Bird: Difference between revisions

| subdivision_ranks = Extant [[Order (biology)|orders]] and temporal ranges of [[Crown_group#Pan-group|total groups]]

*** [[Coraciiformes]] (Rollers, bee eaters, todies, kingfishers, etc) – 55–0 Mya, Early [[Eocene]]–present<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bourdon |first1=Estelle |last2=Kristoffersen |first2=Anette V. |last3=Bonde |first3=Niels |title=A roller-like bird (Coracii) from the Early Eocene of Denmark |journal=Scientific Reports |date=December 2016 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=34050 |doi=10.1038/srep34050|pmid=27670387 |pmc=5037458 |bibcode=2016NatSR...634050B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Smith&Ksepka2015" />

Most studies agree on a Cretaceous age for the most recent common ancestor of modern birds but estimates range from the [[Middle Cretaceous]]<ref name=divergence>{{Cite journal | last1 = Lee | first1 = Michael SY | last2 = Cau | first2 = Andrea | last3 = Naish | first3 = Darren | last4 = Dyke | first4 = Gareth J. | date = May 2014 | title = Morphological Clocks in Paleontology, and a Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Crown Aves | journal = Systematic Biology | publisher = Oxford Journals | doi = 10.1093/sysbio/syt110 | volume=63 |issue=1 | pages=442–449 | pmid=24449041| url = https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article-pdf/63/3/442/9164850/syt110.pdf | doi-access = free }}</ref> to the latest [[Late Cretaceous]].<ref name=Prum2015>{{cite journal | last1 = Prum | first1 = R.O. | display-authors = et al | year = 2015 | title = A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing | journal = Nature | volume = 526 | issue = 7574 | pages = 569–573 | bibcode = 2015Natur.526..569P | doi = 10.1038/nature15697 | pmid = 26444237 | s2cid = 205246158 }}</ref><ref name="kuhl2020"/> Similarly, there is no agreement on whether most of the early diversification of modern birds occurred before or after the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event]].<ref name="Ericson">{{Cite journal |last1=Ericson |first1=Per G.P. |year=2006 |title=Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=543–547 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523 |pmid=17148284 |url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf |last2=Anderson |first2=CL |last3=Britton |first3=T |last4=Elzanowski |first4=A |last5=Johansson |first5=US |last6=Källersjö |first6=M |last7=Ohlson |first7=JI |last8=Parsons |first8=TJ |last9=Zuccon |first9=D |pmc=1834003 |first10=G. |last10=Mayr |display-authors=1 |access-date=4 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325235703/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; most molecular dating studies suggests a Cretaceous [[evolutionary radiation]], while fossil evidence points to a Cenozoic radiation (the so-called 'rocks' versus 'clocks' controversy). Previous attempts to reconcile molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial,<ref name="Ericson"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown |first1=Joseph W. |date=June 2007 |title=Nuclear DNA does not reconcile 'rocks' and 'clocks' in Neoaves: a comment on Ericson et al. |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=257–259 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0611 |pmid=17389215 |last2=Payne |first2=RB |last3=Mindell |first3=DP |pmc=2464679}}</ref> but more recent estimates, using a more comprehensive sample of fossils and a new way of calibrating [[molecular clocks]], showed that while modern birds originated early in the Late Cretaceous in Western Gondwana, a pulse of diversification in all major groups occurred around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event. Modern birds expanded from West Gondwana to the Laurasia through two routes. One route was an Antarctic interchange in the Paleogene. This can be confirmed with the presence of multiple avian groups in Australia and New Zealand. The other route was probably through North American, via land bridges during the Paleocene. This allowed the expansion and diversification of Neornithes into the Holarctic and Paleotropics.<ref name=cracraft>{{cite journal |last1=Claramunt |first1=S. |last2=Cracraft |first2=J.|author-link2=Joel Cracraft |title=A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds |journal=Sci Adv |date=2015 |volume=1 |issue=11 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501005 |pmc=4730849 |pmid=26824065 |page=e1501005|bibcode=2015SciA....1E1005C }}</ref>