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{{distinguish|Hawai (disambiguation){{!}}Hawai|Hawaiki|Kawaii|Kauai}} | {{distinguish|Hawai (disambiguation){{!}}Hawai|Hawaiki|Kawaii|Kauai}} | ||
{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}} | {{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}} | ||
{{coord|21|18|27|N|157|51|27|W|region:US-HI_type:adm1st|name=State of Hawai{{okina}}i|display=title}} | {{coord|21|18|27|N|157|51|27|W|region:US-HI_type:adm1st|name=State of Hawai{{okina}}i|display=title}} | ||
{{Use American English|date=March 2015}} | {{Use American English|date=March 2015}} | ||
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Congress conducted an independent investigation, and on February 26, 1894, submitted the [[Morgan Report]], which found all parties, including Minister Stevens—with the exception of the Queen—"not guilty" and not responsible for the coup.<ref>{{cite book| author=Kuykendall, R.S. |year=1967 |title=The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1874–1893 |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page=648}}</ref> Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893.<ref name="Adam"/><ref>{{cite book | last = Kinzer | first = Stephen | title = Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change From Hawaii to Iraq | publisher = Times Books | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8050-7861-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/overthrowamerica00kinz }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Hawaii Reporter|url=http://www.hawaiireporter.com/rush-limbaugh-sounds-off-on-akaka-bill/123|title=Rush Limbaugh Sounds Off on Akaka Bill|date=August 18, 2005|access-date=February 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512101435/http://www.hawaiireporter.com/rush-limbaugh-sounds-off-on-akaka-bill/123|archive-date=May 12, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "HDAICS">{{cite web |url=http://www.angelfire.com/hi5/bigfiles3/AkakaHawaiiDividedFeinJune2005.pdf |title=Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand |first=Bruce |last=Fein |author-link=Bruce Fein |date=June 6, 2005 |publisher=[[Grassroot Institute of Hawaii]] |location=Honolulu |access-date=May 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205112419/http://www.hawaiireporter.com/file.aspx?Guid=aefef5f6-a533-486a-9459-691138355dd1 |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Congress conducted an independent investigation, and on February 26, 1894, submitted the [[Morgan Report]], which found all parties, including Minister Stevens—with the exception of the Queen—"not guilty" and not responsible for the coup.<ref>{{cite book| author=Kuykendall, R.S. |year=1967 |title=The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1874–1893 |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page=648}}</ref> Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893.<ref name="Adam"/><ref>{{cite book | last = Kinzer | first = Stephen | title = Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change From Hawaii to Iraq | publisher = Times Books | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8050-7861-9 | url = https://archive.org/details/overthrowamerica00kinz }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=Hawaii Reporter|url=http://www.hawaiireporter.com/rush-limbaugh-sounds-off-on-akaka-bill/123|title=Rush Limbaugh Sounds Off on Akaka Bill|date=August 18, 2005|access-date=February 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512101435/http://www.hawaiireporter.com/rush-limbaugh-sounds-off-on-akaka-bill/123|archive-date=May 12, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "HDAICS">{{cite web |url=http://www.angelfire.com/hi5/bigfiles3/AkakaHawaiiDividedFeinJune2005.pdf |title=Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand |first=Bruce |last=Fein |author-link=Bruce Fein |date=June 6, 2005 |publisher=[[Grassroot Institute of Hawaii]] |location=Honolulu |access-date=May 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205112419/http://www.hawaiireporter.com/file.aspx?Guid=aefef5f6-a533-486a-9459-691138355dd1 |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
In 1993, the US Congress passed a joint [[Apology Resolution]] regarding the overthrow; it was signed by President [[Bill Clinton]]. The resolution apologized and said that the overthrow was illegal in the following phrase: "The Congress—on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i on January 17, 1893, acknowledges the historical significance of this event which resulted in the suppression of the inherent sovereignty of the Native Hawaiian people."<ref name="HIgpo">{{cite web|title=Public Law 103-150—November 23, 1993|website=gpo.gov|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407014005/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf|archive-date=April 7, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref> The Apology Resolution also "acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i or through a plebiscite or referendum".<ref name = " | In 1993, the US Congress passed a joint [[Apology Resolution]] regarding the overthrow; it was signed by President [[Bill Clinton]]. The resolution apologized and said that the overthrow was illegal in the following phrase: "The Congress—on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i on January 17, 1893, acknowledges the historical significance of this event which resulted in the suppression of the inherent sovereignty of the Native Hawaiian people."<ref name="HIgpo">{{cite web|title=Public Law 103-150—November 23, 1993|website=gpo.gov|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407014005/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-107/pdf/STATUTE-107-Pg1510.pdf|archive-date=April 7, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref> The Apology Resolution also "acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawai{{okina}}i or through a plebiscite or referendum".<ref name="HIgpo"/><ref name = "HDAICS"/> | ||
==={{anchor|annexation}}Annexation – Territory of Hawai{{okina}}i (1898–1959)=== | ==={{anchor|annexation}}Annexation – Territory of Hawai{{okina}}i (1898–1959)=== | ||
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The [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]] views the [[overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii]] in 1893 as illegal, and views the subsequent [[Newlands Resolution|annexation of Hawaii by the United States]] as illegal as well; the movement seeks some form of greater autonomy for Hawaii, such as [[associated state|free association]] or independence from the United States.<ref name="HIunpo"/><ref name="Hawaii1893">{{cite web|url=http://hawaii-nation.org/rape.html|title=The Rape of Paradise: The Second Century Hawaiʻians Grope Toward Sovereignty As The U.S. President Apologizes|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191212/http://hawaii-nation.org/rape.html|archive-date=March 3, 2016|work=Perceptions Magazine|author=Johnny Liberty|author2=Richard Neff Hubbard|date=March–April 1996|pages=18–25|via=HAWAI`I Independent & Sovereign|access-date=October 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hawaiisov">{{cite news|url=http://www.govexec.com/state-local/2014/08/hawaii-sovereignty-department-interior-hearings/91247/|title=As Feds Hold Hearings, Native Hawaiians Press Sovereignty Claims|date=August 12, 2014|publisher=Government Executive|agency=Government Executive|last1=Grass|first1=Michael|access-date=October 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007091037/http://www.govexec.com/state-local/2014/08/hawaii-sovereignty-department-interior-hearings/91247/|archive-date=October 7, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=mn8TAgAAQBAJ|page=294}}|title=The United States Social Forum: Perspectives of a Movement|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2010|isbn=978-0-557-32373-9|page=294|author=United States Social Forum. Book Committee}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8ep_MtL5BacC|page=153}}|title=Hawaii—The Fake State|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4251-7524-5|page=153|author=Aran Alton Ardaiz}}</ref> | The [[Hawaiian sovereignty movement]] views the [[overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii]] in 1893 as illegal, and views the subsequent [[Newlands Resolution|annexation of Hawaii by the United States]] as illegal as well; the movement seeks some form of greater autonomy for Hawaii, such as [[associated state|free association]] or independence from the United States.<ref name="HIunpo"/><ref name="Hawaii1893">{{cite web|url=http://hawaii-nation.org/rape.html|title=The Rape of Paradise: The Second Century Hawaiʻians Grope Toward Sovereignty As The U.S. President Apologizes|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191212/http://hawaii-nation.org/rape.html|archive-date=March 3, 2016|work=Perceptions Magazine|author=Johnny Liberty|author2=Richard Neff Hubbard|date=March–April 1996|pages=18–25|via=HAWAI`I Independent & Sovereign|access-date=October 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hawaiisov">{{cite news|url=http://www.govexec.com/state-local/2014/08/hawaii-sovereignty-department-interior-hearings/91247/|title=As Feds Hold Hearings, Native Hawaiians Press Sovereignty Claims|date=August 12, 2014|publisher=Government Executive|agency=Government Executive|last1=Grass|first1=Michael|access-date=October 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007091037/http://www.govexec.com/state-local/2014/08/hawaii-sovereignty-department-interior-hearings/91247/|archive-date=October 7, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=mn8TAgAAQBAJ|page=294}}|title=The United States Social Forum: Perspectives of a Movement|publisher=Lulu.com|year=2010|isbn=978-0-557-32373-9|page=294|author=United States Social Forum. Book Committee}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8ep_MtL5BacC|page=153}}|title=Hawaii—The Fake State|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4251-7524-5|page=153|author=Aran Alton Ardaiz}}</ref> | ||
Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1893 overthrow]] of [[Liliuokalani|Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani]], and for what is described as a prolonged [[military occupation]] beginning with the 1898 annexation. The [[Apology Resolution]] passed by US Congress in 1993 is cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty.<ref name="Hawaii1893" /> The sovereignty movement considers Hawaii to be an illegally occupied nation.<ref name="Hawaiisov"/><ref>{{cite book|author=United States Social Forum. Book Committee|title=The United States Social Forum: Perspectives of a Movement|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=mn8TAgAAQBAJ|page=294}}|year=2010|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-557-32373-9|page=294}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Aran Alton Ardaiz|title=Hawaii—The Fake State|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8ep_MtL5BacC|page=153}}|year=2008|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4251-7524-5|page=153}}</ref | Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|1893 overthrow]] of [[Liliuokalani|Queen Lili{{okina}}uokalani]], and for what is described as a prolonged [[military occupation]] beginning with the 1898 annexation. The [[Apology Resolution]] passed by US Congress in 1993 is cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty.<ref name="Hawaii1893" /> The sovereignty movement considers Hawaii to be an illegally occupied nation.<ref name="Perkins"/><ref name="Hawaiisov"/><ref>{{cite book|author=United States Social Forum. Book Committee|title=The United States Social Forum: Perspectives of a Movement|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=mn8TAgAAQBAJ|page=294}}|year=2010|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-557-32373-9|page=294}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Aran Alton Ardaiz|title=Hawaii—The Fake State|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8ep_MtL5BacC|page=153}}|year=2008|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4251-7524-5|page=153}}</ref> | ||
==International sister relationships== | ==International sister relationships== | ||