Bharatpedia

Dogri language: Difference between revisions

Article Talk

Dogri language (edit)

Revision as of 16:18, 7 July 2021

24,955 bytes added ,  7 July 2021
Corrected number of speakers as per the reference and the writing systems
m (1 revision imported)
>DvigartaDogra123
(Corrected number of speakers as per the reference and the writing systems)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox Language
{{distinguish|text=the [[Dogrib language]] of Canada}}
|name=Dogri
{{short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken primarily in Jammu}}
|nativename=डोगरी ڈوگرى  {{IAST|ḍogrī}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
|states=[[India]], [[Pakistan]]
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
|region=[[Jammu]], [[Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]],[[Gurdaspur/Pathankot]] [[Punjab region|Punjab]]
{{Infobox language
|speakers=2 million
| name             = Dogri
|familycolor=Indo-European
| nativename       = {{lang|dgo|𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮, डोगरी, {{nastaliq|ڈوگَرِی}}}}
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| states           = [[India]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| region           = [[Jammu Division|Jammu region]]
|fam4=Northern Zone
| speakers        = {{sigfig|2.597|2}} million
|script=[[Devanagari]], [[Takri script|Takri]], [[Arabic alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]
| date            = 2011 census
|iso2=doi
| ref              = <ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf Census India, Statement 1: Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues 2011]</ref>
|lc1=doi|ld1=Dogri (generic)|ll1=none
| speakers2        =
|lc2=dgo|ld2=Dogri (specific)|ll2=none
| ethnicity        = [[Dogras]]
|lc3=xnr|ld3=Kangri|ll3=Kangri language|notice=Indic}}
| familycolor     = Indo-European
[[File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg|thumb|right|450px|Dialects of Punjabi]]
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
Dogri ({{lang|doi|ڈوگرى}}) is an Indo-Aryan Language.Although formerly treated as a Punjabi dialect, Dogri is now considered to be a member of the Western Pahari group of languages.It is spoken by about two million people in Jammu Kashmir region and [[Pakistan]], chiefly in the Jammu region of [[Jammu and Kashmir]], but also in northern Punjab, [[Himachal Pradesh]], other parts of Indian controlled Kashmir, and elsewhere. Dogri speakers are called Dogras, and the Dogri-speaking region is called Duggar. Dogri is a member of the Western Pahari Group of languages. The language is referred to as Pahari (पहाड़ी ) in the [[PUNJAB|Pakistan's Punjab provincial region]] and [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]. Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is tonal, a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and Punjabi, of whom it is considered as a dialect.
| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5            = [[Western Pahari]]
| nation          = {{IND}}<br />
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref>{{cite web | title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=prsindia | date=23 September 2020 | url=https://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/jammu-and-kashmir-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
| script           = [[Dogri script|Dogra Akkhar]] version of [[Takri script|Takri script]]<br />[[Devanagari]]<br />[[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] ([[Nastaliq|Nastaʼlīq]])
| iso2             = doi
| iso3            = doi
| lc1             = dgo
| ld1             = Dogri proper
| lc2             = xnr
| ld2             = [[Kangri language|Kangri]]
| glotto          = indo1311
| glottorefname    = Kangri-Dogri
| notice          = Indic
| image            = Dogri in Multiple scripts.jpg
| imagecaption    = "Dogri" written in [[Dogri script|Dogra]], [[Devanagari]], [[Nastaliq script|Nasta'liq]] and [[Roman script|Roman]] Scripts
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Dogri''' ([[Dogri script|Dogra]]: {{Script|Dogr|𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠮}}, [[Devanagari]]: डोगरी; [[Nastaliq script|Nasta'liq]]: {{nq|ڈوگری}}; pronunciation: {{IPA|[ɖoɡɾi]}}) is a Northern [[Indo-Aryan language]] spoken by about five million people<ref name="book001">
{{cite book
|title=Encyclopaedia of Teaching Languages in India, v. 20
|first=Sita Ram
|last=Sharma
|publisher=Anmol Publications
|year=1992
|isbn=9788170415459
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIJhAAAAMAAJ
|page=6
}}
</ref> in [[India]], chiefly in the [[Jammu region]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is also spoken in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], and in northern [[Punjab]] region, other parts of Jammu and Kashmir, and elsewhere.<ref name="book002">
{{cite book
|title=History and Culture of Himalayan States, v.4
|first=Anita K.
|last=Billawaria
|publisher=Light & Life Publishers
|year=1978
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HL21AAAAIAAJ
}}</ref> Dogri speakers are called [[Dogras]], and the Dogri-speaking region is the [[Jammu region]].<ref name="book003">
{{cite book
|title=An Introduction to Dogri Folk Literature and Pahari Art
|first=Lakshmi
|last=Narain
|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages
|year=1965
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BARAAAAAIAAJ
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKzRN1_zw-IC|title=Social Mobilisation And Modern Society|isbn=9788170998075|last1=Barua|first1=Jayanti|year=2001}}</ref> Dogri is now considered to be a member of the [[Western Pahari]] group of languages.<ref name="book004">
{{cite book
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|first=Colin P.
|last=Masica
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|year=1993
|isbn=978-0-521-29944-2
|pages=427
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC
}}</ref> Unusually for an Indo-European language, Dogri is [[tonal language|tonal]],<ref name="book005">
{{cite book
|title=Studies in Phonetics and Phonology: With Special Reference to Dogri
|first=Ved Kumari
|last=Ghai
|publisher=Ariana Publishing House
|year=1991
|isbn=978-81-85347-20-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAMiAAAAMAAJ
|quote=''non-Dogri speakers, also trained phoneticians, tend to hear the difference as one of length only, perceiving the second syllable as stressed''
}}</ref> a trait it shares with other Western Pahari languages and Punjabi.


Dogri has several varieties, all with greater than 80% lexical similarity (within Jammu and Kashmir).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brightbill|first1=Jeremy D.|last2=Turner|first2=Scott B.|title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogri Language, Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/27/43/132743635529526156448342546486105211675/silesr2007_017.pdf|publisher=SIL International|access-date=11 March 2016|date=2007}}</ref>
Dogri is one of the 22 official languages of India. It was added in the 8th schedule of the constitution in 2003.{{wtc|Dogri language}}


{{Asia-stub}}
==Script==
{{main|Dogri script}}
Dogri was originally written in '''Dogra  Akkhar script''' which is one version of [[Dogri script|Takri Script]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15234r-dogra.pdf |title=L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script in Unicode |first1=Anshuman |last1=Pandey |date=2015-11-04}}</ref> It is now more commonly written in [[Devanagari]] in India, and in the [[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaʿliq]] form of [[Perso-Arabic Script|Perso-Arabic]] in Pakistan and Pakistani-administered Kashmir.


[[Category:Punjabi language]]
The Dogra Script was standardised from "''Parane Dogra Akkhar''" (Old Dogra version of Takri script) during the Dogra rule. This script was then called "''Namme Dogra Akkhar'' " (Dogra: {{Lang|dgo|𑠝𑠢𑠹𑠢𑠳 𑠖𑠵𑠌𑠤𑠬 𑠀𑠊𑠹𑠋𑠤}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=NammeDograAkkhar|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09111-takri.pdf}}</ref>
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[File:Lilavati.png|center|thumb|Lilavati (a Mathematics treatise originally written in Sanskrit) in Dogri language & Dogra Script.]]
[[File:Dogra.png|thumb|Dogra Script Specimen|alt=]]
[[File:Chambeali_Takri_Dogri.png|thumb|Dogri Specimen in Chambeali Takri|alt=]]
 
== Phonology ==
 
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA|p}}
|{{IPA|t}}
|{{IPA|ʈ}}
|{{IPA|tʃ}}
|
|{{IPA|k}}
|-
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPA|pʰ}}
|{{IPA|tʰ}}
|{{IPA|ʈʰ}}
|{{IPA|tʃʰ}}
|
|{{IPA|kʰ}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA|b}}
|{{IPA|d}}
|{{IPA|ɖ}}
|{{IPA|dʒ}}
|
|{{IPA|ɡ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA|m}}
|{{IPA|n}}
|{{IPA|ɳ}}
|
|({{IPA|ɲ}})
|({{IPA|ŋ}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|({{IPA|f}})
|{{IPA|s}}
|
|{{IPA|ʃ}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|({{IPA|z}})
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
|
|{{IPA|ɾ}}
|{{IPA|ɽ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA|w}}
|{{IPA|l}}
|
|
|{{IPA|j}}
|
|}
 
* Gemination occurs in all consonants except the consonants /{{IPA|ɾ ʃ ɽ ɳ}}/.
*Retroflex consonants /{{IPA|ɽ ɳ}}/ rarely occur in word initial position.
*/{{IPA|f z}}/ only occur from Perso-Arabic loan words, and /{{IPA|f}}/ is also heard as an allophone of an aspirated /{{IPA|pʰ}}/.
*/{{IPA|ɾ}}/ can also marginally be heard as trilled [{{IPA|r}}] in some speech.
* In some words, /{{IPA|s}}/ can become more weakly pronounced, or even eliminated and replaced by a glottal fricative sound [{{IPA|h}}].
*A palatal nasal sound [{{IPA|ɲ}}] typically occurs when a dental nasal precedes a post-alveolar affricate consonant, rarely occurring in words word-initially or medially.
* A velar nasal sound [{{IPA|ŋ}}] typically occurs when a dental nasal precedes a velar plosive consonant, and rarely occurs word-initially or medially.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bahri|first=Ujjal Singh|title=Dogri: Phonology and Grammatical Sketch|publisher=New Delhi: Bahri Publications|year=2001|location=Series in Indian Languages and Linguistics, 24}}</ref>
 
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[High vowel|High]]
|{{IPA|i}}
|
|{{IPA|u}}
|-
![[Near-high vowel|Near-high]]
|{{IPA|ɪ}}
|
|{{IPA|ʊ}}
|-
![[High-mid]]
|{{IPA|e}}
|
|{{IPA|o}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
|{{IPA|ə}}
|
|-
![[Low-mid]]
|{{IPA|ɛ}}
|
|{{IPA|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|
| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ɑ}}
|}
 
* There are nasalized variations of the following vowels [{{IPA|ĩ ʊ̃ ɔ̃ ɑ̃ ɛ̃}}].
*Vowel sounds are often nasalized when occurring before a word-medial or word-final /{{IPA|n}}/, except when /{{IPA|n}}/ occurs before a word-final vowel.
*/{{IPA|ʊ}}/ can have a marginal upgliding allophone [{{IPA|ʊᵛ}}] when occurring before a /{{IPA|ɑ}}/ vowel sound.
A word-final /{{IPA|ɑ}}/ can also be realized as drifting toward a centralized [{{IPA|a}}] sound.<ref name=":0" />
 
== Some common words ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Dogri script|Dogri Script]]
! Devanagari
! Perso-Arabic
! Transliteration (ISO-15919)
! English translation
! Comparative
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠁𑠪𑠵}}
| आहो
|{{nastaliq|آہو}}
|āho
|Yes
|haan (Hindustani), aa (Kashmiri), haan/aho (Punjabi), ho (Pashto)
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠊𑠝𑠹𑠝𑠳}}
| कन्ने
|{{nastaliq|کنّے}}
|kanne
|With
|Saath (Hindi/Urdu), سٟتھؠ [sɨːtʰʲ] (Kashmiri), Naal (Punjabi)
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠝𑠯𑠊𑠹𑠊𑠬𑠷}}
| नुक्कां
|{{nastaliq|نُکّاں}}
|nukkāṃ
|Shoes
|Jootey (Hindi, Urdu), Nukke/Juttiaan (Punjabi), کھۄر بانہٕ [kʰʷaɾ baːnɨ] (Kashmiri)
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠡𑠭𑠙𑠹𑠙}}
| भित्त
|{{nastaliq|بِھتّ}}
|bhitta
|Door
|Darwaza (Persian/Hindi/Urdu/Punjabi/Kashmiri), Phaatak/Dvaar/Kiwaad (Hindi), Buha/[[Gurdwara|Dar/Duar]] (Punjabi), بَر [baɾ] (Kashmiri)
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠊𑠳𑠪𑠹}}
| केह्
|{{nastaliq|کَہہ}}
|keh
|What
|Kya (Hindustani), کیہہ [kʲah] (Kashmiri), Ki (Punjabi)
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠊𑠮}}
| की
|{{nastaliq|کى}} 
|kī
|Why
| Kyun (Hindi/Urdu), کیازِ [kʲaːzi] (Kashmiri), Kyon/Kahte/Kahnu (Punjabi)
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠛𑠵𑠁𑠝𑠬}}
| दोआना
|{{nastaliq|دوأنہ}}
|doāna
|Watermelon
|Tarbooz (Hindi/Urdu), Hindwana (Urdu/Persian), Hadwana/Mateera (Punjabi), ہؠندٕوؠندٕ [hʲãd̪ɨʋʲãd̪ɨ] (Kashmiri), Indwanna (Pashto)
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠛𑠯𑠝𑠭𑠣𑠬}}
| दुनिया
|{{nastaliq|دُنيہ}}
|duniyā
|World
|Duniya (Hindi/Urdu/Punjabi/Persian/Arabic), دُنیا [d̪unʲjaː] (Kashmiri), Jag (Sanskrit/Hindi/Punjabi), Sansaar (Sanskrit/Hindi/Punjabi)
|}
 
== Tone Rules ==
These are rules of writing tones in Dogri using [[Devanagari|Devanagari Script]]. They are as follows:-
 
* Just like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Dogri also uses the letters घ(gʱə), झ(d͡ʒʱə), ढ(ɖʱə), ध(d̪ʱə), भ(bʱə) and ढ़(ɽʱə) for tonal uses. When at the beginning of the word, it has a high-falling tone; ie:- घ(kə́), झ(t͡ʃə́), ढ(ʈə́), ध(t̪ə́), भ(pə́) and ढ़(ɽə́).When in the middle and final position of the word, the preceding vowel has a low-rising tone; ie:- अघ(ə̀ɡ), अझ(ə̀d͡ʒ), अढ(ə̀ɖ), अध(ə̀d̪), अभ(ə̀b) and अढ़(ə̀ɽ). Examples:- घड़ी(kə́ɽɪ)- clock, and औषध(ɔʃə̀d̪),
* Unlike [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], there is no ह(hə) sound and it is tonal in all positions. So, it is having high-falling tone in the beginning position and in the middle positions when as a consonant conjuct; ie:- हत्थ (ə́t̪ʰː)- hand; and a low-rising tone elsewhere; ie:- फतूही (pʰətuːì)- shirt.
* To indicate a low-rising tone in the middle of words, Dogri uses ह् (ह with a [[Virama|halant]]) to indicate it when the preceding vowel is long; ie:- आ(ɑ), ई(i), ऊ(u), ए(e), ऐ(ɛ), ओ(o) and औ(ɔ). Example:- साह्ब(sɑ̀b)- [[Sahib|sahab]]. When the preceding vowel is small; ie:- अ(ə), इ(ɪ) and उ(ʊ); an [[Apostrophe|apostrophe mark (')]] is used. Example:- ल'त्त(lə̀tː).
*The alphabets mentioned in the first point can also be used to indicate high-falling tone in the middle of the words when between a short vowel and a long vowel.
 
Some common examples are shown below.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Dogri script|Dogri Script]]
! [[Devanagari|Devanagari Script]]
! Tone
! English translation
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠊𑠵𑠫𑠬 𑠪𑠬।}}
|{{Lang|dgr|कोड़ा हा।}}
|Equal
|It was a whip.
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠍𑠵𑠫𑠬 𑠪𑠬।}}
|{{Lang|dgr|घोड़ा हा।}}
|Falling
|It was a horse.
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠊𑠵𑠫𑠹𑠪𑠬 𑠪𑠬।}}
|{{Lang|dgr|कोढ़ा हा।}}
|Rising
|It was bitter.
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠛𑠩 𑠊𑠭𑠣𑠬𑠷 ?}}
|{{Lang|dgr|दस कीयां?}}
|Equal
|Why is it ten?
|-
|{{Lang|dgo|𑠛'𑠩 𑠊𑠭𑠣𑠬𑠷 ।}}
|{{Lang|dgr|द'स कीयां?}}
|Rising
|Tell me how (it happened).
|}
 
==Historical references==
The Greek astrologer Pulomi, accompanying [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] in his 323 B.C. campaign into the Indian subcontinent, referred to some inhabitants of Duggar as "a brave Dogra family living in the mountain ranges of Shivalik."<ref name="book0a1">{{cite book |title=Dogri in the family of world languages (Translated) |first=Balkrishan |last=Shastri |publisher=Dogri Research Centre, Jammu University|year=1981}}</ref> In the year 1317, [[Amir Khusro]], the famous [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] poet, referred to Duger (Dogri) while describing the languages and dialects of India as follows: ''"Sindhi-o-Lahori-o-Kashmiri-o-Duger."''<ref name="book0a2">{{cite book |title=Dogri Prose Writing before Independence (Translated) |first=Ram Nath |last=Shastri |publisher=Dogri Research Centre, Jammu University |year=1981}}</ref><ref name="book0a3">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |first=Amaresh |last=Datta |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=9780836422832 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R89jAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
 
==Theories on name origin==
Intellectuals in the court of [[Maharaja]] Ranbir Singh s/o Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, described 'Duggar' as a distorted form of the word 'Dwigart,' which means "two troughs," a possible reference to the Mansar and Sruinsar Lakes.<ref name="book0b1">
{{cite book
|title=Cultural Heritage of the Dogras
|first=Jyoteeshwar
|last=Pathik
|publisher=Light & Life Publishers
|year=1980
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_-1AAAAIAAJ
}}</ref>
 
The linguist [[George Abraham Grierson|George Grierson]] connected the term 'Duggar' with the [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] word 'Doonger,' which means 'hill,' and 'Dogra' with 'Dongar.'<ref name="book0b1" /> This opinion has lacked support because of the inconsistency of the ostensible changes from Rajasthani to Dogri (essentially the question of how Doonger became Duggar while Donger became Dogra), and been contradicted by some scholars.<ref name="book0b2">
{{cite book
|title=Dogri: Phonology and Grammatical Sketch
|first=Ujjal Singh
|last=Bahri
|publisher=Bahri Publications
|year=2001
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2sljAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref>
 
Yet another proposal stems from the presence of the word 'Durger' in the Bhuri Singh Museum (in Chamba, Himachal Pradesh). The word Durger means 'invincible' in several Northern Indian languages, and could be an allusion to the ruggedness of the Duggar terrain and the historically militarized and autonomous Dogra societies. In Himachal, Dogri is majorly spoken in Hamirpur, Barsar, Una, Chintpurni, Kangra, and Bilaspur regions.
 
In 1976, the experts attending the Language Session of the 'All India Oriental Conference' held in Dharwad, [[Karnataka]], could not reach consensus on the 'Dwigart' and 'Durger' hypotheses, but did manage agreement on a Doonger-Duggar connection. In a subsequent 'All India Oriental Conference' held at [[Jaipur]] in 1982, the linguists agreed that the culture, language and history of Rajasthan and Duggar share some similarities. It was also suggested that the words 'Duggar' and 'Dogra' are common in some parts of Rajasthan. Specifically, it was asserted that areas with many forts are called Duggar, and their inhabitants are accordingly known as Dogras. The land of Duggar also has many forts, which may support the opinion above. An article by Dharam Chand Prashant in the literary magazine Shiraza Dogri suggested that ''"the opinion that the word 'Duggar' is a form of the word 'Duggarh' sounds appropriate."''<ref name="book0b3">
{{Cite journal
  | last = Prashant
  | first = Dharam Chand
  | title = Duggar Shabad di Vayakha
  | journal = Shiraza Dogri
  | date = April–May 1991
  }}</ref>
 
The Turkish ''Döğer'' is also the name of a Turkmen Oğuz tribe originating in Central Asia and also found amongst the Kurds. In Turkey one of the towns named after them<!-- [[Döğer, İhsaniye]] or [[:tr:Döğer, Dicle]] or [[:tr:Döğer, Fethiye]]? --> can be written as Doker, Duger, Döker and Düğer.{{dubious|date=February 2014}}
 
==Recent history==
In modern times, a notable Dogri translation (in the Takri script) of the [[Sanskrit]] classic mathematical opus ''[[Lilavati]]'', by the noted mathematician [[Bhaskara II|Bhaskaracharya]] (b. 1114 AD), was published by the Vidya Vilas Press, Jammu in 1873.<ref name="book0c0">
{{cite book
|title=Līlāvatī (Dogri translation)
|author=Bhāskarācārya
|publisher=Vidya Vilas
|location=Jammu
|year=1873
|url=http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/ow/53106996
}}</ref> As Sanskrit literacy remained confined to a few, the late Maharaja Ranbir Singh had the ''Lilavati'' translated into Dogri by Jyotshi Bisheshwar, then principal of Jammu Pathshala.<ref name="book0c01">
{{cite book
|title=Century Old Printed Dogri Literature
|first=B. P
|last=Sharma
|publisher=Jammu & Kashmir State Research Biannual
}}</ref>
 
Dogri has an established tradition of poetry, fiction and dramatic works. Recent poets range from the 18th-century Dogri poet Kavi Dattu (1725–1780) in Raja Ranjit Dev's court to Professor [[Ram Nath Shastri]] and Mrs. [[Padma Sachdev]]. Kavi Dattu is highly regarded for his ''Barah Massa'' (Twelve Months), ''Kamal Netra'' (Lotus Eyes), ''Bhup Bijog'' and ''Bir Bilas''.<ref name="book0c02">
{{cite book
|title=Dogra Legends of Art & Culture
|first=Ashok
|last=Jerath
|publisher=Indus Publishing
|year=1988
|isbn=978-81-7387-082-8
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToONShWeEB0C
|page=236
}}</ref> ''[[Shiraza Dogri]]'' is a Dogri literary periodical issued by the Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, which is a notable publisher of modern Dogri literary work, another being the ''Dogri Sanstha''. Popular recent songs include ''Pala Shpaiya Dogarya'', ''Manney di Mauj'' and ''Shhori Deya''. The noted Pakistani singer [[Malika Pukhraj]] had roots in the Duggar region,<ref name="book0c03">
{{Cite book
|title=Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures
|first1=Suad
|last1=Joseph
|first2=Afsaneh
|last2=Najmabadi
|publisher=Brill
|location= Leiden
|year=2003
|isbn=978-90-04-12821-7
|pages=75
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VluzAAAAIAAJ
}}</ref> and her renditions of several Dogri songs continue to be popular in the region. Some devotional songs, or [[bhajan]]s, composed by [[Karan Singh]] have gained increasing popularity over time, including ''Kaun Kareyaan Teri Aarti''.
 
Dogri programming features regularly on [[Radio Kashmir]] (a division of [[All India Radio]]), and [[Doordarshan]] (Indian state television) broadcasts in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. However, Dogri does not have a dedicated state television channel yet, unlike Kashmiri (which has the Doordarshan Koshur channel, available on cable and satellite television throughout India). [https://straightlinemag.com/ The Straight Line], a digital news portal in Jammu took the initiative of [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKGEifopoJVNSv6RcBe9k-g2cyf2nMhek Dogri news reporting] by creating more than 700 videos in Dogri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dogri Suno - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKGEifopoJVNSv6RcBe9k-g2cyf2nMhek|access-date=2021-03-16|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Pragya Salhotra,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dogri Bhasha Academy felicitates journalists for promoting Dogri language|url=https://news.statetimes.in/dogri-bhasha-academy-felicitates-journalists-for-promoting-dogri-language/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=State Times|language=en-GB}}</ref> their Dogri head helped in bringing Dogri to the mainstream by reporting on serious issues, doing satire as well as having discussions in Dogri. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Network|first=Straight Line News|date=2020-11-20|title=Two years down, many more to go!|url=https://straightlinemag.com/two-years-down-many-more-to-go/|access-date=2021-03-16|website=Straight Line|language=en-US}}</ref> Her signature style “''Aaun Pragya Salhotra tunda mata mata malaar karni aan”'' was loved and adored by many.
 
Official recognition of the language has been gradual, but progressive. On 2 August 1969, the General Council of the [[Sahitya Academy]], Delhi recognized Dogri as an "independent modern literary language" of India, based on the unanimous recommendation of a panel of linguists.<ref name="book0c1">
{{cite book
|title=Five Decades; the National Academy of Letters, India: a Short History of Sahitya Akademi
|first=S.
|last=Rao
|publisher=Sahitya Akademi
|year=2004
|isbn=9788126020607
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12pjAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref> (Indian Express, New Delhi, 3 August 1969). Dogri is one of the state languages of the [[India]]n union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. On 22 December 2003, in a major milestone for the official status of the language, Dogri was recognized as a national language of India in the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]].<ref name="book0c20">
{{Cite news
|title=Lok Sabha passes bill recognising Dogri, 3 other languages
|newspaper=Daily Excelsior
|location=Jammu and Kashmir
|date=2003-12-23
|access-date=2008-10-31
|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03dec23/news.htm
|quote=Dogri among other three languages has been included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution when Lok Sabha unanimously approved an amendment in the Constitution
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202165131/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03dec23/news.htm
|archive-date=2008-12-02
}}</ref><ref name="book0c2">
{{cite book
|title=Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts
|first=Amy
|last=Tsui
|publisher=Routledge
|year=2007
|isbn=978-0-8058-5694-1
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuci1lT08fsC
}}</ref> In Pakistan, the language (under the name "Pahari") continues to thrive, but is not known to have received official patronage to date. The Alami Pahari Adabi Sangat (Global Pahari Cultural Association) is a Pakistani organization dedicated to the advancement and progress of the language.<ref name="book0c3">{{Cite web
  | title = Alami Pahari Adabi Sangat (Global Pahari Cultural Association)
  | url = http://www.pahari.org
  | access-date = 2008-10-31
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081121102039/http://www.pahari.org/
  | archive-date = 2008-11-21
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref>
 
In 2005, a collection of over 100 works of prose and poetry in Dogri published over the last 50 years was made accessible online at the [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]] (CIIL), Mysore. This included works of eminent writer Dhinu Bhai Panth, Professor Madan Mohan Sharma, B.P. Sathai and Ram Nath Shastri.<ref>{{cite news |title=Finally, a boost: Dogri literature now a click away|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=47004 |publisher= Indian Express|date=19 May 2005 |access-date=26 Feb 2013}}</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[Dogri–Kangri languages]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Dogri]]
* [[Dogri cinema]]
* [[Languages of India]]
* [[Languages with official status in India]]
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==Bibliography==
* Gopal Haldar (2000). ''Languages of India''.  New Delhi: National Book Trust
 
==External links==
{{Incubator|code= dgo}}
{{Wikivoyage|Dogri phrasebook|Dogri|a phrasebook}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070513223558/http://www.duggartimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=161&Itemid=128 The Dogri Language], article by Ved Kumari Ghai
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120117181654/http://www.duggartimes.com/ Duggar Times.com], for more on Dogri language, literature and writers
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202165131/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03dec23/news.htm Dailyexcelsior.com], "One Hundredth Amendment," news report on the recognition of Dogri as a national language.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042428/http://www.w3cindia.in/2006/08/Talks/W3C%20Presentation%2003-08-06%28MDK%29.ppt Modifications to Devanagri to represent Dogri tones]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081121102039/http://www.pahari.org/ Pahari.org], Alami Pahari Adabi Sangat (Global Pahari Cultural Association)
* [http://ancientscripts.com/takri.html Ancientscripts.com], The Takri script.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042434/http://www.crulp.org/Publication/Crulp_report/CR04_05E.pdf Crulp.org], paper on tonality and intonation in Punjabi.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151104161836/http://ildc.in/Dogri/Dindex.aspx Dogri computing resources at TDIL (Devanagari Script)]
 
{{Dogri-Kangri languages}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dogri Language}}
[[Category:Dogri language| ]]
[[Category:Pahari languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Official languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu Division]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]
Anonymous user
Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/115662"