Cholistan Desert
The Cholistan Desert (Urdu: صحرائے چولستان Devanagari: सहरा-ए-चोलिस्तान ), also referred to locally as Rōhī (روہی; रोही), is located in the southern region of Punjab, Pakistan. It is part of the larger Greater Thar Desert, which extends into Sindh province and the Rajasthan of the Republic of India. The Cholistan Desert is one of two significant deserts in Punjab, the other being the Thal Desert.
| Cholistan Desert | |
|---|---|
 Derawar Fort is the best surviving example of the forts which used to guard desert caravan routes. | |
| Geography | |
| Country | Republic of India and Islamic republic of Pakistan |
| State | Punjab, Sindh, Rajasthan |
| Borders on | India and Pakistan |
| Coordinates | Lua error in Module:Coordinates at line 611: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
The name "Cholistan" is derived from the Turkic word "chol", meaning "sands", combined with the Persian suffix "istan", which translates to "land of". This reflects the desert's sandy terrain and its geographic significance within the region. The Cholistan Desert is characterised by its arid climate, unique ecosystems, and cultural heritage, including traditional nomadic lifestyles and historical sites.
Cholistan historically served as a hub for caravan trade, which led to the construction of numerous forts during the medieval period to safeguard trade routes. The most notable of these is the Derawar Fort, recognized as the best-preserved example of such structures.
HistoryEdit
Although Cholistan is now an arid region, it was once traversed by a significant river system formed by the waters of the Sutlej and Yamuna Rivers. The dry bed of the Hakra River runs through this area, where numerous settlements from the Indus Valley Civilisation, also known as Harappan culture, have been discovered. One of the notable urban sites is Ganweriwal. The river system supported these settlements from approximately 4000 BCE until around 600 BCE, when the river changed its course. Historically, the Hakra River carried substantial amounts of water and flowed at least up to the location of what is now Derawar Fort.
In the 1970s, over 400 Harappan sites were documented in Cholistan, with an additional 37 sites identified in the 1990s. The high density of these settlements indicates that Cholistan may have been one of the most productive regions of the Indus Valley Civilisation. Following the decline of the Harappan culture, Cholistan became associated with the Cemetery H culture, which emerged as a regional variant of Harappan culture, later succeeded by the Painted Grey Ware culture.
In the medieval period, Cholistan evolved into a center for caravan trade, resulting in the construction of a dense network of forts, with Derawar Fort being the best-preserved example. Other significant forts in Cholistan include Meergarh, Jaangarh, Marotgarh, Maujgarh, Dingarh, Khangarh, Khairgarh, Bijnotgarh, and Islamgarh, all of which feature the suffix garh (गढ़) meaning fort. These forts are part of the Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and are positioned roughly parallel to the Indus and Sutlej Rivers, about 40 miles to the south. Additionally, smaller forts such as Bara, Bhagla, Duheinwala, Falji, Kandera, Liara, Murid, Machki, Nawankot, and Phulra can also be found in the region.
GeographyEdit
The Cholistan Desert spans an area of approximately 25,800 km² across the Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, and Rahim Yar Khan districts in southern Punjab. The nearest major city is Bahawalpur, located about 30 km from the desert's edge. The desert itself extends roughly 480 kilometers in length, with a width that varies between 32 and 192 kilometers. Geographically, it is situated between latitudes 27°42'00" to 29°45'00" north and longitudes 69°57'30" to 72°52'30" east. Approximately 81% of the desert is covered in sandy terrain, while the remaining 19% consists of alluvial flats and small sandy dunes. The region faces significant desertification challenges due to inadequate vegetation cover, which leads to wind erosion.
ClimateEdit
Cholistan experiences an arid and semi-arid tropical desert climate, characterized by very low annual humidity. The mean temperature in Cholistan averages around 28.33 °C (82.99 °F), with July being the hottest month, where average temperatures reach 38.5 °C (101.3 °F). Summer temperatures can exceed 46 °C (115 °F) and may occasionally rise above 50 °C (122 °F) during drought conditions. In winter, temperatures can drop to around 0 °C (32 °F). The average annual rainfall in Cholistan is up to 180 mm, with July and August typically being the wettest months, although droughts are frequent. Seasonal water is collected in natural pools known as Toba or in manmade pools called Kund. While subsoil water exists at depths of 30–40 meters, it is generally brackish, making it unsuitable for most plant growth.
GeologyEdit
Cholistan was formed during the Pleistocene period and is geologically divided into two main regions: Greater Cholistan and Lesser Cholistan. These two areas are roughly separated by the dry bed of the ancient Hakra River.
Greater Cholistan encompasses a predominantly sandy landscape in the southern and western parts of the desert, extending up to the border with India. This area covers approximately 13,600 km² and is characterised by sand dunes that can exceed heights of 100 meters. The soil in Greater Cholistan is notably saline, which poses challenges for vegetation and agriculture.
Lesser Cholistan, on the other hand, is an arid region that is slightly less sandy, covering about 12,370 km². It extends north and east from the former Hakra River bed, historically reaching up to the banks of the Sutlej River. The soil quality in Lesser Cholistan is generally poor, featuring compacted alluvial clays with minimal organic matter.
During the British colonial era, a canal system was constructed to facilitate irrigation in the northern part of Lesser Cholistan, helping to support agricultural activities in an otherwise challenging environment. This irrigation system has played a crucial role in enhancing the productivity of the land despite its inherent limitations.
EconomyEdit
LivestockEdit
The economy of Cholistan is primarily based on animal rearing, as there are limited livelihood opportunities aside from livestock farming in the region.[1] Agricultural farming is particularly challenging away from the irrigated areas in Lower Cholistan due to the scarcity of a reliable water supply.
In Cholistan, camels hold significant value for their multiple uses, including meat and milk production, transportation, and entertainment activities such as racing and camel dancing. Two main types of camels are prevalent in the region:
- Marrecha (or Mahra): These camels are primarily utilised for transportation and are also trained for racing and performing in dances.
- Berella: This breed is specifically reared for milk production, yielding approximately 10 to 15 liters of milk per day per animal.
The reliance on camels reflects the adaptation of the local population to the arid conditions of Cholistan, where these animals play a critical role in sustaining livelihoods and cultural practices.
Livestock plays a crucial role in meeting the essential needs of Cholistan's residents, supporting both cottage industries and providing vital resources such as milk, meat, and fat. Due to the region's nomadic lifestyle, the primary wealth of the people consists of their cattle, which are bred for sale, milked for dairy products, or sheared for wool.
Given their isolation, the inhabitants of Cholistan have historically relied on themselves to fulfill their basic needs, including food, clothing, and everyday items. Consequently, their crafts initially emerged out of necessity. Over time, however, they began to export their handmade goods to other regions, expanding their economic activities beyond subsistence. The estimated livestock population in the desert areas of Cholistan stands at approximately 16 lakhs, highlighting the significance of animal husbandry as a foundational component of the local economy and culture. This livestock not only sustains the community but also contributes to its resilience and adaptability in a challenging environment.
Cotton and wool productsEdit
Cholistan is renowned for producing a superior quality of carpet wool, which surpasses that sourced from other regions of Pakistan. This high-quality wool is used to craft exquisite carpets, rugs, and various other woolen items. Among these products, blankets hold particular significance as a local necessity; the desert climate is not only characterised by dust and heat but also experiences extremely cold winter nights, often dropping below freezing.
In addition to carpets and blankets, local artisans manufacture other textile products such as khes and pattu. Khes is a type of blanket featuring a distinctive pattern of black and white, while pattu typically has a white ground base. Both items are integral to the local culture and provide warmth in the harsh desert conditions.
Given the value of this wool, Cholistan's economy has shifted towards selling it, as it yields maximum profit for the community. This transition not only supports local livelihoods but also showcases the region's rich craftsmanship and adaptability to its environment.
TextileEdit
Cotton textiles have long been a hallmark of the Indus Valley civilisation, and Cholistan continues this rich tradition through the production of various types of khaddar cloth for local use. Artisans in the region weave fine khaddar bedclothes as well as coarse lungies, showcasing the diversity of textile craftsmanship.
One notable fabric produced in Cholistan is Sufi, which is woven from a combination of silk and cotton or features a cotton wrap with silk wool. This fabric is prized for its quality and aesthetic appeal. Additionally, gargas, characterised by intricate patterns and vibrant colors, are crafted with complex embroidery, mirror work, and patchwork techniques, further highlighting the artisans' skills.
Another specialty of Cholistan is ajrak, a unique and delicate printing technique that adorns both sides of the fabric with indigo blue and red patterns, creating striking visual designs on the base cloth. The region also produces cotton turbans and shawls, essential items for daily wear.
Furthermore, chunri is another form of dopatta made in Cholistan, featuring an array of colors and patterns such as dots, squares, and circles. This diversity in textile production not only reflects the cultural heritage of Cholistan but also contributes to the local economy by meeting both domestic needs and potential markets beyond the region.
PeopleEdit
According to the 1998 Census of Pakistan, the population of Cholistan was recorded at 1,28,019 people. By 2015, this number had increased significantly, with estimates suggesting a population of approximately 2,29,071 individuals. Notably, about 70% of this population resides in the Lesser Cholistan area, indicating a concentration of residents in that region.
The average household size in Cholistan is reported to be 6.65, which reflects the community-oriented lifestyle typical of the area. This demographic information highlights the growth and distribution of the population, as well as the social structures that characterise life in Cholistan.
Local craftsEdit
The Indus Valley has historically been home to wandering nomadic tribes who prefer isolated areas, allowing them to live free from foreign intrusion and to cultivate their distinct cultures. Until the Mughal era, Cholistan remained largely insulated from outside influences. However, during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar, the region transformed into a productive unit.
Under Mughal rule, Cholistan was governed by a succession of kings who diligently protected their frontiers. Masons, stone carvers, artisans, artists, and designers collaborated to rebuild old cities and establish new ones.
Camel productsEdit
Camels hold significant value for the desert dwellers of Cholistan, serving multiple essential purposes. They are primarily used for transportation and carrying loads across the arid landscape, making them indispensable to the nomadic lifestyle. Beyond their utility in transport, camels provide valuable resources such as skin and wool.
The wool from camels is spun and woven into beautiful woolen blankets known as falsies, which are both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Additionally, camel wool is crafted into stylish and durable rugs, contributing to the region's textile heritage. The leather derived from camels is also highly prized; it is fashioned into various items, including caps, goblets, and luxurious lampshades, showcasing the versatility and importance of camels in the daily lives of the desert inhabitants. This multifaceted use of camels underscores their integral role in the culture and economy of Cholistan.
JewelleryEdit
The people of Cholistan have a deep appreciation for jewelry, with a particular fondness for gold ornaments. Among the chief pieces of jewelry crafted and worn by the locals are the Nath (nose ring), Katmala (necklace), Kangan (bracelet), and Pazeb (anklet). These traditional adornments not only reflect personal style but also hold cultural significance within the community.
In addition to gold, silver bangles are also produced in Cholistan, showcasing the craftsmanship and artistry of local artisans. The community is skilled in working with various materials, including enamel, which is used to create vibrant and intricate designs. This includes enamel buttons, earrings, bangles, and rings, further enriching the region's jewelry offerings. The craftsmanship involved in creating these pieces highlights the cultural heritage and artistic traditions that are vital to the identity of the Cholistani people.
Forts in CholistanEdit
TerracottaEdit
The Indus civilization is recognized as one of the earliest centers of pottery, which has contributed to the rich history of pottery in Cholistan. The local soil in the region is notably fine, making it highly suitable for pottery production. This quality of earth is evident in the traditional Kacha houses, which are constructed from mud plaster. Although they are made from simple materials, these houses often appear as if they have been whitewashed, showcasing the fine texture of the soil . Cholistani ceramics are distinguished by their craftsmanship, with notable articles including surāhīs (jugs), piyālās (cups), and glasses. These ceramic pieces are celebrated for their lightness and exquisite finishing, reflecting the skill and artistry of local potters.
Historically, the art of pottery and terracotta was the primary focus of artisans in the region. However, from the seventh century onward, there was a marked shift in artistic expression due to heightened religious fervor and the accumulation of wealth in urban centers. This period saw the construction of numerous temples and the creation of intricate images, expanding the scope of artistic endeavors beyond pottery to include religious architecture and sculpture. This evolution highlights the dynamic cultural landscape of Cholistan throughout its history.
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ Farooq, Umar; Iqbal, Mhuhammad; Ahmad, Munir (2007). "Livestock Farming in Cholistan Desert of Pakistan: Setting the Development Strategies". mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 "Cholistan Desert Forts". TDCP. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2017.