Muhammad's children | |||||||||||||||||
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The children of Muhammad include the three sons and four daughters of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[1] The common view is that all were born to Muhammad's first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, except one son, named Ibrahim, who was born to Maria al-Qibtiyya.[2][3] Most Shia Muslims, however, hold that Fatima was the only biological daughter of Muhammad.[4][5] Muhammad also had a foster son, Zayd ibn Harithah.[6][7]
Sunni view[edit | edit source]
In chronological order, most Sunni sources list Muhammad's children as
- Qasim (598–601)
- Zainab (599–629)
- Ruqayyah (601–624)
- Umm Kulthum (603–630)
- Fatima (605–632)[8]
- Abd Allah (611–615)
- Ibrahim (630–632)
Shia view[edit | edit source]
A number of Shia sources argue that Zainab, Ruqayyah, and Umm Kulthum were adopted by Muhammad after the death of their mother, Hala, a sister of Khadija.[4][9] According to Abbas, most Shia Muslims hold that Fatima was Muhammad's only biological daughter,[4] whereas Fedele limits this belief to Twelver Shi'ism.[9] Hyder reports that this belief is prevalent among the Shias of South Asia.[5]
Descendants[edit | edit source]
Muhammad's sons all died in childhood.[10][7] Their early deaths, according to Freedman and McClymond, was detrimental to a hereditary-based system of succession to Muhammad.[7] Alternatively, after the past prophets, writes Madelung, their descendants became the spiritual and material heirs to them in the Quran, a matter that is settled therein by divine selection and not by the faithful.[11][12]
Muhammad's daughters reached adulthood but they all died relatively young.[7] Fatima married Ali ibn Abi Talib, Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum married Uthman one after another, and Zainab married Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi. Umm Kulthum remained childless whereas Ruqayya gave birth to a boy Abd Allah, who died at the age of six.[13][14] Zaynab gave birth to a son Ali (who also died in childhood) and a daughter Umama, whom Ali ibn Abi Talib married after Fatima's death.[15] Fatima gave birth to two boys, Hasan and Husayn, and it is through her that Muhammad's progeny has spread throughout the Muslim world.[8] The descendants of Fatima are given the honorific titles sayyid (lit. 'lord, sir') or sharif (lit. 'noble'), and are respected in the Muslim community.[8][9][16] Muhammad's attitude and treatment towards his children, enshrined in the hadith literature, is viewed by Muslims as an exemplar to be imitated.[17]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Haykal 1933, pp. 76, 77.
- ↑ Gwynne 2013.
- ↑ Smith 2008, p. 17.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Abbas 2021, p. 33.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Akbar 2006, p. 75.
- ↑ Hazleton 2013, pp. 67, 68.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Freedman & McClymond 2000, p. 497.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Buehler 2014.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Fedele 2018, p. 56.
- ↑ Hughes 1885, p. 869.
- ↑ Madelung 1997, pp. 9, 17.
- ↑ Jafri 1979, pp. 14-16.
- ↑ Madelung 1997, pp. 364.
- ↑ Q. Ahmed 2011, p. 50.
- ↑ Haylamaz 2007, p. 83.
- ↑ Morimoto 2012, p. 2.
- ↑ Yust 2006, p. 72.
Bibliography[edit | edit source]
- Abbas, Hassan (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64696-0.
- Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman.
- Hazleton, Lesley (2013). The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad. Atlantic Books Ltd. ISBN 9781782392316.
- Buehler, Arthur F. (2014). "FATIMA (d. 632)". In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–7. ISBN 9781610691772.
- Fedele, Valentina (2018). "FATIMA (605/15-632 CE)". In de-Gaia, Susan (ed.). Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. ISBN 9781440848506.
- Khetia, Vinay (2013). Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources (Thesis). Concordia University.
- Haykal, Muḥammad Ḥusayn (1933). al-Fārūqī, Ismaʻīl Rājī (ed.). The Life of Muhammad (1994 revision of 1976 English translation ed.). Islamic Book Trust. pp. 76, 77. ISBN 9789839154177.
- Gwynne, Paul (2013). Buddha, Jesus and Muhammad: A Comparative Study. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118465493.
- Smith, Bonnie G., ed. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195148909.
- Freedman, David Noel; McClymond, Michael (2000). The Rivers of Paradise: Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad as Religious Founders. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802829573.
- Yust, Karen-Marie, ed. (2006). Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742544635.
- Morimoto, Kazuo, ed. (2012). Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim societies: The living links to the prophet (Illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9780415519175.
- Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1885). Dictionary of Islam. W. H. Allen.
- Ibn Warraq (2000). The Quest for the Historical Muhammad. Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781573927871.
- Q. Ahmed, Asad (2011). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies (Illustrated ed.). Occasional Publications UPR. ISBN 978-1900934138. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
- Haylamaz, Resit (2007). Khadija: The First Muslim and the Wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Tughra Books. ISBN 9781597841214.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Akbar, Syed (2006). Reliving Karbala : Martyrdom in South Asian Memory: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory. United States: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199706624.
- Soufi, Denise Louise (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- M. J. Kister. "THE SONS OF KHADIJA" (PDF). Retrieved 22 February 2015.