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Glaucophyte: Difference between revisions
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Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes only have asexual reproduction.<ref>[https://books.google.no/books?id=Mo0hghNU39kC&pg=PA10&dq=%22Glaucophytes%22+%22Sexual+reproduction+is+unknown+in+this+group+of+plants%22&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0s7mQ0triAhVhi8MKHTIvD20Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22Glaucophytes%22%20%22Sexual%20reproduction%20is%20unknown%20in%20this%20group%20of%20plants%22&f=false Plants: A Very Short Introduction]</ref> | Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes only have asexual reproduction.<ref>[https://books.google.no/books?id=Mo0hghNU39kC&pg=PA10&dq=%22Glaucophytes%22+%22Sexual+reproduction+is+unknown+in+this+group+of+plants%22&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0s7mQ0triAhVhi8MKHTIvD20Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22Glaucophytes%22%20%22Sexual%20reproduction%20is%20unknown%20in%20this%20group%20of%20plants%22&f=false Plants: A Very Short Introduction]</ref> | ||
==Characteristics== | |||
The [[chloroplast]]s of glaucophytes are known as 'muroplasts',<ref name="Wise—Plastid diversity">{{cite book |last=Wise |first=edited by Robert R.|title=The structure and function of plastids|year=2006|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-1-4020-4061-0|pages=3–21|url=http://www.uwosh.edu/biology/faculty-and-staff/faculty/wise/publications/wise-the-diversity-of-plastid|author2=Hoober, J. Kenneth}}</ref> 'cyanoplasts', or 'cyanelles'. Unlike the chloroplasts in other organisms, they have a [[peptidoglycan]] layer, believed to be a relic of the [[endosymbiotic theory|endosymbiotic]] origin of plastids from [[cyanobacteria]].<ref name="keeling" /><ref name="Miyagishima">{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2229-14-57 |pmid=24602296 |pmc=4015805 |title=DipM is required for peptidoglycan hydrolysis during chloroplast division |journal=BMC Plant Biology |volume=14 |pages=57 |year=2014 |last1=Miyagishima |first1=Shin-ya |last2=Kabeya |first2=Yukihiro |last3=Sugita |first3=Chieko |last4=Sugita |first4=Mamoru |last5=Fujiwara |first5=Takayuki }}</ref> Glaucophytes contain the photosynthetic pigment [[chlorophyll a]].<ref name="keeling" /> Along with [[red algae]]<ref name="keeling" /> and [[cyanobacteria]], they harvest light via [[phycobilisome]]s, structures consisting largely of [[phycobiliprotein]]s. The [[green algae]] and [[land plant]]s have lost that pigment.<ref name=Skuja>Skuja, A. (1948). Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 9(3): 1-399.{{AlgaeBase taxon|id=4301|name=Glaucophyta}}</ref> Like red algae, and in contrast to green algae and plants, glaucophytes store [[carbon fixation|fixed carbon]] in the [[cytosol]].<ref name="ball_2011">{{cite journal|last1=Ball|first1=S.|last2=Colleoni|first2=C.|last3=Cenci|first3=U.|last4=Raj|first4=J. N.|last5=Tirtiaux|first5=C.|title=The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|date=10 January 2011|volume=62|issue=6|pages=1775–1801|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq411|pmid=21220783|doi-access=free}}</ref> | |||
Glaucophytes have [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]] with flat [[cristae]], and undergo open [[mitosis]] without [[centriole]]s. Motile forms have two unequal [[flagella]], which may have fine hairs and are anchored by a multilayered system of [[microtubule]]s, both of which are similar to forms found in some green algae.<ref name=Skuja/> | |||
==Classification== | |||
Phylogeny of Glaucocystophyceae.<ref>{{citation |mode=cs1|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_42-1 |contribution=Glaucophyta |title=Handbook of the Protists |pages=1–65 |year=2017 |last1=Price |first1=Dana C. |last2=Steiner |first2=Jürgen M. |last3=Yoon |first3=Hwan Su |last4=Bhattacharya |first4=Debashish |last5=Löffelhardt |first5=Wolfgang |isbn=978-3-319-32669-6 }}</ref> | |||
{{Clade | |||
|style= font-size:80%; line-height:80% | |||
|label1='''Glaucocystophyceae''' | |||
|1={{Clade | |||
|label1=Cyanophoraceae | |||
|1=''Cyanophora'' | |||
|2={{Clade | |||
|label1=Gloeochaetaceae | |||
|1={{Clade | |||
|1=''Cyanoptyche'' | |||
|2=''Gloeochaete'' | |||
}} | |||
|label2=Glaucocystidaceae | |||
|2={{Clade | |||
|1=''Glaucocystopsis'' | |||
|2=''Glaucocystis'' | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
}} | |||
Only 13 species of glaucophytes are known, none of which is particularly common in nature.<ref name="keeling" /> The five included [[genus|genera]] are: | |||
* '''Phylum Glaucophyta''' <small>Skuja 1948</small> | |||
** '''Class Glaucocystophyceae''' <small>Schaffner 1922</small> [Cyanophorophyceae] | |||
*** '''Order Cyanophorales''' <small>Kies & Kramer 1986</small> | |||
**** '''Family Cyanophoraceae''' <small>Kies & Kramer 1986</small> | |||
***** Genus ?''[[Peliaina]]'' <small>Pascher 1929</small> | |||
****** ''[[Peliaina cyanea]]'' <small>Pascher 1929</small> | |||
***** Genus ?''[[Strobilomonas]]'' <small>Schiller 1954</small> | |||
****** ''[[Strobilomonas cyaneus]]'' <small>Schiller 1954</small> | |||
***** Genus ''Cyanophora'' <small>Korshikov 1924</small> (is motile and lacks a cell wall) | |||
****** ''C. tetracyanea'' <small>Korshikov 1941</small> | |||
****** ''C. biloba'' <small>Kugrens et al. 1999</small> | |||
****** ''C. sudae'' <small>Takahashi & Nozaki 2014</small> | |||
****** ''C. paradoxa'' <small>Korshikov 1924</small> | |||
****** ''C. kugrensii'' <small>Takahashi & Nozaki 2014 </small> | |||
****** ''C. cuspidata'' <small>Takahashi & Nozaki 2014</small> | |||
*** '''Order Gloeochaetales''' <small>Kies & Kremer 1986</small> | |||
**** '''Family Gloeochaetaceae''' <small>Bohlin 1901 ex Skuja 1954</small> | |||
***** Genus ''Cyanoptyche'' <small>Pascher 1929</small> (is the least studied of the seven genera) | |||
****** ''[[Cyanoptyche gloeocystis]]'' <small>Pascher 1929</small> | |||
***** Genus ''Gloeochaete'' <small>von Lagerheim 1883</small> [''[[Schrammia]]'' <small>Dangeard 1889 non Britton & Rose 1930 non Guppy 1895</small>; ''[[Cyanochaete]]'' <small>Gobi 1916</small>] (has both motile and immotile stages, and its cell wall does not appear to be composed of cellulose) | |||
****** ''G. wittrockiana'' <small>von Lagerheim 1883 </small> | |||
*** '''Order Glaucocystales''' <small>Bessey 1907</small> | |||
**** '''Family Glaucocystidaceae''' <small>Bohlin 1901 ex West 1904</small> | |||
***** Genus ''Glaucocystopsis'' <small>Bourrelly 1961</small> | |||
****** ''[[Glaucocystopsis africana]]'' <small>Bourrelly 1961</small> | |||
***** Genus ''Glaucocystis'' <small>Itzigsohn 1868</small> (is immotile, though it retains very short [[vestigial]] flagella, and has a [[cellulose]] wall) | |||
****** ''G. bullosa'' <small>(Kützing 1836) Wille 1919</small> | |||
****** ''G. caucasica'' <small>Tarnogradskii 1957</small> | |||
****** ''G. cingulata'' <small>Bohlin 1897</small> | |||
****** ''G. duplex'' <small>Prescott 1944</small> | |||
****** ''G. molochinearum'' <small>Geitler</small> | |||
****** ''G. simplex'' <small>Tarnogradskii 1959</small> | |||
****** ''G. nostochinearum'' <small>Itzigsohn 1868 ex Rabenh. 1935</small> | |||
****** ''G. geitleri'' <small>Pringsheim 1958 ex Takahashi & Nozaki 2016</small> | |||
****** ''G. incrassata'' <small>(Lemmermann 1908) Takahashi & Nozaki 2016</small> | |||
****** ''G. miyajii'' <small>Takahashi & Nozaki 2016</small> | |||
****** ''G. bhattacharyae'' <small>Takahashi & Nozaki 2016</small> | |||
****** ''G. oocystiformis'' <small>Prescott 1944</small> | |||
The glaucophytes were considered before as part of family [[Oocystaceae]], in the order [[Chlorococcales]].<ref>http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Glaucophyceae/GLAUCOCYSTIS/Glaucocystis_key.html</ref> | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
[[Category:Algal taxonomy]] | |||
[[Category:Archaeplastida]] | |||