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| religion = [[Secular state]]<br>(de jure)<br>[[State atheism]]<br>(de facto)<br>[[Christianity in Hungary|Roman Catholic]] (dominant) | | religion = [[Secular state]]<br>(de jure)<br>[[State atheism]]<br>(de facto)<br>[[Christianity in Hungary|Roman Catholic]] (dominant) | ||
| demonym = [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] | | demonym = [[Hungarians|Hungarian]] | ||
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist republic]]{{-}}Under a [[totalitarian dictatorship]] {{small|(1949–1953)}}<ref>{{Cite book| last = Gati | first = Charles | title = Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt | publisher = Stanford University Press |date=September 2006 | isbn = 0-8047-5606-6 | | | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist republic]]{{-}}Under a [[totalitarian dictatorship]] {{small|(1949–1953)}}<ref>{{Cite book| last = Gati | first = Charles | title = Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt | publisher = Stanford University Press |date=September 2006 | isbn = 0-8047-5606-6 |pages=47–49}}</ref> | ||
| title_leader = [[List of heads of state of Hungary#General Secretaries of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1945–1989)|General Secretary]] | | title_leader = [[List of heads of state of Hungary#General Secretaries of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (1945–1989)|General Secretary]] | ||
| leader1 = [[Mátyás Rákosi]] | | leader1 = [[Mátyás Rákosi]] | ||
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| deputy2 = [[Miklós Németh]] | | deputy2 = [[Miklós Németh]] | ||
| year_deputy2 = 1988–1989 {{small|(last)}} | | year_deputy2 = 1988–1989 {{small|(last)}} | ||
| legislature = ''[[National Assembly (Hungary)| Országgyűlés]]'' | | legislature = ''[[National Assembly (Hungary)|Országgyűlés]]'' | ||
| stat_year1 = 1949 | | stat_year1 = 1949 | ||
| stat_pop1 = 9,204,799 | | stat_pop1 = 9,204,799 | ||
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The Communists spent the next year and a half after the Moscow Conference consolidating their hold on power and emasculating the other parties. This culminated in October 1947, when the Communists told their non-Communist coalition partners that they had to cooperate with a reconfigured coalition government if they wanted to stay in the country.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/hungary/37.htm Hungary: a country study]. [[Library of Congress]] Federal Research Division, December 1989.</ref> The process was more or less completed in 1949, when a newly elected legislature chosen from a single Communist-dominated list adopted a Soviet-style constitution, and the country was officially recast as a "people's republic." | The Communists spent the next year and a half after the Moscow Conference consolidating their hold on power and emasculating the other parties. This culminated in October 1947, when the Communists told their non-Communist coalition partners that they had to cooperate with a reconfigured coalition government if they wanted to stay in the country.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/hungary/37.htm Hungary: a country study]. [[Library of Congress]] Federal Research Division, December 1989.</ref> The process was more or less completed in 1949, when a newly elected legislature chosen from a single Communist-dominated list adopted a Soviet-style constitution, and the country was officially recast as a "people's republic." | ||
The same political dynamics continued through the years, with the Soviet Union pressing and maneuvering Hungarian politics through the Hungarian Communist Party, intervening whenever it needed to, through military coercion and covert operations.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=241}} Political repression and economic decline led to a nationwide popular uprising in | The same political dynamics continued through the years, with the Soviet Union pressing and maneuvering Hungarian politics through the Hungarian Communist Party, intervening whenever it needed to, through military coercion and covert operations.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=241}} Political repression and economic decline led to a nationwide popular uprising in October–November 1956 known as the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]], which was the largest single act of dissent in the history of the Eastern Bloc. After initially allowing the Revolution to run its course, the Soviet Union sent thousands of troops and tanks to crush the opposition and install a new Soviet-controlled government under [[János Kádár]], killing thousands of Hungarians and driving hundreds of thousands into exile. But by the early 1960s, the Kádár government had considerably relaxed its line, implementing a unique form of semi-liberal Communism known as "[[Goulash Communism]]". The state allowed imports of certain Western consumer and cultural products, gave Hungarians greater freedom to travel abroad, and significantly rolled back the secret police state. These measures earned Hungary the moniker of the "merriest [[barracks socialism|barrack]] in the socialist camp" during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Nyyssönen |first=Heino |date=2006-06-01 |title=Salami reconstructed |journal=Cahiers du monde russe |volume=47 |issue=1–2 |pages=153–172 |doi=10.4000/monderusse.3793 |issn=1252-6576 }}</ref> | ||
One of the longest-serving leaders of the 20th century, Kádár would finally retire in 1988 after being forced from office by even more pro-reform forces amidst an economic downturn. Hungary stayed that way until the late 1980s, when turmoil broke out across the Eastern Bloc, culminating with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union's dissolution. Despite the end of communist control in Hungary, the [[Hungarian Constitution of 1949|1949 constitution]] remained in effect with amendments to reflect the country's status to liberal democracy. On 1 January 2012, the 1949 constitution was replaced with the brand new [[Constitution of Hungary|constitution]]. | One of the longest-serving leaders of the 20th century, Kádár would finally retire in 1988 after being forced from office by even more pro-reform forces amidst an economic downturn. Hungary stayed that way until the late 1980s, when turmoil broke out across the Eastern Bloc, culminating with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union's dissolution. Despite the end of communist control in Hungary, the [[Hungarian Constitution of 1949|1949 constitution]] remained in effect with amendments to reflect the country's status to liberal democracy. On 1 January 2012, the 1949 constitution was replaced with the brand new [[Constitution of Hungary|constitution]]. | ||
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==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
{{Further|Eastern Bloc economies}} | {{Further|Eastern Bloc economies}} | ||
As a member of the [[Eastern Bloc]], initially, Hungary was shaped by various directives of [[Joseph Stalin]] that served to undermine Western institutional characteristics of [[Market economy|market economies]], [[liberal democracy]] (considered as [[ | As a member of the [[Eastern Bloc]], initially, Hungary was shaped by various directives of [[Joseph Stalin]] that served to undermine Western institutional characteristics of [[Market economy|market economies]], [[liberal democracy]] (considered as [[Liberal democracy#Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeoisie democracy]] in Marxist thought), and [[rule of law]].{{sfn|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=12}} The Soviets modeled economies in the rest of the [[Eastern Bloc]], such as Hungary, along Soviet [[command economy]] lines.{{sfn|Turnock|1997|p=23}} Economic activity was governed by Five Year Plans, divided into monthly segments, which are drafted in order to meet plan targets for the period, and made use of methods such as [[material balance planning]] similar to other Soviet-type command economies.{{sfn|Crampton|1997|p=250}} | ||
The plans prioritized investment for producer goods over consumer goods.{{sfn|Dale|2005|p=85}}{{Dubious|Talk section name|date=July 2021}} Consumer goods soon began to lack in quantity, resulting in a [[shortage economy]], and lack of user feedback without other incentives for innovation led to a lack of quality as well.{{sfn|Dale|2005|p=85}} Overall, the inefficiency of later economic systems without mechanisms for feedback present in other economies, such as competition, market-clearing prices or subsidies for innovation became costly and unsustainable.{{sfn|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=1}} Meanwhile, other Western European nations experienced increased economic growth in the [[Wirtschaftswunder]] ("economic miracle"), [[Trente Glorieuses]] ("thirty glorious years"), and the [[post-World War II boom]]. | The plans prioritized investment for producer goods over consumer goods.{{sfn|Dale|2005|p=85}}{{Dubious|Talk section name|date=July 2021}} Consumer goods soon began to lack in quantity, resulting in a [[shortage economy]], and lack of user feedback without other incentives for innovation led to a lack of quality as well.{{sfn|Dale|2005|p=85}} Overall, the inefficiency of later economic systems without mechanisms for feedback present in other economies, such as competition, market-clearing prices or subsidies for innovation became costly and unsustainable.{{sfn|Hardt|Kaufman|1995|p=1}} Meanwhile, other Western European nations experienced increased economic growth in the [[Wirtschaftswunder]] ("economic miracle"), [[Trente Glorieuses]] ("thirty glorious years"), and the [[post-World War II boom]]. | ||
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