villages lie near to the zero line.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=155}} In Tithwal area, 13 villages are located in front of the Indian fence.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=155}}
 
==Crossing points==
{{OSM Location map
|  coord = {{coord|34.1823|74.0588}}
|    zoom = 9
|  width = 400
|  height = 650
| caption = LoC crossing points in blue [[File:Blue pog.svg|15px]]. (Haji Peer/Silkote and Tatta Pani–Mendher crossing points approximate.)
 
|      label = Chakothi / Salamabad
| mark-coord = {{coord|34.10374|73.90470}}
|  label-color = blue
|  label-size = 9
|  label-pos = bottom
| mark =Blue pog.svg
| mark-size = 15
| mark-title = Chakothi / Salamabad
| mark-image =
| mark-description =
 
|      label1 = Tetrinote / Chakan Da Bagh
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|33.75439|74.00867}}
|  label-color1 = blue
|  label-size1 = 9
|  label-pos1 = bottom
| mark1 =Blue pog.svg
| mark-size1 = 15
| mark-title1 = Tetrinote / Chakan Da Bagh
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 =
 
|      label2 = Chilliana / Teetwal
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|34.38961|73.77085}}
|  label-color2 = blue
|  label-size2 = 9
|  label-pos2 = bottom
| mark2 =Blue pog.svg
| mark-size2 = 15
| mark-title2 = Chilliana / Teetwal
| mark-image2 =
| mark-description2 =
 
|      label3 = Rawalakot
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|33.853406|73.751475}}
|  label-color3 =
|  label-size3 = 11
| mark3=Red pog.svg
| mark-size3 = 7
| mark-title3 = Rawalakot
| mark-image3 =
| mark-description3 =
 
|      label4 = Poonch
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|33.7703|74.0925}}
|  label-color4 =
|  label-size4 = 11
|  label-pos4 = right
| mark4=Red pog.svg
| mark-size4 = 7
| mark-title4 =  Poonch
| mark-image4 =
| mark-description4 =
 
|      label5 = Chakothi
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|34.1171|73.8831}}
|  label-color5 =
|  label-size5 = 11
|  label-pos5 = left
| mark5=Red pog.svg
| mark-size5 = 7
| mark-title5 =  Chakothi
| mark-image5 =
| mark-description5 =
 
|      label6 = Uri
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|34.086111|74.033333}}
|  label-color6 =
|  label-size6 = 11
|  label-pos6 = right
| mark6=Red pog.svg
| mark-size6 = 7
| mark-title6 =  Uri
| mark-image6 =
| mark-description6 =


==Indian Line of Control fencing==
|      label7 = Tithwal
India constructed a {{convert|550|km|mi|abbr=on}} barrier along the {{convert|740|km|mi|abbr=on}} Line of Control. The fence generally remains about 150 yards on the Indian-controlled side. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants.<ref>[http://news.indiainfo.com/2004/12/16/1612locmukherjee.html "cross-border infiltration and terrorism"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221102545/http://news.indiainfo.com/2004/12/16/1612locmukherjee.html |date=21 December 2008 }}</ref>
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|34.3942735|73.7740876}}
| label-color7 =
| label-size7 = 11
| label-pos7 = right
| mark7=Red pog.svg
| mark-size7 = 7
| mark-title7 =  Tithwal
| mark-image7 =  
| mark-description7 =


The barrier, referred to as Anti-Infiltration Obstacle System (AIOS), consists of double-row of fencing and [[concertina wire]] {{cvt|8|-|12|ft|m}} in height, and is [[Electric fence|electrified]] and connected to a network of motion sensors, thermal imaging devices, lighting systems and alarms. They act as "fast alert signals" to the Indian troops who can be alerted and ambush the infiltrators trying to sneak in. The small stretch of land between the rows of fencing is mined with thousands of [[Land mine|landmines]].<ref name=thehindu_Fence>{{cite news|title=LoC fencing in Jammu nearing completion|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/01/stories/2004020109130800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040216000931/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/01/stories/2004020109130800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 16, 2004|access-date=23 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=Feb 1, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne3000411Mines.asp | work=Tehelka | title=Mines of war maim innocents | access-date=7 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017152757/http://tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne3000411Mines.asp | archive-date=17 October 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2017-04-30|title=Army set to install smart fence along LoC|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-set-to-install-smart-fence-along-loc/article18340498.ece|access-date=2020-07-31|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|     label8 = Chilliana
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|34.3977316|73.7617332}}
| label-color8 =  
| label-size8 = 11
| label-pos8 = left
| mark8=Red pog.svg
| mark-size8 = 7
| mark-title8 = Chilliana
| mark-image8 =  
| mark-description8 =


The construction of the barrier was begun in the 1990s, but slowed in the early 2000s as hostilities between India and Pakistan increased. After a November 2003 ceasefire agreement, building resumed and was completed in late 2004. LoC fencing was completed in Kashmir Valley and Jammu region on 30 September 2004.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-16/india/27151889_1_loc-fencing-infiltration-barak | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-16/india/27151889_1_loc-fencing-infiltration-barak | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 October 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=LoC fencing completed: Mukherjee | date=16 December 2004}}</ref> According to [[Indian military]] sources, the fence has reduced the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the Indian side of the disputed state to attack soldiers by 80%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_41 |title=Harsh weather likely to damage LoC fencing |publisher=Daily Times |access-date=2007-07-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165205/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_41 |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref>
|     label9 = Salambad
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|34.1037162|73.9411896}}
| label-color9 =  
| label-size9 = 11
| label-pos9 = right
| mark9=Red pog.svg
| mark-size9 = 7
| mark-title9 = Salambad
| mark-image9 =  
| mark-description9 =


[[Pakistan]] has criticised the construction of the barrier, saying it violates both bilateral accords and relevant [[United Nations]] resolutions on the region.<ref name=EU_Criticises_Pak/> The [[European Union]] has supported India's stand calling the fencing as "improvement in technical means to control terrorists infiltration" and also pointing that the "Line of Control has been delineated in accordance with the 1972 Shimla agreement".<ref name=EU_Criticises_Pak>{{cite news|title=EU criticises Pak's stand on LoC fencing|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=26872|access-date=23 June 2012|newspaper=Express India|date=Dec 16, 2003}}</ref>
|      label10 = Mendhar
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|33.6|74.11}}
|  label-color10 =
| label-size10 = 11
| label-pos10 = right
| mark10=Red pog.svg
| mark-size10 = 7
| mark-title10 = Mendhar
| mark-image10 =  
| mark-description10 =


In 2017, proposal for an upgraded smart fence on the Indian side were accepted, which would be first go through trial runs.<ref name=":0" />
|      label11 = Tatta Pani
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|33.605569|73.948138}}
|  label-color11 =
|  label-size11 = 11
|  label-pos11 = left
| mark11=Red pog.svg
| mark-size11 = 7
| mark-title11 =  Tatta Pani
| mark-image11 =
| mark-description11 =


==Crossing points==
|      label12 = Haji Pir
There are three main crossing points on the LoC currently operational. These are, from north to south:
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|33.964036|74.069426}}
|  label-color12 =
|  label-size12 = 11
|  label-pos12 = left
| mark12=Red pog.svg
| mark-size12 = 7
| mark-title12 =  Haji Pir
| mark-image12 =
| mark-description12 =
 
|      label13 = Nausadda/Nauseri
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|34.4035913|73.7154134}}
|  label-color13 =
|  label-size13 = 11
|  label-pos13 = top
| mark13=Red pog.svg
| mark-size13 = 7
| mark-title13 =  Nausadda
| mark-image13 =
| mark-description13 =
 
|      label14 = Tatta Pani–Mendher
| mark-coord14 = {{coord|33.613|74.008}}
|  label-color14 = blue
|  label-size14 = 9
|  label-pos14 = bottom
| mark14=Blue pog.svg
| mark-size14 = 15
| mark-title14 = Tatta Pani–Mendher
| mark-image14 =
| mark-description14 =
 
|      label15 = Tatrinote
| mark-coord15 = {{coord|33.75|74}}
|  label-color15 =
|  label-size15 = 11
|  label-pos15 = left
| mark15=Red pog.svg
| mark-size15 = 7
| mark-title15 =  Tatrinote
| mark-image15 =
| mark-description15 =
 
|      label16 = Chakan Da Bagh
| mark-coord16 = {{coord|33.75968|74.03629}}
|  label-color16 =
|  label-size16 = 11
|  label-pos16 = right
| mark16=Red pog.svg
| mark-size16 = 7
| mark-title16 =  Chakan Da Bagh
| mark-image16 =
| mark-description16 =
 
|      label17 = Haji Peer/Silkote
| mark-coord17 = {{coord|34.03524|74.07811}}
|  label-color17 = blue
|  label-size17 = 9
|  label-pos17 = bottom
| mark17=Blue pog.svg
| mark-size17 = 15
| mark-title17 = Haji Peer/Silkote
| mark-image17 =
| mark-description17 =
 
|      label18 = Silkote
| mark-coord18 = {{coord|34.04210|74.07484}}
|  label-color18 =
|  label-size18 = 11
|  label-pos18 = left
| mark18=Red pog.svg
| mark-size18 = 7
| mark-title18 =  Silkote
| mark-image18 =
| mark-description18 =
 
|      label19 = Muzaffarabad
| mark-coord19 = {{coord|34.37307|73.47009}}
|  label-color19 =
|  label-size19 = 11
|  label-pos19 = left
| mark19=Red pog.svg
| mark-size19 = 7
| mark-title19 =  Muzaffarabad
| mark-image19 =
| mark-description19 =
 
|      label20 = Kupwara
| mark-coord20 = {{coord|34.5263|74.2527}}
|  label-color20 =
|  label-size20 = 11
|  label-pos20 = left
| mark20=Red pog.svg
| mark-size20 = 7
| mark-title20 =  Kupwara
| mark-image20 =
| mark-description20 =
 
|      label21 = Kotli
| mark-coord21 = {{coord|33.505556|73.899167}}
|  label-color21 =
|  label-size21 = 11
|  label-pos21 = left
| mark21=Red pog.svg
| mark-size21 = 7
| mark-title21 =  Kotli
| mark-image21 =
| mark-description21 =
}}
Five crossing points were officially designated by Pakistan and India following the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]]— "Nauseri-Tithwal; Chakoti-Uri; Hajipur-Uri; Rawalakot-Poonch and Tattapani-Mendhar".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-10-30|title=Pakistan, India agree to open five LoC points|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/163590/pakistan-india-agree-to-open-five-loc-points|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-26|website=DAWN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Aijaz|date=21 November 2005|title=Kashmir earthquake: Opening of relief points along LoC becomes high point of Indo-Pak ties|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20051121-kashmir-earthquake-opening-of-relief-points-along-loc-becomes-high-point-of-indo-pak-ties-786572-2005-11-21|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-26|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2005|title=India, Pakistan to open military border|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/10/30/india-pakistan-to-open-military-border|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
 
According to Azad Jammu and Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Act, 2016 the following crossing points are listed:<ref>[https://law.ajk.gov.pk/assets/lawlibrary/2019-02-13-5c64687ee21671550084222.pdf Azad Jammu and Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Act, 2016]. Act XVI of 2016. ''Law, Justice, Parliamentary Affairs and Human Rights Department, AJK Government''. Retrieved 26 August 2021.</ref><ref name="Archived copy" />
 
* Rawalakot–Poonch
* Chakothi–Uri
* Chaliana–Tithwal
* Tatta Pani–Mendher
* Haji Peer–Silli Kot
 
Trade points include: "Chakothi – Salamabad" and "Rawalakot (Titrinote) – Poonch (Chakkan-da-Bagh)". The ordinance had been passed in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|others=Azad Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, Law, Justice, Parliamentary Affairs and Human Rights Department.|title=The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Ordinance, 2011 (AJK Ordinance No. XXXII of 2011)|url=http://nasirlawsite.com/laws/ajkcross.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-26|website=|via=nasirlawsite.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Priyanka|date=2013-01-01|title=Prospects of Travel and Trade across the India–Pakistan Line of Control (LoC)|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0020881715605237|journal=International Studies|language=en|volume=50|issue=1-2|pages=71–91|doi=10.1177/0020881715605237|issn=0020-8817|url-access=limited}}</ref> Indian and Pakistani military use these crossing points for flag meetings and to exchange sweets during occasions and festivals.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2021-08-14|title=Indian,Pakistani troops exchange sweets along LoC in Kashmir on Pak's I-Day|work=Business Standard India|agency=PTI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-pakistani-troops-exchange-sweets-along-loc-in-kashmir-on-pak-s-i-day-121081401349_1.html|access-date=2021-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 June 2021|title=India, Pakistan forces exchange Eid sweets for first time since Pulwama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-pakistan-forces-exchange-eid-sweets-for-first-time-since-pulwama/articleshow/84623826.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-29|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhalla|first=Abhishek|date=26 March 2021|title=India, Pakistan hold brigade commanders-level meet to discuss peace at LoC|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pak-hold-brigade-commanders-level-meet-to-discuss-peace-at-loc-1784055-2021-03-26|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-29|website=India Today}}</ref>
 
Between 2005 to 2017, and according to figures of the Travel and Trade Authority, Muzaffarabad, Indian Kashmiris crossing over to Pakistan is about 14,000 while about 22,000 have crossed over to the Indian side.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=114-115}}


===Chakothi / Salamabad===
=== Chilliana – Teetwal ===
Salamabad crossing point is located on the road between [[Chakothi]] and [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] in the [[Baramulla district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] along the Indo-Pak LoC.<ref name="ET_Cross_Goods">{{cite news |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Goods over Rs 3,432 crore traded via two LoC points in 3 years |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62429258.cms |access-date=25 July 2018 |agency=PTI |publisher=Economic Times |date=9 January 2018}}</ref> It is a major route for cross LoC trade and travel. Banking facilities and a trade facilitation centres are being planned on the Indian side.<ref name="ET_CrossLOC"/> The name in English translates to "''bridge of peace''" is located in Uri. The bridge was rebuilt by Indian army after the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]] when a mountain on the Pakistani side had caved in.<ref name="HT_inaugrate">{{cite news |title=J&K CM inaugurates rebuilt Aman Setu |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/j-k-cm-inaugurates-rebuilt-aman-setu/story-J8rVhViLWXHhl6NHHz1VbL.html |access-date=25 July 2018 |publisher=hindustan Times |date=21 February 2008}}</ref> This route was opened for trade in 2008 after a period of 61 years.<ref name="livemint_Trucks">{{cite news |title=Trucks start rolling, duty-free commerce across LoC opens |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/rkyV94TJ7QOHhPUMS5wqDN/Trucks-start-rolling-dutyfree-commerce-across-LoC-opens.html |access-date=25 July 2018 |publisher=Livemint |date=21 October 2008}}</ref> The [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus]] passes through this bridge on the LoC.<ref name="OutlookKaman">{{cite news |title=Re-erected Kaman Aman Setu will be inaugurated on Monday |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/re-erected-kaman-aman-setu-will-be-inaugurated-on-monday/356510 |access-date=25 July 2018 |publisher=Outlook |date=19 February 2006}}</ref>


===Tetrinote / Chakan Da Bagh===
The [[Teetwal]] crossing is across the [[Neelum River]] between [[Muzaffarabad]] and [[Kupwara]]. It is usually open only during the summer months,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Mir|date=3 November 2016|title=Teetwal LoC crossing point reopens after 3 months|work=Greater Kashmir|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/teetwal-loc-crossing-point-reopens-after-3-months/232593.html|url-status=dead|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107063805/http://www.greaterkashmir.com:80/news/kashmir/teetwal-loc-crossing-point-reopens-after-3-months/232593.html|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> and in contrast to the other two crossings is open only for the movement of people, not for trade.<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web|title=Crossing Points|url=http://www.ajktata.gok.pk/crossing-points/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615163142/http://www.ajktata.gok.pk/crossing-points/|archive-date=15 June 2019|access-date=9 March 2019|website=ajktata.gok.pk (AJK Travel and Trade Authority)}}</ref> The Tithwal bridge was first built in 1931 and has been rebuilt twice.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=16 October 2020|title=A shut LoC bridge, and a Kashmir village living under the shadow of Pakistani snipers|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/india/a-shut-loc-bridge-and-a-kashmir-village-living-under-the-shadow-of-pakistani-snipers/524598/|access-date=27 August 2021}}</ref>
A road connects [[Kotli]] and [[Tatrinote]] in Pakistan side of the LoC to Indian [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] through Chakan Da Bagh crossing point.<ref name="ET_Cross_Goods"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/404.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117072828/http://zeenews.india.com/tags/Chakan-Da-Bagh_in_Poonch.html|url-status=dead|title=404|date=14 August 2014|archive-date=17 January 2013|website=Zee News}}</ref> It is a major route for cross LoC trade and travel. Banking facilities and a trade facilitation centres are being planned on the Indian side for the benefit of traders.<ref name="ET_CrossLOC">{{cite news |title=Cross-LoC trade at Rs 2,800 crore in last three years |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/cross-loc-trade-at-rs-2800-crore-in-last-three-years/articleshow/52730540.cms |access-date=25 July 2018 |agency=PTI |publisher=Economic Times |date=13 June 2016}}</ref>


The flag meetings between Indian and Pakistani security forces are held here. These meetings are held at the border or on the Line of Control by commanders of the armies of both sides. A flag meeting can also be held at the [[brigadier]] level on smaller issues.<ref name="TH_Flagmeeting">{{cite news |title=India, Pakistan hold flag meeting |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-pak-hold-flag-meeting/article19546903.ece |access-date=25 July 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=23 August 2017}}</ref> If the meeting is on a larger context, it could be held at the [[general]] level.<ref name="TribuneFlag">{{cite news |title=Flag meet held to defuse LoC tension at Chakan da Bagh |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/flag-meet-held-to-defuse-loc-tension-at-chakan-da-bagh/456505.html |access-date=25 July 2018 |work=The Tribune |date=24 August 2017}}</ref>
=== Chakothi – Salamabad ===
Salamabad crossing point, or the Kamran Post, is located on the road between [[Chakothi]] and [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] in the [[Baramulla district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] along the LoC.<ref>{{Cite web|authors=[[The New Humanitarian]]|date=10 November 2005|title=Pakistan: Second border crossing-point opens to allow relief from India|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/pakistan-second-border-crossing-point-opens-allow-relief-india|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826104710/https://reliefweb.int/report/india/pakistan-second-border-crossing-point-opens-allow-relief-india|archive-date=26 August 2021|access-date=2021-08-26|website=[[ReliefWeb]]. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.}}</ref><ref name="ET_Cross_Goods">{{cite news |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Goods over Rs 3,432 crore traded via two LoC points in 3 years |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62429258.cms |access-date=25 July 2018 |agency=PTI |publisher=Economic Times |date=9 January 2018}}</ref> It is a major route for cross LoC trade and travel. Banking facilities and a trade facilitation centres are being planned on the Indian side.<ref name="ET_CrossLOC"/> The name in English translates to "''bridge of peace''" is located in Uri. The bridge was rebuilt by the Indian Army after the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]] when a mountain on the Pakistani side had caved in.<ref name="HT_inaugurate">{{cite news|date=21 February 2008|title=J&K CM inaugurates rebuilt Aman Setu|work=Hindustan Times|agency=IANS|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/j-k-cm-inaugurates-rebuilt-aman-setu/story-J8rVhViLWXHhl6NHHz1VbL.html|access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref> This route was opened for trade in 2008 after a period of 61 years.<ref name="livemint_Trucks">{{cite news|last=Ramasubbu|first=Krishnamurthy|date=21 October 2008|title=Trucks start rolling, duty-free commerce across LoC opens|publisher=Livemint|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/rkyV94TJ7QOHhPUMS5wqDN/Trucks-start-rolling-dutyfree-commerce-across-LoC-opens.html|access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref> The [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus]] passes through this bridge on the LoC.<ref name="OutlookKaman">{{cite news|date=19 February 2006|title=Re-erected Kaman Aman Setu will be inaugurated on Monday|publisher=Outlook|agency=PTI|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/re-erected-kaman-aman-setu-will-be-inaugurated-on-monday/356510|access-date=25 July 2018}}</ref>


===Chilliana / Teetwal===
=== Tetrinote – Chakan Da Bagh ===
A road connects [[Kotli]] and [[Tatrinote]] in Pakistan side of the LoC to Indian [[Poonch district, India|Poonch district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] through Chakan Da Bagh crossing point.<ref name="ET_Cross_Goods"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 August 2014|title=Chakan-Da-Bagh in Poonch|url=https://zeenews.india.com/404.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117072828/http://zeenews.india.com/tags/Chakan-Da-Bagh_in_Poonch.html|archive-date=17 January 2013|website=Zee News}}</ref> It is a major route for cross LoC trade and travel. Banking facilities and a trade facilitation centres are being planned on the Indian side for the benefit of traders.<ref name="ET_CrossLOC">{{cite news |title=Cross-LoC trade at Rs 2,800 crore in last three years |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/cross-loc-trade-at-rs-2800-crore-in-last-three-years/articleshow/52730540.cms |access-date=25 July 2018 |agency=PTI |publisher=Economic Times |date=13 June 2016}}</ref>


The Teetwal crossing is across the [[Neelum River]] between [[Muzaffarabad]] and [[Kupwara]]. It is usually open only during the summer months,<ref>https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/teetwal-loc-crossing-point-reopens-after-3-months/232593.html</ref> and in contrast to the other two crossings is open only for the movement of people, not for trade.<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ajktata.gok.pk/crossing-points/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615163142/http://www.ajktata.gok.pk/crossing-points/ |archive-date=15 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Most of the flag meetings between Indian and Pakistani security forces are held here. These meetings are held at the border or on the Line of Control by commanders of the armies of both sides.<ref name="TH_Flagmeeting">{{cite news |title=India, Pakistan hold flag meeting |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-pak-hold-flag-meeting/article19546903.ece |access-date=25 July 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=23 August 2017}}</ref>


===Further crossings===
=== Tattapani – Mendhar ===
The fourth border crossing between [[Tatta Pani|Tattapani]] and [[Mendhar Tehsil|Mendhar]] was opened on 14 November 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-11-15|title=Fourth Kashmir crossing opens|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/165637/fourth-kashmir-crossing-opens|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-26|website=DAWN}}</ref>


Two further crossings are at [[Pir Panjal Range#Passes|Haji Pir pass]] and one near [[Tattapani]], but these are currently not operational.<ref name="Archived copy"/>
== In popular culture ==
Bollywood films that have involved the line of control include ''[[LOC: Kargil]].''{{Sfn|Budha|2012|p=8}}


==See also==
==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Actual Ground Position Line]]
* [[Actual Ground Position Line]]
* [[Indo-Bangladeshi barrier]]
* [[Indo-Bangladeshi barrier]]
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
*[[Durand Line]]
* [[Siachen conflict]]
* [[Siachen conflict]]
* [[Wagah]], an international border crossing between India and Pakistan
* [[Wagah]], an international border crossing between India and Pakistan
* [[Wakhan]]
* [[Wakhan]]
*[[Transport between India and Pakistan]]


==References==
==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
===Bibliography===
* {{citation |last=Wirsing |first=Robert G. |chapter=War or Peace on the Line of Control? |editor=Clive Schofield |title=Boundary and Territory Briefing, Volume 2, Number 5 |ISBN=1-897643-31-4 |year=1998 |chapter-url=https://www.durham.ac.uk/research/institutes-and-centres/ibru-borders-research/maps-and-publications/publications/publications-catalogue/war-or-peace-on-the-line-of-control-the-india-pakistan-dispute-over-kashmir-turns-fifty.php}} ''<small>(Page numbers cited per the e-document)</small>''
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=XMrfCgAAQBAJ|title=Filming the Line of Control: The Indo–Pak Relationship through the Cinematic Lens|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9781136516061|editor-last=Bharat|editor-first=Meenakshi|editor-last2=Kumar|editor-first2=Nirmal}}
*— {{Citation|last=Budha|first=Kishore|title=Genre Development in the Age of Markets and Nationalism: The War Film|date=2012|chapter=1}}
*{{Cite book|last=Jacob|first=Happymon|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=-_R5DwAAQBAJ|title=The Line of Control: Travelling with the Indian and Pakistani Armies|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2018|isbn=9789353053529|ref={{sfnref|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018}}}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Ranjan Kumar Singh (2007), ''Sarhad: Zero Mile'' {{In lang|hi}}, Parijat Prakashan, {{ISBN|81-903561-0-0}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Akhtar|first=Shaheen|date=2017|title=Living on the frontlines: Perspective from Poonch and Kotli region of AJK|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/16_24_2_17.pdf|journal=Journal of Political Studies|volume=24|issue=2}}
*— {{Cite journal|last=Akhtar|first=Shaheen|date=2017|title=Living on the Frontlines: Perspective from the Neelum Valley|url=https://ndu.edu.pk/issra/issra_pub/articles/margalla-paper/Margalla-Paper-2017/9-Living-on-the-Frontlines-Dr.Shaheen-Akhtar.pdf|journal=Margalla Papers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716172325/https://ndu.edu.pk/issra/issra_pub/articles/margalla-paper/Margalla-Paper-2017/9-Living-on-the-Frontlines-Dr.Shaheen-Akhtar.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2020}}
*{{Citation|last=Bali|first=Pawan|title=Kashmir Line of Control and Grassroots Peacebuilding|date=31 July 2017|url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2017-07/sr410-kashmir-line-of-control-and-grassroots-peacebuilding.pdf|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|last2=Akhtar|first2=Shaheen}}
*{{Cite book|last=Jacob|first=Happymon|title=Line on Fire: Ceasefire Violations and India–Pakistan Escalation Dynamics|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=9780199095476|ref={{sfnref|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018}}}}
*—{{Citation|last=Jacob|first=Happymon|title=Ceasefire violations in Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW131-Ceasefire-Violations-in-Jammu-and-Kashmir-A-Line-on-Fire.pdf|publication-date=2017|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|isbn=978-1-60127-672-8}}
*Ranjan Kumar Singh (2007), ''Sarhad: Zero Mile'' {{In lang|hi}}, Parijat Prakashan, {{ISBN|81-903561-0-0}}
*{{cite web|title=Relevance of Simla Agreement|url=http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html|url-status=dead|work=Editorial Series|publisher=Khan Study Group|accessdate=27 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002132702/http://ksgindia.com/study-material/editorial-series/3885-relevance-of-simla-agreement.html|archivedate=2 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}


{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}
{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}
Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/139706"