Coca-Cola: Difference between revisions

{{short description|Carbonated soft drink}}

{{Pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}

{{Pp-move-indef}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2021}}

{{Use American English|date=December 2020}}

|logo = Coca-Cola logo.svg

|logo_alt = Coca-Cola logo - see "Logo design" section

|type = [[Cola]]

|manufacturer = [[The Coca-Cola Company]]

|color = [[Caramel color|Caramel E-150d]]

|variants = {{plainlist|

* [[Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola]]

* [[Coca-Cola Zero Sugar]]

* [[Coca-Cola with Lime|Coca-Cola Lime]]

* [[Maaza|Coca-Cola Mango]]

|related = [[Pepsi]]<br />[[RC Cola]]<br />[[Afri-Cola]]<br />[[Postobón]]<br />[[Inca Kola]]<br />[[Kola Real]]<br />[[Cavan Cola]]

'''Coca-Cola''', or '''Coke''', is a [[Carbonation|carbonated]] [[soft drink]] manufactured by [[The Coca-Cola Company]]. Originally marketed as a [[temperance bar|temperance drink]] and intended as a [[patent medicine]], it was invented in the late 19th century by [[John Stith Pemberton]] and was bought out by businessman [[Asa Griggs Candler]], whose marketing tactics led Coca-Cola to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th century.<ref name="Eschner2017">{{cite web |last1=Eschner |first1=Kat |title=Coca-Cola's Creator Said the Drink Would Make You Smarter |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/coca-colas-creator-said-drink-would-make-you-smarter-180962665/ |publisher=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |access-date=October 7, 2019 |language=en |date=March 29, 2017 |quote=So Pemberton concocted a recipe using coca leaves, kola nuts and sugar syrup. "His new product debuted in 1886: 'Coca-Cola: The temperance drink,'" writes Hamblin. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814233739/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/coca-colas-creator-said-drink-would-make-you-smarter-180962665/ |archive-date=August 14, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The drink's name refers to two of its original ingredients: [[coca]] leaves, and [[kola nut]]s (a source of [[caffeine]]). The current [[Coca-Cola formula|formula of Coca-Cola]] remains a [[trade secret]]; however, a variety of reported recipes and experimental recreations have been published. The drink has inspired imitators and created a whole classification of soft drink: [[cola]]s.

The Coca-Cola Company produces [[concentrate]], which is then sold to licensed Coca-Cola bottlers throughout the world. The bottlers, who hold exclusive territory contracts with the company, produce the finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate, in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. A typical {{convert|12|USfloz|adj=on}} can contains {{convert|38|g}} of sugar (usually in the form of [[high-fructose corn syrup]]). The bottlers then sell, distribute, and merchandise Coca-Cola to retail stores, restaurants, and [[vending machine]]s throughout the world. The Coca-Cola Company also sells concentrate for [[soda fountain]]s of major restaurants and [[foodservice]] distributors.

The Coca-Cola Company has on occasion introduced other [[cola]] drinks under the Coke name. The most common of these is [[Diet Coke]], along with others including [[Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola]], [[Diet Coke Caffeine-Free]], [[Coca-Cola Zero Sugar]], [[Coca-Cola Cherry]], [[Coca-Cola Vanilla]], and special versions with [[Coca-Cola with Lemon|lemon]], [[Coca-Cola with Lime|lime]], and coffee. Coca-Cola was called '''Coca-Cola Classic''' from July 1985 to 2009, to distinguish it from "[[New Coke]]". Based on Interbrand's "best global brand" study of 2020, Coca-Cola was the world's sixth most valuable brand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Best Global Brands - Interbrand |url=https://www.interbrand.com/best-global-brands/ |access-date=2021-07-07 |website=Interbrand}}</ref> In 2013, Coke products were sold in over 200 countries worldwide, with consumers drinking more than 1.8&nbsp;billion company beverage servings each day.<ref>Elmore, 2013, p. 717</ref> Coca-Cola ranked No. 87 in the 2018 [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/|title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List|website=Fortune|language=en-US|access-date=November 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110190356/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/|archive-date=November 10, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:John Pemberton.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[John Pemberton]], the original creator of Coca-Cola]]

[[File:19th century Coca-Cola coupon.jpg|thumb|Believed to be the first coupon ever, this ticket for a free glass of Coca-Cola was first distributed in 1888 to help promote the drink. By 1913, the company had redeemed 8.5&nbsp;million tickets.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=First Coupon Ever |last=Geuss |first=Megan |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |volume=18 |date = October 2010|page=104 |issue=11}}</ref>]]

Confederate Colonel [[John Pemberton]], wounded in the [[American Civil War]] and addicted to [[morphine]], also had a medical degree and began a quest to find a substitute for the problematic drug.<ref>Richard Gardiner, "The Civil War Origin of Coca-Cola in Columbus, Georgia," ''Muscogiana: Journal of the Muscogee Genealogical Society'' (Spring 2012), Vol. 23: 21–24.</ref> In 1885 at Pemberton's Eagle Drug and Chemical House, his drugstore in [[Columbus, Georgia|Columbus]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], he registered [[Pemberton's French Wine Coca]] nerve tonic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://files.usgwarchives.net/ga/muscogee/photos/pemberto13411gph.txt |title=Coca-Cola Inventor was Local Pharmacist |work=Columbus Ledger |access-date=March 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511115720/http://files.usgwarchives.net/ga/muscogee/photos/pemberto13411gph.txt |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/2011/03/27/1514591/columbus-helped-make-cokes-success.html|title=Columbus helped make Coke's success|work=Columbus Ledger-Enquirer|date=March 27, 2011|access-date=August 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110115355/http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/2011/03/27/1514591/columbus-helped-make-cokes-success.html|archive-date=November 10, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4JGAQAAIAAJ&q=%22pemberton%2C+john+s.+atlanta%22+nerve&pg=PA423 |title=Annual Report of the Patent Office, 1885 |access-date=April 26, 2014|last1=Patent Office |first1=United States |year=1886 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=pemberton_1.jpg|access-date=April 26, 2014|via=columbusstate.edu|url=http://facstaff.columbusstate.edu/gardiner_Richard/columbus/John_Pemberton_files/pemberton_1.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130908005438/http://facstaff.columbusstate.edu/gardiner_Richard/columbus/John_Pemberton_files/pemberton_1.jpg|archive-date=September 8, 2013}}</ref> Pemberton's tonic may have been inspired by the formidable success of [[Vin Mariani]], a French-[[Corsica]]n [[coca wine]],<ref>{{cite book| last = Pendergrast| first = Mark|author-link=Mark Pendergrast|title = For God, Country and Coca-Cola| url = https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0| url-access = limited| date = 2000| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-05468-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/25 25] }}</ref> but his recipe additionally included the [[Africa]]n [[kola nut]], the beverage's source of caffeine.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cokemachinedirty00blan|url-access=limited|title=The Coke machine : the dirty truth behind the world's favorite soft drink|last=Blanding|first=Michael|date=2010|publisher=Avery|isbn=9781583334065|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cokemachinedirty00blan/page/n23 14]|oclc=535490831}}</ref>

It is also worth noting that a Spanish drink called "Kola Coca" was presented at a contest in Philadelphia in 1885, a year before the official birth of Coca-Cola. The rights for this Spanish drink were bought by Coca-Cola in 1953.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/08/10/newser-spanish-town-coca-cola/2638515/|title=Spanish town claims origins of Coca-Cola|access-date=June 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302212931/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/08/10/newser-spanish-town-coca-cola/2638515/|archive-date=March 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1886, when Atlanta and [[Fulton County, Georgia|Fulton County]] passed [[prohibition]] legislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, a nonalcoholic version of [[Pemberton's French Wine Coca]].<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Jack |last=Hayes |title=Coca-Cola Television Advertisements: Dr. John S. Pemberton |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colainvnt.html |magazine=Nation's Restaurant News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106000832/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colainvnt.html |archive-date=January 6, 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=January 21, 2007 }}</ref> It was marketed as "Coca-Cola: The temperance drink", which appealed to many people as the [[temperance movement]] enjoyed wide support during this time.<ref name="Eschner2017"/> The first sales were at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 8, 1886,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cocacolaweb.online.fr/chronicle/01.php |author=The Coca-Cola Company |title=The Chronicle Of Coca-Cola |access-date=January 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917012648/http://cocacolaweb.online.fr/chronicle/01.php |archive-date=September 17, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> where it initially sold for five [[Cent (currency)|cents]] a glass.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2165787/ |title=The Mystery of the 5-Cent Coca-Cola: Why it's so hard for companies to raise prices |first=Tim |last=Harford |work=Slate |date=May 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514033738/http://www.slate.com/id/2165787/ |archive-date=May 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 12, 2007 }}</ref> Drugstore [[soda fountain]]s were popular in the United States at the time due to the belief that [[carbonated water]] was good for the health,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colatime1.html |title=Themes for Coca-Cola Advertising (1886–1999) |access-date=February 11, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303070717/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colatime1.html |archive-date=March 3, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Pemberton's new drink was marketed and sold as a [[patent medicine]], Pemberton claiming it a cure for many diseases, including morphine addiction, indigestion, nerve disorders, headaches, and [[impotence]]. Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of the same year in the ''[[Atlanta Journal]]''.<ref>{{cite book| last = Pendergrast| first = Mark| title = For God, Country and Coca-Cola| url = https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0| url-access = limited| date = 2000| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-05468-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/32 32] }}</ref>

By 1888, three versions of Coca-Cola – sold by three separate businesses – were on the market. A co-partnership had been formed on January 14, 1888, between Pemberton and four Atlanta businessmen: J.C. Mayfield, A.O. Murphey, C.O. Mullahy, and E.H. Bloodworth. Not codified by any signed document, a verbal statement given by Asa Candler years later asserted under testimony that he had acquired a stake in Pemberton's company as early as 1887.<ref>{{cite book| last = Pendergrast| first = Mark| title = For God, Country and Coca-Cola| url = https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0| url-access = limited| year=2000| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-05468-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/42 42] }}</ref> John Pemberton declared that the ''name'' "Coca-Cola" belonged to his son, Charley, but the other two manufacturers could continue to use the ''formula''.<ref name="Pendergrast1">{{cite book| last = Pendergrast| first = Mark| title = For God, Country and Coca-Cola| url = https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0| url-access = limited| date = 2000| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-05468-8| pages = [https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/45 45]–47 }}</ref>

Charley Pemberton's record of control over the "Coca-Cola" name was the underlying factor that allowed for him to participate as a major shareholder in the March 1888 Coca-Cola Company incorporation filing made in his father's place.<ref>{{cite book| last = Pendergrast| first = Mark| title = For God, Country and Coca-Cola| url = https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0| url-access = limited| date = 2000| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-05468-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/45 45] }}</ref> Charley's exclusive control over the "Coca-Cola" name became a continual thorn in Asa Candler's side. Candler's oldest son, Charles Howard Candler, authored a book in 1950 published by [[Emory University]]. In this definitive biography about his father, Candler specifically states: " on April 14, 1888, the young druggist Asa Griggs Candler purchased a one-third interest in the formula of an almost completely unknown proprietary elixir known as Coca-Cola."<ref>{{cite book | author = Candler, Charles Howard | title = Asa Griggs Candler | year = 1950 | publisher = Emory University | page = 81 | location = Georgia }}</ref> The deal was actually between John Pemberton's son Charley and Walker, Candler & Co. – with John Pemberton acting as cosigner for his son. For $50 down and $500 in 30 days, Walker, Candler & Co. obtained all of the one-third interest in the Coca-Cola Company that Charley held, all while Charley still held on to the name. After the April 14 deal, on April 17, 1888, one-half of the Walker/Dozier interest shares were acquired by Candler for an additional $750.<ref name=ForGodCountryandCocaColapg44-45>{{cite book| last = Pendergrast| first = Mark| title = For God, Country and Coca-Cola| url = https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0| url-access = limited| date = 2000| publisher = Basic Books| isbn = 978-0-465-05468-8| pages = [https://archive.org/details/forgodcountrycoc00pend_0/page/44 44]–45 }}</ref>

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* [[Caramel color#Classification|Caramel color (E150d)]]

A typical can of Coca-Cola (12 fl ounces/355&nbsp;ml) contains 38 grams of sugar (usually in the form of HFCS),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=14400|title=Foods List|work=usda.gov|access-date=June 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119223520/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=14400|archive-date=November 19, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 50&nbsp;mg of sodium, 0&nbsp;grams fat, 0&nbsp;grams potassium, and 140 calories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailyplate.com/nutrition-calories/food/coca-cola/coca-cola-classic-12&nbsp;oz-can |title=The Daily Plate |publisher=The Daily Plate |access-date=March 13, 2011}}</ref> On May 5, 2014, Coca-Cola said it is working to remove a controversial ingredient, [[brominated vegetable oil]], from all of its drinks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coke, Pepsi to Drop Controversial Chemical from All Drinks|newspaper=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/coke-pepsi-drop-controversial-chemical-all-drinks-n97016|access-date=June 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515003548/https://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/coke-pepsi-drop-controversial-chemical-all-drinks-n97016|archive-date=May 15, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

* [[Colalife]]

* [[List of Coca-Cola brands]]

* [[List of soft drink flavors]]

* [[Mexican Coke]]

==References==

 

* {{cite book|last=Foster|first=Robert|year=2008|title=Coca-Globalization: Following Soft Drinks from New York to New Guinea|location=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}

 

 

 

 

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1886 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)]]

[[Category:American drinks]]

[[Category:Caffeinated soft drinks]]