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'''Kochi''' ({{IPA-ml|koˈtːʃi ||Kochi_R1.ogg}}), formerly known in English as '''Cochin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|oʊ|tʃ|ɪ|n}} {{respell|KOH|chin}})<ref name=" | '''Kochi''' ({{IPA-ml|koˈtːʃi ||Kochi_R1.ogg}}), formerly known in English as '''Cochin''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|oʊ|tʃ|ɪ|n}} {{respell|KOH|chin}})<ref name="Makhdoom">{{cite book | ||
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942 | | author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942 | ||
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras | | title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras | ||
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The port at [[Kozhikode]] held superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while [[Kannur]], [[Kollam]], and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> The Portuguese arrived at [[Kappad]] [[Kozhikode]] in 1498 during the [[Age of Discovery]], thus opening a direct sea route from [[Europe]] to [[India]].<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> Portuguese navigator, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] founded the first European settlement in India at Kochi in 1500.<ref name="First European Settlement">{{cite web|publisher=University of Calgary |title=Early Voyages to the Far East |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco3.html |access-date=9 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301225709/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco3.html |archive-date= 1 March 2011 }} | The port at [[Kozhikode]] held superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while [[Kannur]], [[Kollam]], and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> The Portuguese arrived at [[Kappad]] [[Kozhikode]] in 1498 during the [[Age of Discovery]], thus opening a direct sea route from [[Europe]] to [[India]].<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> Portuguese navigator, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] founded the first European settlement in India at Kochi in 1500.<ref name="First European Settlement">{{cite web|publisher=University of Calgary |title=Early Voyages to the Far East |url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco3.html |access-date=9 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301225709/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco3.html |archive-date= 1 March 2011 }} | ||
</ref> From 1503 to 1663, [[Fort Kochi]] ([[Fort Emmanuel]]) was [[Portuguese Empire|ruled by Portugal]]. This Portuguese period was a harrowing time for the [[Saint Thomas Christians]], [[Muslim]] [[Mappila]]s, and the [[Cochin Jews|Jews]], as the [[Goa Inquisition|Inquisition]] was active in [[Portuguese India]]. The ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], who was a vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="askh"/> As a result, the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (''[[Tirur Taluk|Vettathunadu]]'') became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] also sided with [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]].<ref name="askh"/> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from [[Vettom Grama Panchayath|Vettom]].<ref name="askh"/> However, the [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]].<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> However, the allegiance of the [[Mappila]] merchants in [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] region still stayed under the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="Makhdoom" | </ref> From 1503 to 1663, [[Fort Kochi]] ([[Fort Emmanuel]]) was [[Portuguese Empire|ruled by Portugal]]. This Portuguese period was a harrowing time for the [[Saint Thomas Christians]], [[Muslim]] [[Mappila]]s, and the [[Cochin Jews|Jews]], as the [[Goa Inquisition|Inquisition]] was active in [[Portuguese India]]. The ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]], who was a vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="askh"/> As a result, the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (''[[Tirur Taluk|Vettathunadu]]'') became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] also sided with [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]].<ref name="askh"/> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from [[Vettom Grama Panchayath|Vettom]].<ref name="askh"/> However, the [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]].<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> However, the allegiance of the [[Mappila]] merchants in [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] region still stayed under the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="Makhdoom"/> Kochi hosted the grave of [[Vasco da Gama]], the first European explorer to set sail for India, who was buried at [[St. Francis Church, Kochi|St. Francis Church]] until his remains were returned to [[Portugal]] in 1539.<ref name="Vasco Da Gama">{{Cite web | ||
|publisher = [[Department of Tourism (Kerala)|Department of Tourism, Kerala]] | |publisher = [[Department of Tourism (Kerala)|Department of Tourism, Kerala]] | ||
|url = http://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/st-francis-church.php | |url = http://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/st-francis-church.php | ||
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| Dec humidity = 64 | | Dec humidity = 64 | ||
|year humidity = 73 | |year humidity = 73 | ||
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals> | |source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDextremes> | ||
{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | |||
| archive-date = 5 February 2020 | |||
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf | |||
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) | |||
| publisher = India Meteorological Department | |||
| date = December 2016 | |||
| page = M107 | |||
| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals> | |||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf | ||
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| date = January 2015 | | date = January 2015 | ||
| pages = 201–202 | | pages = 201–202 | ||
| access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref> | | access-date = 29 February 2020}}</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||