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{{short description|history of Manipur state in northeastern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
The '''history of [[Manipur]]''' ([[Kangleipak]] in ancient times)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Press|first=Imphal Free|title=Ancient Name Of Manipur – KanglaOnline|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/04/ancient-name-of-manipur/|access-date=2020-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur’s titular king tastes ‘power’, says will be happy if addressed as Maharaja|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/20/manipurs-titular-king-tastes-power-says-will-be-happy-if-addressed-as-maharaja-2159154.html|quote=The Kingdom of Manipur or “Kangleipak Kingdom” was a princely state|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> is reflected by archaeological research, mythology and [[recorded history|written history]].
[[File:Pakhangba_Temple_at_Kangla_Fort.JPG|thumb|center|upright=2.5|[[Iputhou Pakhangba Laishang]], an ancient temple dedicated to [[Pakhangba]], a primordial deity of traditional ancient [[Meitei religion]], located in [[Kangla]].]]
The '''history of [[Manipur]]''' ([[Kangleipak]] in ancient times)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Press|first=Imphal Free|title=Ancient Name Of Manipur – KanglaOnline|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/04/ancient-name-of-manipur/|access-date=2020-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur’s titular king tastes ‘power’, says will be happy if addressed as Maharaja|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/20/manipurs-titular-king-tastes-power-says-will-be-happy-if-addressed-as-maharaja-2159154.html|quote=The Kingdom of Manipur or “Kangleipak Kingdom” was a princely state|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> is reflected by archaeological research and recorded history.
With the flourishing of an antique civilization,<ref>https://www.imphaltimes.com/it-articles/item/5532-is-32-000-years-of-meitei-civilization-a-sign-of-tribalism</ref><ref>http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.Review_Kangleipak_The_Cradle_Of_Man</ref><ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html#1.GEOGRAPHIC%20LOCATION%20OF%20MANIPUR</ref><ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html#(i)%20The%20Ancient%20(before%20christ)</ref><ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html#(ii).%20The%20Early%20Period</ref> the [[Kangla]] served as the foremost capital city of [[Ancient Manipur]], [[Medieval Manipur]] and [[History of modern Manipur|Modern Manipur]] till the late 19th century AD.<ref>http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Kangla.Kangla_The_ancient_Capital_of_Manipur</ref> The realm has its earliest recorded evidence of the existence of monarchy rule right from the reign of Emperor [[Tangja Leela Pakhangba]] (1445 BC-1405 BC).<ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/meiteikings.html</ref><ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html#Main%20Source</ref>


Manipur became a [[princely state]] under British rule in 1891, the last of the independent states to be incorporated into [[British India]]. During the [[Second World War]], Manipur was the scene of battles between Japanese and Allied forces. After the war, [[Bodhchandra Singh|Maharaja Bodhachandra]] signed a Treaty of Accession merging the kingdom into India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/papers/manipur_merger_agreement_1949.htm |title=Manipur Merger Agreement, 1949 |publisher=Satp.org |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> It was made a union territory in 1956<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a full-fledged state in 1972.<ref>[http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/392012.pdf]</ref>
Manipur became a princely state under British rule in 1891, the last of the independent states to be incorporated into [[British India]]. During the [[Second World War]], Manipur was the scene of battles between Japanese and Allied forces. After the war, [[Bodhchandra Singh|Maharaja Bodhachandra]] signed a Treaty of Accession merging the kingdom into India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/papers/manipur_merger_agreement_1949.htm |title=Manipur Merger Agreement, 1949 |publisher=Satp.org |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> It was made a union territory in 1956<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a full-fledged state in 1972.<ref>[http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/392012.pdf]</ref>


==Prehistoric Manipur==
==Prehistoric Manipur==
{{See|Prehistory of Manipur}}
{{See|Prehistory of Manipur}}
[[Manipur]] has recorded evidences of prehistory or pre literary history of the mankind.
Many evidences of prehistory or pre literary history of the mankind have been found in [[Manipur]]. And many are still yet not discovered.
 
=== Human settlement ===
Few attempts have been made to establish the earliest human settlement in Northeast India, and it is generally thought to have been uninhabited by [[archaic humans]] prior to late [[Pleistocene]] due to unfavorable geographical conditions.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=73,74}} This is however disputed and Northeast Corridors are proposed by some scholars to have played a defining role in early hominid migrations and [[peopling of India]].{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=74,92}}
 
=== Paleolithic ===
A few paleolithic sites (Khangkhui, Napachik , Machi, Somgu and Singtom) have been located in Manipur.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=79,90}} Though, in absence of good chrono-stratigraphic context of the founds and their cohabitation with remains of other ages, accuracy of such identifications remains open to critiques.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=75,80}} The existence of [[Hoabinhian|Hoabinhian-like complexes]] remains disputed, as well.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=86}}
 
Most scholars don't discuss a paleolithic age in Manipur (and Northeast).{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=75,80}} Manjil Hazarika, in his 2017 survey of prehistory of Northeast India, rejects that there exist plausible grounds to deny presence of Paleolithic culture.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=153}}
 
=== Neolithic ===
Multiple [[Neolithic|neolithic sites]] have been identified in Manipur; they include Nongpok Keithelmanbi, Napachik, Laimenai, Naran Siena, and Phunan.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=100,111,112}} Considered to be part of a larger South East Asian complex, the identifications are primarily accorded on the bases of stone tools and pottery (esp. cord-impressed ware); characteristic cultural identifiers of the Neolithic (agriculture, animal rearing etc.) are yet to be located and their development chronology is subject of active research.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=95,111,112,141,142,153}} Hazarika notes the Neolithic culture in Northeast to have began some four thousand years after that in the Gangetic Plains.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=140}}
 
[[Roger Blench]], in agreement with [[George van Driem]]'s reconstructions of archeo-linguistic history of South East Asia, proposes that Northeast India accommodated a diverse group of foragers since neolithic age, who learned agriculture and animal rearing c. 4000 B.C before migrating eastwards and establishing the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] (TB) phylum.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=58}} [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]], lingua-franca of Meiteis belongs to the TB phylum.{{sfn|Post|2017|p=232,233}} Hazarika notes the Manipuri sites to have an abundance of three-legged pottery and cord-impressed ware, very similar to the ones found in Southern China and Thailand, and hypothesizes that Manipur might have been the melting pot of Neolithic impulses from adjoining regions.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=112,113,142,143}}
 
=== Chalcolithic and beyond ===
Hazarika notes the broader region to not show evidence of any significant cultural transformation, upon the dawning of [[Chalcolithic|Copper Age]] (and then, [[Iron Age]]).{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=16}} The state has an abundance of [[megalith]]s of various shapes, serving distinct purposes.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=150,151}}
 
The valley region has been long inhabited by distinct ''yeks'' (clans), who probably migrated from Southern China during the late Iron Age, sometime before the Christian era.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=1,3}} The hills house tribes, who are probably of autochthonous origins.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=1,3}}


== Ancient period ==
== Ancient period ==
{{See|Ancient Manipur|Rulers of Ancient Manipur before Nongta Lailen Pakhangpa}}
{{See|Ancient Manipur|Rulers of Ancient Manipur before Nongta Lailen Pakhangpa}}
Historical documentations exists in the form of written records about Manipuri history in these spans — the geopolitical history of the region along with the ethno-linguistic background of the inhabitants are largely recorded.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=2,13}}{{sfnp|Brandt|2017|pp=122}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=55}} The primary source has always been found in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] (henceforth, Ch.K.) — the court history of the Kings of Manipur — which dates the first king to 33 C.E.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=2,13}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=45-46}} Ch.K. is  a Meitei chronicle — Meitei was one of the  clans, the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=4}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=57-58}}  
Historical documentations exists in the form of written records about Manipuri history in these spans — the geopolitical history of the region along with the ethno-linguistic background of the inhabitants are largely recorded.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=2,13}}{{sfnp|Brandt|2017|pp=122}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=55}}  
The earliest recorded evidence of the existence of [[monarchy]] right from the reign of Emperor [[Tangja Leela Pakhangba]] (1445 BC-1405 BC).<ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/meiteikings.html</ref><ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html#Main%20Source</ref>
The game of [[polo]] (as [[Sagol Kangjei]]) was invented by King [[Ningthou Kangba]] (1405 BC- 1359 BC). This remarkable achievement was recorded in the [[Kangbalon]] and the [[Kangjeirol]], two of the old manuscripts of [[Ancient Meitei language]].<ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/sagolkangjei.html</ref> During the reign of Maliyapham Palcha (aka. Mariyafambalcha) (1359 BC- 1329 BC), the present day [[Meitei calendar]] was invented and developed in a systematic way for public usage.<ref>http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Discovery_of_Kangleipak.Names_of_12_months_of_Kangleipak_concepts_and_significances</ref>
[[File:Uttra_Sanglen.JPG|thumb|upright=2|[[Kangla]], the foremost capital city of [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]).]]
The majority of the sources are found in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] (henceforth, Ch.K.) — the court history of the Kings of Manipur — which dates the first king to 33 C.E.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=2,13}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=45-46}} Ch.K. is  a Meitei chronicle — recording mostly of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=4}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=57-58}}  


The initiation date of 33 CE was arrived upon by the scribes via astrological calculations.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=6}}
The initiation date of 33 CE was arrived upon by the scribes via astrological calculations.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=6}}
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== Medieval period ==
== Medieval period ==
{{See|Medieval Manipur}}
{{See|Medieval Manipur}}
== Modern period ==
{{See|History of modern Manipur}}
[[File:FB7A9290.jpg|thumb|center|The Temple of Shri Govindaji in [[Imphal]], is the center of [[Meitei Vaishnavism]] of the [[Meitei Hindus]] in [[Manipur|Meitei world]].]]
Loiyumpa was the next king, and Ch.K. records his reign in considerable detail.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=31-33}} He is credited with the initiation of the first 'constitution'.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=31-33}}
Loiyumpa was the next king, and Ch.K. records his reign in considerable detail.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=31-33}} He is credited with the initiation of the first 'constitution'.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=31-33}}


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Thangpi Lanthapa ruled for twenty two years and trounced the Moirangs as well as the Loipi Haos; Tengkongbi and Marem Namngapa were captured.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=37}} Kongyapa ascended in 1324 went on to succeed him.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=37-38}}He was succeeded by Tenheipa, who reigned for twenty years and engaged in a multitude of warfare.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=38}} Nothing is mentioned about the next ruler Tonapa, except that he reigned for five years.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=38}} Then, Tapungpa ascended to the throne. His regime saw successful warfare against the Loipi Marems, before he was assassinated by Khamlangpa, the king of Chingsong, after thirty five years of rule.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=38-39}} Again, there is a scarcity of information about the next king Lairenpa; he reigned for five years and there were no king for five, after.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=39}} Punshipa's reign went till 1432, and was witness to numerous clashes including one with Moirangs.
Thangpi Lanthapa ruled for twenty two years and trounced the Moirangs as well as the Loipi Haos; Tengkongbi and Marem Namngapa were captured.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=37}} Kongyapa ascended in 1324 went on to succeed him.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=37-38}}He was succeeded by Tenheipa, who reigned for twenty years and engaged in a multitude of warfare.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=38}} Nothing is mentioned about the next ruler Tonapa, except that he reigned for five years.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=38}} Then, Tapungpa ascended to the throne. His regime saw successful warfare against the Loipi Marems, before he was assassinated by Khamlangpa, the king of Chingsong, after thirty five years of rule.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=38-39}} Again, there is a scarcity of information about the next king Lairenpa; he reigned for five years and there were no king for five, after.{{sfn|Parratt|2005|pp=39}} Punshipa's reign went till 1432, and was witness to numerous clashes including one with Moirangs.
Ningthoukhompa ruled from 1432 to 1467. He routed out the Moirangs, and repulsed a rebellion by the Tangkhuls of the mountains.
Ningthoukhompa ruled from 1432 to 1467. He routed out the Moirangs, and repulsed a rebellion by the Tangkhuls of the mountains.
== Modern period ==
{{See|History of modern Manipur}}
[[File:FB7A9290.jpg|thumb|center|The Temple of Shri Govindaji in [[Imphal]], is the center of [[Meitei Vaishnavism]] of the [[Meitei Hindus]] in [[Manipur|Meitei world]].]]
[[Manipur]], in modern times, face many events, including the [[Seven Years Devastation]], the exploitations of the
Manipuri Levy, the
[[Anglo-Manipuri War]] and then
[[Japanese bombing at Imphal]] during the World War II.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 69: Line 58:


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* {{Cite thesis|last=Beemer|first=Bryce|title=The creole city in mainland Southeast Asia: Slave gathering warfare and cultural exchange in Burma, Thailand and Manipur, 18<sup>th</sup> - 19<sup>th</sup> c.|date=2013|publisher=University of Hawai'i at Manoa|id={{ProQuest|1513230576}}}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Beemer|first=Bryce|title=The creole city in mainland Southeast Asia: Slave gathering warfare and cultural exchange in Burma, Thailand and Manipur, 18th - 19th c.|date=2013|publisher=University of Hawai'i at Manoa|id={{ProQuest|1513230576}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=G. E.| title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |year=1925 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9463 |via=archive.org}}
* {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=G. E.| title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |year=1925 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9463 |via=archive.org}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hazarika|first=Manjil|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199474660.001.0001/oso-9780199474660|title=Prehistory and Archaeology of Northeast India: Multidisciplinary Investigation in an Archaeological Terra Incognita|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-947466-0|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hazarika|first=Manjil|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199474660.001.0001/oso-9780199474660|title=Prehistory and Archaeology of Northeast India: Multidisciplinary Investigation in an Archaeological Terra Incognita|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-947466-0|language=en}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Naorem|first=Naorem Malemsanba|chapter=Centrality of body politics in Thokachanba’s script and cultural revivalism in Manipur|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315638317-26/centrality-body-politics-thokachanba-script-cultural-revivalism-manipur-naorem-malemsanba-meetei|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315638317|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last=Naorem|first=Naorem Malemsanba|chapter=Centrality of body politics in Thokachanba’s script and cultural revivalism in Manipur|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315638317-26/centrality-body-politics-thokachanba-script-cultural-revivalism-manipur-naorem-malemsanba-meetei|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315638317|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini Arambam|title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa : Original Text, Translation, and Notes|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-34430-1|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini Arambam|title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa : Original Text, Translation, and Notes|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-34430-1|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last=Post|first=Mark W.|edition=2|editor1-last=LaPolla|editor1-first=Randy J.|editor2-last=Thurgood|editor2-first=Graham|title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages|chapter=The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeast India|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|language=en|isbn=978-1-138-78332-4|last2=Burling|first2=Robbins|pages=213-242}}
* {{Cite book|last=Post|first=Mark W.|edition=2|editor1-last=LaPolla|editor1-first=Randy J.|editor2-last=Thurgood|editor2-first=Graham|title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages|chapter=The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeast India|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|language=en|isbn=978-1-138-78332-4|last2=Burling|first2=Robbins|pages=213–242}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Sebastian|first=Rodney|title=Cultural Fusion in a Religious Dance Drama: Building the Sacred Body in the Manipuri Rāslīlās|date=2019|publisher=University of Florida|id={{ProQuest|2464172212}}}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Sebastian|first=Rodney|title=Cultural Fusion in a Religious Dance Drama: Building the Sacred Body in the Manipuri Rāslīlās|date=2019|publisher=University of Florida|id={{ProQuest|2464172212}}}}


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