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While the early history of Cuddalore remains unclear, the city first rose to prominence during [[Pallavas]] and [[Medieval Cholas|Medieval Cholas' reign]]. After the fall of Cholas, the town was ruled by various dynasties like [[Pandyas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire]], [[Madurai Nayaks]], [[Thanjavur Nayaks]], [[Thanjavur Marathi people|Thanjavur Marathas]], [[Tipu Sultan]], French and the [[British Empire]]. Cuddalore was the scene of [[Seven Years' War|the Seven Years' War]] and the [[Battle of Cuddalore (1758)|Battle of Cuddalore]] in 1758 between the French and British. It has been a part of independent India since 1947. During the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]], and the subsequent tsunamis generated, Cuddalore was one of the affected towns, with 572 casualties. | While the early history of Cuddalore remains unclear, the city first rose to prominence during [[Pallavas]] and [[Medieval Cholas|Medieval Cholas' reign]]. After the fall of Cholas, the town was ruled by various dynasties like [[Pandyas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire]], [[Madurai Nayaks]], [[Thanjavur Nayaks]], [[Thanjavur Marathi people|Thanjavur Marathas]], [[Tipu Sultan]], French and the [[British Empire]]. Cuddalore was the scene of [[Seven Years' War|the Seven Years' War]] and the [[Battle of Cuddalore (1758)|Battle of Cuddalore]] in 1758 between the French and British. It has been a part of independent India since 1947. During the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]], and the subsequent tsunamis generated, Cuddalore was one of the affected towns, with 572 casualties. | ||
Apart from fishing and port-related industries, Cuddalore houses chemical, pharmacological and energy industries in [[SIPCOT]], an industrial estate set up by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]]. The city is administered by a special-grade municipality covering 27.69 km<sup>2</sup> (10.69 sq mi). It had a population of 173,676 in 2011. Cuddalore is a part of the [[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore legislative assembly constituency]], a part of the [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency]]. There are 25 schools, two arts and science colleges and two engineering colleges in the city. There is one government hospital, six municipal maternity homes, and 42 other private hospitals that take care of the citizens' healthcare needs. Roadways are the primary means of transportation, while the town also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport is [[Chennai International Airport]], located 200 km (120 mi) away from the city, and another local airport is located in the district at [[Neyveli]] township is [[Neyveli Airport]]. The nearest seaport is Cuddalore Port where it handles small cargo ships, and the construction of port entry is underway. The closest major seaport is [[Karaikal port]], located 100 km (62 mi) away from the town. Cuddalore is famous for educational institutions and medical establishments. | Apart from fishing and port-related industries, Cuddalore houses chemical, pharmacological and energy industries in [[SIPCOT]], an industrial estate set up by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|state government]]. The city is administered by a special-grade municipality covering 27.69 km<sup>2</sup> (10.69 sq mi). It had a population of 173,676 in 2011. Cuddalore is a part of the [[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore legislative assembly constituency]], a part of the [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency]]. There are 25 schools, two arts and science colleges and two engineering colleges in the city. There is one government hospital, six municipal maternity homes, and 42 other private hospitals that take care of the citizens' healthcare needs. Roadways are the primary means of transportation, while the town also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport is [[Chennai International Airport]], located 200 km (120 mi) away from the city, and another local airport is located in the district at [[Neyveli]] township is [[Neyveli Airport]]. The nearest seaport is Cuddalore Port where it handles small cargo ships, and the construction of port entry is underway. The closest major seaport is [[Karaikal port]], located 100 km (62 mi) away from the town. Cuddalore is famous for educational institutions and medical establishments. | ||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
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In 1758, during the [[Seven Years' War]], the French took the fort, and there was an inconclusive naval action, the [[Battle of Cuddalore (1758)|Battle of Cuddalore]], off the coast. The fort was later abandoned, in 1760, when the British attacked Pondicherry. | In 1758, during the [[Seven Years' War]], the French took the fort, and there was an inconclusive naval action, the [[Battle of Cuddalore (1758)|Battle of Cuddalore]], off the coast. The fort was later abandoned, in 1760, when the British attacked Pondicherry. | ||
In 1782, during the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]], the French again took Cuddalore at the time of the [[American War of Independence]] and were [[Siege of Cuddalore|besieged there in 1783]] by the British. During the siege French and British naval forces again [[Battle of Cuddalore (1783)|clashed off the Cuddalore coast]]. The siege failed, but the fort was returned to the British in 1795. There were [[Pierre André de Suffren#Campaign | In 1782, during the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]], the French again took Cuddalore at the time of the [[American War of Independence]] and were [[Siege of Cuddalore|besieged there in 1783]] by the British. During the siege French and British naval forces again [[Battle of Cuddalore (1783)|clashed off the Cuddalore coast]]. The siege failed, but the fort was returned to the British in 1795. There were [[Pierre André de Suffren#Campaign against Sir Edward Hughes|five different naval actions off the coast]] during this period, all of which were indecisive.<ref>[[#Mohandoss|Jaques 2007]], p. 275</ref> | ||
Some Cuddalore streets retain their British names, such as Clive Street, Wellington Street, Sloper Street, Canning Street, [[Rope Street]] (Rope Street, Wellington Street, Sloper Street and Canning Street jointly known as [[Salangukara Village]]), Lawrence Road and Imperial Road. The [[Cuddalore Central Prison]], opened in 1865, is a historically significant landmark. [[Subramania Bharati]] and other political leaders served prison terms there. | Some Cuddalore streets retain their British names, such as Clive Street, Wellington Street, Sloper Street, Canning Street, [[Rope Street]] (Rope Street, Wellington Street, Sloper Street and Canning Street jointly known as [[Salangukara Village]]), Lawrence Road and Imperial Road. The [[Cuddalore Central Prison]], opened in 1865, is a historically significant landmark. [[Subramania Bharati]] and other political leaders served prison terms there. | ||
[[Tsunami]] waves that followed the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] near [[Sumatra]] hit India's eastern coast on 26 December 2004 at 8:32 a.m. (IST), resulting in 572 casualties. Several fishing hamlets disappeared, while [[Silver Beach (India)|Silver Beach]] and the historically significant [[Cuddalore Port]] was devastated. [[Fort St. David]] survived without damage. On 30 Dec 2011, [[Cyclone Thane]] caused widespread damage to crops and buildings. | [[Tsunami]] waves that followed the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] near [[Sumatra]] hit India's eastern coast on 26 December 2004 at 8:32 a.m. (IST), resulting in 572 casualties. Several fishing hamlets disappeared, while [[Silver Beach (India)|Silver Beach]] and the historically significant [[Cuddalore Port]] was devastated. [[Fort St. David]] survived without damage. On 30 Dec 2011, [[Cyclone Thane]] caused widespread damage to crops and buildings. | ||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
Cuddalore is located at 11°45′N 79°45′E / 11.75°N 79.75°E / 11.75; 79.75. It has an average elevation of 6 m (20 ft). The land is completely flat with large black and alluvial soil inland and coarse sand near the seashore. The sandstone deposits in the town are popular. The Pennayar River runs north of the town, while Gadilam River runs across it. Cuddalore is situated at 200 km (120 mi) from the state capital [[Chennai]] and 18 km (11 mi) from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], the neighbouring union territory. The nearest airport is at [[Chennai]], 200 kilometres (120 mi) from Cuddalore.<ref name="Airport information">{{cite web|title=Nearest airports|url=http://www.closestairportto.com/city/india/cuddalore/|publisher=closestairportto.com|access-date = 9 January 2016}}</ref> | Cuddalore is located at 11°45′N 79°45′E / 11.75°N 79.75°E / 11.75; 79.75. It has an average elevation of 6 m (20 ft). The land is completely flat with large black and alluvial soil inland and coarse sand near the seashore. The sandstone deposits in the town are popular. The Pennayar River runs north of the town, while Gadilam River runs across it. Cuddalore is situated at 200 km (120 mi) from the state capital [[Chennai]] and 18 km (11 mi) from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], the neighbouring union territory. The nearest airport is at [[Chennai]], 200 kilometres (120 mi) from Cuddalore.<ref name="Airport information">{{cite web|title=Nearest airports|url=http://www.closestairportto.com/city/india/cuddalore/|publisher=closestairportto.com|access-date = 9 January 2016}}</ref> | ||
===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
Cuddalore experiences a [[tropical wet and dry climate]] under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. In Tamil Nadu Cuddalore witnessing heavy rainfall in every northeast monsoon. From November to February in Cuddalore, the period is pleasant, with a climate full of warm days and cool nights. The onset of summer is from March, with the mercury reaching its peak by the end of May and June. The average temperatures range from 37 °C (99 °F) in January to 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) in May and June. Summer rains are sparse and the first monsoon, the [[South-west monsoon|South-West monsoon]], sets in June and continues till September. [[Northeast monsoon|North-East monsoon]] sets in October and continues till January. The rainfall during the South-West monsoon period is much lower than that of North-East monsoon. The average rainfall is 1,400 mm (55 in), most of which is contributed by the North-East monsoon.<ref name="about"/> The highest 24-hour rainfall recorded in Cuddalore was 570 mm on 18 May 1943.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112854260400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202174137/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112854260400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2008|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Rain-related death toll rises to 51|date=28 November 2008}}</ref> | Cuddalore experiences a [[tropical wet and dry climate]] under the [[Köppen climate classification]]. In Tamil Nadu Cuddalore witnessing heavy rainfall in every northeast monsoon. From November to February in Cuddalore, the period is pleasant, with a climate full of warm days and cool nights. The onset of summer is from March, with the mercury reaching its peak by the end of May and June. The average temperatures range from 37 °C (99 °F) in January to 22.5 °C (72.5 °F) in May and June. Summer rains are sparse and the first monsoon, the [[South-west monsoon|South-West monsoon]], sets in June and continues till September. [[Northeast monsoon|North-East monsoon]] sets in October and continues till January. The rainfall during the South-West monsoon period is much lower than that of North-East monsoon. The average rainfall is 1,400 mm (55 in), most of which is contributed by the North-East monsoon.<ref name="about"/> The highest 24-hour rainfall recorded in Cuddalore was 570 mm on 18 May 1943.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112854260400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202174137/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/28/stories/2008112854260400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 December 2008|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Rain-related death toll rises to 51|date=28 November 2008}}</ref> | ||
{{Weather box | {{Weather box | ||
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Cuddalore has two major railway stations, namely, [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore Port Junction]] and Tiruppadirippuliyur, both on the Viluppuram-Mayiladuthurai-Tiruchirappalli Mainline Section. The Cuddalore Port Junction has a branch to [[Virudhachalam Junction railway station]] via [[Neyveli]]. Cuddalore Port Junction has four platforms and one stabling line used more for handling freight trains. Tiruppadirippuliyur, the other important railway station of Cuddalore has two platforms and is located close to the Cuddalore bus stand. There are express and passenger trains on either side, connecting various cities with Tamil Nadu. There are daily express trains to [[Chennai]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karaikal]], [[Velankanni]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Tanjore]], and [[Thiruvarur]], weekly express trains to [[Rameswaram]], [[Tirupati]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Mumbai]], [[Jaipur]], [[Varanasi]], [[Faizabad]], [[Kanyakumari]] and [[Pondicherry]] and triweekly trains to [[Madurai]]. There are daily passenger trains to [[Viluppuram]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karaikal]], [[Virudhachalam]] and [[Tiruchirappalli]]. | Cuddalore has two major railway stations, namely, [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore Port Junction]] and Tiruppadirippuliyur, both on the Viluppuram-Mayiladuthurai-Tiruchirappalli Mainline Section. The Cuddalore Port Junction has a branch to [[Virudhachalam Junction railway station]] via [[Neyveli]]. Cuddalore Port Junction has four platforms and one stabling line used more for handling freight trains. Tiruppadirippuliyur, the other important railway station of Cuddalore has two platforms and is located close to the Cuddalore bus stand. There are express and passenger trains on either side, connecting various cities with Tamil Nadu. There are daily express trains to [[Chennai]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karaikal]], [[Velankanni]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Tanjore]], and [[Thiruvarur]], weekly express trains to [[Rameswaram]], [[Tirupati]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Mumbai]], [[Jaipur]], [[Varanasi]], [[Faizabad]], [[Kanyakumari]] and [[Pondicherry]] and triweekly trains to [[Madurai]]. There are daily passenger trains to [[Viluppuram]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karaikal]], [[Virudhachalam]] and [[Tiruchirappalli]]. | ||
There is 230 km (140 mi) of roads in the town, out of which the Highways department maintains 26 km (16 mi).<ref name="urbaninfra15">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2007]], p. 15</ref> The Cuddalore municipality maintains a total of {{convert|204.94|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads: {{convert|38.84|km|mi|abbr=on}} of concrete roads, {{convert|163.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} of bituminous roads, {{convert|1.62|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[Macadam|water-bound macadam]] (WBM) roads and {{convert|0.85|km|mi|abbr=on}} of earthen roads.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to reach|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Roads.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040128/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Roads.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The National Highways, NH-32 [[Viluppuram]]—[[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] | There is 230 km (140 mi) of roads in the town, out of which the Highways department maintains 26 km (16 mi).<ref name="urbaninfra15">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report 2007]], p. 15</ref> The Cuddalore municipality maintains a total of {{convert|204.94|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads: {{convert|38.84|km|mi|abbr=on}} of concrete roads, {{convert|163.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} of bituminous roads, {{convert|1.62|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[Macadam|water-bound macadam]] (WBM) roads and {{convert|0.85|km|mi|abbr=on}} of earthen roads.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to reach|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Roads.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040128/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Roads.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> The National Highways, NH-32 [[Viluppuram]]—[[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]—Cuddalore—[[Chidambaram]]—[[Nagapattinam]]- [[Thoothukudi]] Highway passes through Cuddalore. Cuddalore is served by a town bus service, which provides connectivity within the town and the suburbs. There are privately operated mini-bus services that cater to local transport needs. The main bus stand is located in [[Thirupathiripuliyur|Thirupapuliyur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuddalore Bus stand|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Bus%20stand.htm|publisher=Cuddalore municipality|access-date=29 December 2012|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106042128/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/cuddalore/sal_Bus%20stand.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> | ||
There are frequent buses to nearby towns like [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Chennai]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Panruti]], [[Virudhachalam]], [[Tindivanam]] and [[Viluppuram]].<ref name="transport"/> Buses to major cities of [[Tamil Nadu]] such as [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Madurai]], [[Kallakkurichi]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Vellore]] are also available. TNSTC, the state-run bus service operates long-distance buses to various cities in the state like [[Rameswaram]], [[Theni]], [[Palani]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Satyamangalam]] and [[Hosur]]. KSRTC operates daily buses to [[Bangalore]] from Cuddalore. | There are frequent buses to nearby towns like [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Chennai]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Panruti]], [[Virudhachalam]], [[Tindivanam]] and [[Viluppuram]].<ref name="transport"/> Buses to major cities of [[Tamil Nadu]] such as [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Madurai]], [[Kallakkurichi]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Vellore]] are also available. TNSTC, the state-run bus service operates long-distance buses to various cities in the state like [[Rameswaram]], [[Theni]], [[Palani]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Satyamangalam]] and [[Hosur]]. KSRTC operates daily buses to [[Bangalore]] from Cuddalore. | ||