The Cambay Shale Formation is an Early Eocene-aged geologic formation in the Cambay Basin, India. It varies in thickness from a few meters on the margins of the basin to more than 2,500m in the depressions. It directly overlies the Olpad Formation and is, in turn, overlain by the Anklesvar Formation in the southern part of the basin and by Kalol Formation in the northern part of the basin. Further north, the Cambay Shale, in its lower part, is gradually replaced by tongues of paralic-deltaic Kadi Formation and finally by Tharad Formation.[1]
Paleobiota[edit | edit source]
Vertebrates[edit | edit source]
Mammals[edit | edit source]
Source:[2]
| Anthracobunians from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Cambaytherium | C. thewissi | A cambaytheriid. | ||||
| C. gracilis | ||||||
| C. bidens | ||||||
| Kalitherium | K. marinus | Another cambaytheriid. | ||||
| Indobune | I. vastanensis | A possible anthracobunid. | ||||
| Primates[3] from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Asiadapis | A. cambayensis | An Asiadapine. | ||||
| A. tapiensis | ||||||
| Marcgodinotius | M. indicus | Another Asiadapine. | ||||
| Vastanomys | V. gracilis | A omomyid. | ||||
| V. major | ||||||
| Hyaenodonts from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Indohyaenodon | I.raoi | A hyaenodont. | ||||
| Dichobunids from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Gujaratia | G. indica | A Diacodexeid. |  | |||
| G. pakistanensis | ||||||
| Tapiromorphs from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Cambaylophus[4] | C. vastanensis | A tapiromorph. | ||||
| Vastanolophus[5] | V. holbrooki | A tapiromorph. | ||||
| Cimolestans from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Suratilestes | S. gingerichi | A cimolestan. | ||||
| Anthraconyx | A. hypsomylus | A esthonychid | ||||
| Bats from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Archaeonycteris | A. storchi | A bat. | ||||
| Protonycteris | P. gunnelli | A bat. | ||||
| Cambaya | C. complexus | A bat. | ||||
| Hassianycteris | H. kumari | A bat. | ||||
| Icaronycteris | I. sigei | A bat. | ||||
| Jaegeria | J. cambayensis | A bat. | ||||
| Microchiropteryx | M. folieae | A bat. | ||||
| Other mammals from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Frugivastodon | F. cristatus | A apatemyid. | ||||
| Indolestes | I. kalamensis | An adapisoriculid. | ||||
| Indodelphis | I. luoi | A opossum. | ||||
| Meldimys[6] | M. musak | A rodent. | ||||
| Indonyctia[7] | I. cambayensis | A nyctitheriid. | ||||
| Pahelia | P. mysteriosa | A herbivorous mammal of uncertain affinities.[8] | ||||
Birds[edit | edit source]
| Birds from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Vastanavis | V.eocaena | A parrot. | ||||
Reptiles[edit | edit source]
| Lizards from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Indiagama | I. gujarata | A iguanian. | ||||
| Suratagama | S. neeraae | A iguanian. | ||||
| Tinosaurus | T. indicus | A iguanian. | ||||
| Vastanagama | V. susanae | A iguanian. | ||||
| Heterodontagama | H. borsukae | A priscagamid iguanian. | ||||
| Snakes from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Platyspondylophis | P. tadkeshwarensis | A Madtsoiid. | ||||
| Russellophis | R. crassus | A russelophiid. | ||||
| Procerophis | P. sahnii | A snake. | ||||
| Thaumastophis | T. missiaeni | A snake. | ||||
| Palaeophis | P. vastaniensis | A paleophiid snake. | ||||
Amphibians[edit | edit source]
| Amphibians from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Eobarbourula | E. delfinoi | A toad. | ||||
| Indorana | I.prasadi | A frog. | ||||
Ray-finned fish[edit | edit source]
| Ray-finned fish from the Cambay Shale formation | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images | ||
| Avitoplectus | A. molaris | Lower jaw | A bizarre tetraodontiform.[9] | ||||
| Diodon | D. sp. | Teeth | A porcupinefish.[10] | ||||
| Egertonia | E. sp. | Teeth | A phyllodontid elopomorph.[10] | ||||
| ?Enchodus | ?E. sp. | Teeth | An enchodontid aulopiform. Among the latest known remains of this otherwise Cretaceous genus,[10] but may potentially represent reworked material from lower layers.[11] | ||||
| Eotrigonodon | E. indicus | Teeth | A pycnodont.[10] | ||||
| Eutrichiurides | E. sp. | Teeth | A cutlassfish.[10] | ||||
| Osteoglossidae indet. | Teeth, scales | A bonytongue.[10] | |||||
| Sphyraena | S. sp. | Teeth | A barracuda.[10] | ||||
| Stephanodus | S. lybicus | Teeth | A pycnodont.[10] | ||||
Arthropods[edit | edit source]
Crabs[edit | edit source]
| Crabs from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Philyra | P. karkata | A leucosiid crab. | ||||
Insects[edit | edit source]
| Beetles from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Protoclaviger[12] | P.trichodens | A Beetle. | ||||
| Cambaltica | C. paleoindica | A Flea Beetle. | ||||
| Paleosorius | P. cambayensis | A Rove Beetle. | ||||
| Hemipterans[13] from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Heteromargarodes | H. hukamsinghi | A sand pearl. | ||||
| H. americanus | ||||||
| Normarkicoccus | N. cambayae | A diaspidid scale insect. | ||||
| Neuropterans from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Spiloconis[14] | S. sexguttata | A Aleuropterygine Coniopterygid. | ||||
| S. glaesaria | ||||||
| S. oediloma | ||||||
| S. eominuta | ||||||
| Bees from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Melikertes[15] | M. (Paramelikertes) gujaratensis | A bee. | ||||
| M. (Melikertes) kamboja | ||||||
| Wasps from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Trichelyon | T. tadkeshwarense | A braconid wasp. | ||||
| Termites[16] from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Nanotermes | N. isaacae | A termitid termite. |  | |||
| Prostylotermes | P. kamboja | A Stylotermitid termite. |  | |||
| Parastylotermes | P. krishnai | A Stylotermitid termite. |  | |||
| Zophotermes | Z. ashoki | A Rhinotermitid termite |  | |||
| Flies from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Sycorax[17] | S. longistyla | A moth fly. | ||||
| Phlebotoiella | P. eoindianensis | A moth fly of unceritian affinities. | ||||
| Dicranomyia | D. (Dicranomyia) indica | The oldest known Crane fly and tipulomorph.[18] | ||||
| Stempellina | S.pollex | A non-biting midge | ||||
| S.stebneri | ||||||
| Tanytarsus | T.forfex | A non-biting midge | ||||
| T.ramus | ||||||
| Camptopterohelea | C. odora | A non-biting midge | ||||
| Eohelea | E. indica | A biting midge | ||||
| Gedanohelea | G. gerdesorum | A biting midge | ||||
| Indorrhina | I.sahnii | A biting midge | ||||
| Lygistorrhina | L. indica | A biting midge | ||||
| Meunierohelea | M. borkenti | A biting midge | ||||
| Meunierohelea | M. cambayana | A biting midge | ||||
| Meunierohelea | M. orientalis | A biting midge | ||||
| Palaeognoriste | P. orientale | A biting midge | ||||
| Webspinners from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Kumarembia | K. hurleyi | One of the few fossil Webspinners known. | ||||
Arachnids[edit | edit source]
| Whip spiders from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Paracharonopsis[19] | P. cambayensis | A Paracharontid. | ||||
Plants[edit | edit source]
| Plants from the Cambay Shale formation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genus | Species | Stratigraphic position | Notes | Images | ||
| Pterospermoxylon | P. suratensis | An angiosperm. | ||||
| Anthocephalophyllum | A. vastanicum | An angiosperm. | ||||
| Ebenoxylon | E. cambayense | An angiosperm. | ||||
| Gardeniophyllum | G. cambayum | An angiosperm. | ||||
| Calophyllaceophyllum | C. eocenicum | An angiosperm. | ||||
| Carallioipollenites | C. integerrimoides | An angiosperm known from fossilised pollen. | ||||
| Gynocardia | G. eocenica | An angiosperm. | ||||
Template:Paleobiota-key-compact
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Chowdhary, L. R. (2004). Petroleum geology of the Cambay Basin, Gujarat., India. Dehradun: Indian Petroleum Publishers. ISBN 978-81-900361-3-9.
- ↑ "Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, India".
- ↑ Rose, Kenneth D.; Rana, Rajendra S.; Sahni, Ashok; Kumar, Kishor; Missiaen, Pieter; Singh, Lachham; Smith, Thierry (April 2009). "Early Eocene Primates from Gujarat, India". Journal of Human Evolution. 56 (4): 366–404. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.008. PMID 19303624.
- ↑ Kapur, Vivesh V.; Bajpai, Sunil (31 December 2015). "Oldest South Asian tapiromorph (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Cambay Shale Formation, western India, with comments on its phylogenetic position and biogeographic implications". Journal of Palaeosciences. 64 (1–2): 95–103. doi:10.54991/jop.2015.104.
- ↑ Smith, Thierry; Solé, Floréal; Missiaen, Pieter; Rana, Rajendra; Kumar, Kishor; Sahni, Ashok; Rose, Kenneth (8 September 2015). "First early Eocene tapiroid from India and its implication for the paleobiogeographic origin of perissodactyls". Palaeovertebrata. doi:10.18563/pv.39.2.e5.
- ↑ Rana, Rajendra S.; Kumar, Kishor; Escarguel, Gilles; Sahni, Ashok; Rose, Kenneth D.; Smith, Thierry; Singh, Hukam; Singh, Lachham (January 2008). "An Ailuravine Rodent from the Lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan, Western India, and Its Palaeobiogeographic Implications". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 53 (1): 1–14. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0101.
- ↑ Das, Debasis P.; Carolin, Nora; Bajpai, Sunil (3 July 2022). "A nyctitheriid insectivore (Eulipotyphla, Mammalia) of Asian affinity from the early Eocene of India". Historical Biology. 34 (7): 1157–1165. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1966002.
- ↑ Zack, Shawn P.; Rose, Kenneth D.; Holbrook, Luke T.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra S.; Smith, Thierry (2021). "An enigmatic new ungulate-like mammal from the early Eocene of India". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (1): 497–520. doi:10.1002/spp2.1288. ISSN 2056-2802.
- ↑ Bemis, Katherine E.; Tyler, James C.; Bemis, William E.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra Singh; Smith, Thierry (2017-11-02). "A gymnodont fish jaw with remarkable molariform teeth from the early Eocene of Gujarat, India (Teleostei, Tetraodontiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (6) e1369422. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1369422. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Rana, R. S.; Kumar, K.; Singh, H. (2004). "Vertebrate fauna from the subsurface Cambay Shale (Lower Eocene), Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, India". Current Science. 87 (12): 1726–1733. ISSN 0011-3891.
- ↑ Davis, Matthew P.; Fielitz, Christopher (December 2010). "Estimating divergence times of lizardfishes and their allies (Euteleostei: Aulopiformes) and the timing of deep-sea adaptations". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1194–1208. Bibcode:2010MolPE..57.1194D. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.003. PMID 20854916.
- ↑ "Specialized Myrmecophily at the Ecological Dawn of Modern Ants: Current Biology".
- ↑ Vea, Isabelle M.; Grimaldi, David A. (2015). "Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea". American Museum Novitates (3823): 1–15. doi:10.1206/3823.1. S2CID 73702369.
- ↑ Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S.; Nascimbene, Paul c.; Singh, Hukam (2013). "Coniopterygidae (Neuroptera: Aleuropteryginae) in Amber from the Eocene of India and the Miocene of Hispaniola". American Museum Novitates (3770): 20–39. doi:10.1206/3770.2. S2CID 56567508.
- ↑ Engel, Michael S.; Ortega-Blanco, Jaime; Nascimbene, Paul C.; Singh, Hukam (17 December 2013). "The bees of Early Eocene Cambay amber (Hymenoptera: Apidae)". Journal of Melittology (25): 1–12. doi:10.17161/jom.v0i25.4659. hdl:1808/14444.
- ↑ Engel, Michael; Grimaldi, David; Nascimbene, Paul; Singh, Hukam (21 November 2011). "The termites of Early Eocene Cambay amber, with the earliest record of the Termitidae (Isoptera)". ZooKeys (148): 105–123. doi:10.3897/zookeys.148.1797. PMC 3264413. PMID 22287892.
- ↑ Wagner, RüDiger; Agnihotri, Priya; Singh, Hukam (25 August 2022). "A new species of Sycorax (Sycoracinae: Psychodidae) from the Lower Eocene amber of Tadkeshwar, Gujarat, India". Palaeoentomology. 5 (4). doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.5.4.4.
- ↑ Kania, Iwona; Krzemiński, Wiesław; Stebner, Frauke; Singh, Hukam (June 2016). "The first representative of Tipulomorpha (Diptera) from Early Eocene Cambay amber (India)". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 263–269. doi:10.1017/S1755691017000433.
- ↑ Engel, Michael S.; Grimaldi, David A (6 August 2014). "Whipspiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi) in amber from the Early Eocene and mid-Cretaceous, including maternal care". Novitates Paleoentomologicae (9): 1. doi:10.17161/np.v0i9.4765. hdl:1808/15287.