Bulldog

From Bharatpedia, an open encyclopedia


This article is about the English Bulldog. For other uses, see Bulldog (disambiguation).
See also: French Bulldog, American Bulldog, and Old English Bulldog
Bulldog
Whitebulldog.jpg
Other namesEnglish Bulldog,
British Bulldog
OriginEngland[1]
NotesNational animal of United Kingdom
Dog (domestic dog)

The Bulldog is a British breed of dog of mastiff type. It may also be known as the English Bulldog or British Bulldog. It is of medium size, a muscular, hefty dog with a wrinkled face and a distinctive pushed-in nose.[4] It is commonly kept as a companion dog; in 2013 it was in twelfth place on a list of the breeds most frequently registered worldwide.[5]

The Bulldog has a longstanding association with British culture; the BBC wrote: "to many the Bulldog is a national icon, symbolising pluck and determination".[6] During the Second World War, the Prime Minister Winston Churchill was likened to a Bulldog for his defiance of Nazi Germany.[7] The Bulldog Club (In England) was formed in 1878, and the Bulldog Club of America was formed in 1890.

History[edit]

Painting of a Bulldog from 1790 by English artist Philip Reinagle.
Painting of a Bulldog by Arthur Heyer

The first reference to the word "Bulldog" is dated 1631 or 1632 in a letter by a man named Preswick Eaton where he writes: "procuer mee two good Bulldogs, and let them be sent by ye first shipp".[8] In 1666, English scientist Christopher Merret applied: "Canis pugnax, a Butchers Bull or Bear Dog", as an entry in his Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum.[9]

The designation "bull" was applied because of the dog's use in the sport of bull-baiting. This entailed the setting of dogs (after placing wagers on each dog) onto a tethered bull. The dog that grabbed the bull by the nose and pinned it to the ground would be the victor. It was common for a bull to maim or kill several dogs at such an event, either by goring, tossing, or trampling over them. Over the centuries, dogs used for bull-baiting developed the stocky bodies and massive heads and jaws that typify the breed, as well as a ferocious and savage temperament. Bull-baiting was made illegal in England by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835.[10] This amended the existing legislation to protect animals from mistreatment and included (as "cattle") snakes, dogs, owls, and donkeys, so that bull- and bear-baiting, as well as cockfighting, became prohibited. Therefore, the Old English Bulldog had outlived its usefulness in England as a sporting animal and its active or "working" days were numbered. However, emigrants did have a use for such dogs in the New World. In mid-17th century New York, Bulldogs were used as a part of a citywide roundup effort led by Governor Richard Nicolls. Because cornering and leading wild bulls were dangerous, Bulldogs were trained to seize a bull by its nose long enough for a rope to be secured around its neck.[11] Bulldogs as pets were continually promoted by dog dealer Bill George.[12] Despite slow maturation so that growing up is rarely achieved by two and a half years, Bulldogs' lives are relatively short. At five to six years of age, they start to show signs of aging.

Though today Bulldogs look tough, they cannot perform the job they were originally created for, as they cannot withstand the rigors of running after and being thrown by a bull, and also cannot grip with such a short muzzle. Although not as physically capable as their ancestors, decreased levels of aggression associated with modern Bulldogs have resulted in a far calmer temperament.[13]

In 1864, a group of bulldog breeders under R. S. Rockstro founded the first Bulldog Club. Three years after its opening the Club ceased to exist, not having organized a single show. The main achievement of the Rockstro Bulldog Club was a detailed description of the Bulldog, known as the Philo-Kuan Standard. Samuel Wickens, treasurer of the club, published this description in 1865 under the pseudonym Philo-Kuan.[14]

On 4 April 1873, The Kennel Club was founded, the first in the world dog breeding club dealing with the registration of purebred dogs and dog breeds.[15] Bulldogs were included in the first volume of the Kennel Club Stud Book, which was presented at the Birmingham Show on 1 December 1874. The first English Bulldog entered into the register was a male dog named Adam (Adamo), born in 1864.[16]

In March 1875, the third Bulldog Club was founded, which still exists today.[17][18] Members of this club met frequently at the Blue Post pub on Oxford Street in London. The founders of the club collected all available information about the breed and its best representatives and developed a new standard for the English Bulldog, which was published on 27 May 1875. Also, the club held its first show of the breed in 1875. Since 1878, exhibitions of the club were held annually, except during the Second World War. On 17 May 1894, the Bulldog Club was granted the status of a corporation and since then has carried the official name "The Bulldog Club, Inc.", being the oldest mono-breed dog kennel club in the world.[19]

In 1894 the two top Bulldogs, King Orry and Dockleaf, competed in a contest to see which dog could walk 20 miles (32 km). King Orry was reminiscent of the original Bulldogs, lighter boned and very athletic. Dockleaf was smaller and heavier set, more like modern Bulldogs. King Orry was declared the winner that year, finishing the 20-mile (32 km) walk while Dockleaf collapsed.[20] The Bulldog was officially recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1886.[4]

At the turn of the 20th century, Ch. Rodney Stone became the first Bulldog to command a price of $5,000 when he was bought by controversial Irish American political figure Richard Croker.

Appearance[edit]

A 4-year-old Bulldog of Champion bloodlines, side view. Note the "rope" over the nose, and pronounced underbite

Bulldogs have characteristically wide heads and shoulders along with a pronounced mandibular prognathism. There are generally thick folds of skin on the brow; round, black, wide-set eyes; a short muzzle with characteristic folds called a rope or nose roll above the nose; hanging skin under the neck; drooping lips and pointed teeth, and an underbite with an upturned jaw. The coat is short, flat, and sleek with colours of red, fawn, white, brindle, and piebald.[4]

Dogs weigh approximately 25 kg, bitches about 2 kg less.[21][22]

Temperament[edit]

According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), a Bulldog's disposition should be "equable and kind, resolute, and courageous (not vicious or aggressive), and demeanor should be pacifist and dignified. These attributes should be countenanced by the expression and behavior".[23]

Breeders have worked to reduce/remove aggression from these dogs.[4] Most have a friendly, patient, but stubborn nature. Bulldogs are recognized as excellent family pets because of their tendency to form strong bonds with children.[4]

Generally, Bulldogs are known for getting along well with children, other dogs, and other pets.[24]

Health[edit]

Bulldog puppy
White-red Bulldog

A 2004 UK survey of 180 Bulldog deaths puts the median age at death at 6 years 3 months. The leading cause of death of Bulldogs in the survey was cardiac related (20%), cancer (18%), and old age (9%). Those that died of old age had an average lifespan of 10 to 11 years.[2] A 2013 UK vet clinic survey of 26 Bulldogs puts the median lifespan at 8.4 years with an interquartile range of 3.2–11.3 years.[3] The UK Bulldog Breed Council website lists the average life span of the breed as 8–10 years.[25]

Statistics from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals indicate that of the 467 Bulldogs tested between 1979 and 2009 (30 years), 73.9% were affected by hip dysplasia, the highest amongst all breeds.[26] Similarly, the breed has the worst score in the British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia scoring scheme, although only 22 Bulldogs were tested in the scheme.[27] Patellar luxation affects 6.2% of Bulldogs.[28]

Over 80% of Bulldog litters are delivered by Caesarean section[29] because their characteristically large heads can become lodged in the mother's birth canal. The folds, or "rope", on a Bulldog's face should be cleaned daily to avoid infections caused by moisture accumulation. Some Bulldogs' naturally curling tails can be so tight to the body as to require regular cleaning and ointment. Due to the high volume of skin folds on the Bulldog's body, they have high prevalence of skin-fold dermatitis.[30]

Like all dogs, Bulldogs require daily exercise. If not properly exercised it is possible for a Bulldog to become overweight, which could lead to heart and lung problems, as well as stress on the joints.[31]

Like all brachycephalic dogs, bully breeds often suffer from brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome. The condition manifests in a variety of ways, often in the form of intolerance to heat and physical exertion. The English bulldog is among the breeds that are most severely affected by brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome.[32] Bulldogs have very small nasal cavities and this makes them have great difficulty keeping their bodies cool. Bulldogs are very sensitive to heat. Extra caution should be practiced in warmer climates and during summer months. Bulldogs must be given plenty of shade and water, and must be kept out of standing heat.[4] Air conditioning and good ventilation are required to keep them healthy and safe. Bulldogs actually do most of their sweating through the pads on their feet and accordingly enjoy cool floors. Like all brachycephalic, or "short faced", breeds, their inefficient and sometimes labored breathing can cause overheating.[33] They can even die from hyperthermia.[4] Bulldog owners can keep these issues under control by staying aware and protecting their Bulldog(s) from these unsafe conditions. They can be heavy breathers and tend to be loud snorers; another indicator of brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome. In 2019 the Dutch Kennel Club implemented some breeding rules to improve the health of the Bulldog. Among these is a fitness test where the dog has to walk 1 km (0.62 miles) in 12 minutes. Its temperature and heart rate has to recover after 15 minutes.[34]

In January 2009, after the BBC documentary Pedigree Dogs Exposed, The Kennel Club introduced revised breed standards for the British Bulldog, along with 209 other breeds, to address health concerns. Opposed by the British Bulldog Breed Council, it was speculated by the press that the changes would lead to a smaller head, fewer skin folds, a longer muzzle, and a taller thinner posture, in order to combat problems with respiration and breeding due to head size and width of shoulders.[35]

Based on a study done by Sari Helena Mölsä, Heli Katariina Hyytiäinen, Kaj Mikael Morelius, Maria Katariina Palmu, Tommi Sakari Pesonen, and Anu Katriina Lappalainen, they found that "The English bulldogs carried a mean of 67.3% and 62.1% of their body weight in front limbs while standing and trotting, respectively"[36] They also found that, "Front and hind limb lameness was seen in 20.8% (5/24) and 12.5% (3/24) of dogs, respectively" [36]

In 2019, the Dutch government forbade breeding of Bulldogs.[37] In 2022, the Oslo District Court made a ruling that banned the breeding of Bulldogs in Norway due to their propensity for developing health problems. In its verdict the court judged that no dog of this breed could be considered healthy, therefore using them for breeding would be a violation of Norway’s Animal Welfare Act.[38][39]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Wilcox, Charlotte (1999). The Bulldog. Capstone Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-7368-0004-4.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "2004 Purebred Dog Health Survey" (PDF). Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 O’Neill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013). "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England" (PDF). The Veterinary Journal. 198 (3): 638–43. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020. PMID 24206631.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 "Get to Know the Bulldog" Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, 'The American Kennel Club'. Retrieved 29 May 2014
  5. ↑ [Svenska Kennelklubben] (2013). Registration figures worldwide – from top thirty to endangered breeds. FCI Newsletter 15. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed March 2022.
  6. ↑ "English Bulldog health problems prompt cross-breeding call". BBC. 12 December 2016.
  7. ↑ Baker, Steve (2001). Picturing the Beast. University of Illinois Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-252-07030-5.
  8. ↑ Jesse, George R. (1866). Researches into the history of the British Dog, from ancient laws, charters, and historical records: With original anecdotes, and illustrations of the nature and attributes of the dog, from the poets and prose writers of ancient, mediaeval, and modern times. With engravings designed and etched by the author. Rob. Hardwicke. p. 306.
  9. ↑ Merret, Christopher (1666). Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum, continens Vegetabilia, Animalia, et Fossilia. p. 169.
  10. ↑ Curnutt, Jordan (2001). Animals and the Law: A Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 284. ISBN 9781576071472.
  11. ↑ Ellis, Edward Robb (2005). The Epic of New York City – A Narrative History. Basic Books, New York. ISBN 978-0-7867-1436-0
  12. ↑ Oliff, D. B. (1988) The Mastiff and Bullmastiff Handbook, The Boswell Press ISBN 0-85115-485-9.
  13. ↑ Thomson, K.S. (1996). "The Fall and Rise of the English Bulldog". American Scientist. 84 (3): 220. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  14. ↑ "The Origin of the English Bulldog Standard". Bulldog Information. Archived from the original on 12 March 2004. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  15. ↑ "History of the Kennel Club". The Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  16. ↑ "The History of the English Bulldog". Ready Set Puppy. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  17. ↑ "History of the English Bulldog". Bulldog Information. Archived from the original on 29 October 2005. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  18. ↑ "Origins of the English Bulldog". Bulldog Club do Brasil. Archived from the original on 12 January 2002. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  19. ↑ "The first Bulldog breed Clubs and first Bulldog Champions". Bulldog Information. Archived from the original on 4 January 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  20. ↑ The sun., 11 September 1894, Page 4, Image 4
  21. ↑ FCI-Standard N° 149: Bulldog. Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed May 2022.
  22. ↑ Bulldog. The Kennel Club. Accessed May 2022.
  23. ↑ American Kennel Club – Bulldog. Akc.org. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  24. ↑ Ewing, Susan (2006). Bulldogs for dummies. Indiana: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7645-9979-8.
  25. ↑ Frequently asked questions on The Bulldog, 'Britain's National Breed' Archived 18 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine Bulldog Breed Council
  26. ↑ "Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed". Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
  27. ↑ "British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club Hip Dysplasia Scheme – Breed Mean Scores at 01/11/2009" (PDF). British Veterinary Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2010.
  28. ↑ Patellar Luxation Statistics. offa.org
  29. ↑ Evans, K.; Adams, V. (2010). "Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section" (PDF). The Journal of Small Animal Practice. 51 (2): 113–118. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x. PMID 20136998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2016.
  30. ↑ Asher, Lucy; Diesel, Gillian; Summers, Jennifer F.; McGreevy, Paul D.; Collins, Lisa M. (December 2009). "Inherited defects in pedigree dogs. Part 1: Disorders related to breed standards". The Veterinary Journal. 182 (3): 402–411. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.033. PMID 19836981.
  31. ↑ Denizet-Lewis, Benoit (22 November 2011) Can the Bulldog be Saved? The New York Times.
  32. ↑ "Brachycephalic Airway Obstruction Syndrome and the English Bulldog". Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. The International Animal Welfare Science Society. 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  33. ↑ "Heatstroke warning for bulldogs and pugs". BBC News. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2022. It's likely that brachycephalic [flat-faced] dogs overheat due to their intrinsically ineffective cooling mechanisms. Dogs pant to cool down - without a nose, panting is simply less effective. In fact, brachycephalic dogs may even generate more heat simply gasping to breathe than they lose by panting.
  34. ↑ "Convenant Bulldog, breeding rules" (PDF). Raad van Beheer (Dutch Kennel Club). Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  35. ↑ Elliott, Valerie (14 January 2009). "Healthier new Bulldog will lose its Churchillian jowl". The Times. London. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Mölsä, Sari Helena; Hyytiäinen, Heli Katariina; Morelius, Kaj Mikael; Palmu, Maria Katariina; Pesonen, Tommi Sakari; Lappalainen, Anu Katriina (12 May 2020). "Radiographic findings have an association with weight bearing and locomotion in English bulldogs". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 62 (1): 19. doi:10.1186/s13028-020-00517-3. ISSN 1751-0147. PMC 7218547. PMID 32398017.
  37. ↑ "Dutch to crack down on breeding of dogs with too short snouts | Vet Times". vettimes.co.uk. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  38. ↑ "Norway bans breeding of British Bulldogs and Cavalier King Charles spaniels". The Independent. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  39. ↑ "Breeding ban for bulldogs and cavaliers in Norway". France 24. 22 February 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.



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