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Shiva Advaita (Devanagari:शिवाद्वैत, Tamil: சிவாத்வைதம், Śivādvaitam, Kannada: ಶಿವಾದ್ವೈತ, Śivādvaita), also known as Śiva Viśiṣṭādvaita or Shaivite qualified nondualism,[1][2] refers to Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya's (dated 11th-15th century CE[3][4][2][5][6][7]) Southern India Shaivite commentary on the Brahma Sutras, which considers Shiva supreme,[5] and to Appayya's 16th century CE[8] commentary on Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya's stance.[9]
Origins[edit | edit source]
Śrīkaṇṭha Śivācārya (also known as Nīlakaṇṭha Śivācārya) composed the Srikanta Bhashyam,[10] a commentary on the Brahma Sutras, which became known as Śivādvaita.[11] The time frame of Śrīkaṇṭha's work is not exactly known, but it is argued to fall somewhere between the 11th and 11 century,[3][4][2][5][6][7] with the 14th to 15th century being more likely, according to Duquette.[12][lower-alpha 1] Sri Appayya Dikshita (16th century CE[8]) contributed further to Shiva Advaita by expounding Śrīkaṇṭha's philosophy in his Sivarka Mani Dipika.[11]
Tenets[edit | edit source]
The theory of Śivadvaita resembles very closely Ramanuja's Viśiṣṭādvaita non-dualism doctrine,[lower-alpha 2] but differs in who is considered Supreme. While Ramanuja considers Vishnu to be supreme, Śrīkaṇṭha considers Shiva supreme.[11][2][11] While Śrīkaṇṭha does not deny Nirguna Brahman, which is central to Advaita,[12] he affirms the supremacy of Saguna Brahman, typical of qualified non-dualism. However, Appayya affirms a form of pure non-dualism, and recasts Śrīkaṇṭha's work in an effort to establish Shiva Advaita in his Śivādvaitanirṇaya.[12]
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Kasivasi Senthinatha Iyer places it in the 7th century, arguing that it appeared before all the Bhashyams like Shankara, Ramanuja, and Madhva.[13]
- ↑ Compared to the Smārta tradition of Advaita, which regards Shiva as a manifestation of saguṇa Brahman ultimately dissolving into the impersonal nirguṇa Brahman, Srikanta’s Shiva Advaita is more sectarian and theistic, emphasizing Shiva as the unique and supreme Parabrahman.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Chaudhuri 1962, p. 2.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Subramuniyaswami 2003, p. 1223.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Radhakrishna 1960, pp. 66.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chaudhuri 1962, p. 7.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Johnson 2009.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dalal 2014.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Duquette 2016, p. 68, note 2.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Duquette 2016, p. 67.
- ↑ Duquette 2016, p. 68, note 1.
- ↑ Kantha 1897.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Ramesan 1972, p. 67.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Duquette 2016.
- ↑ தமிழில் காசிவாசி செந்திநாதையர் (2005). பிரமசூத்திர சிவாத்துவித சைவபாடியம்.
Sources[edit | edit source]
- Chaudhuri, Roma (1962). Doctrine Of Srikantha Vol 1&2. Institute of Oriental Learning.
- Dalal, Roshen (2014). "Shivadvaita". Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. ISBN 9788184752779.
- Duquette, Jonathan (2016). "Reading Non-Dualism in Śivādvaita Vedānta: An Argument from the Śivādvaitanirṇaya in Light of the Śivārkamaṇidīpikā". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 44 (1): 67–79. doi:10.1007/s10781-014-9231-x. ISSN 0022-1791. JSTOR 44157294. S2CID 171076332.
- Johnson, W. J. (2009). A Dictionary of Hinduism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861025-0 – via Oxford Reference.
- Kantha (1897). The Vedanta Sutras With SriKantha Bhashya. Translated by Mahadeva Sastri.
- Radhakrishna, Sarvepalli (1960). Brahma Sutra, The Philosophy of Spiritual Life.
- Ramesan, N. (1972). Sri Appayya Dikshita. Srimad Appayya Dikshitendra Granthavali Prakasana Samithi; [sole distributors: B. G. Paul, Madras. p. 67.
- Subramuniyaswami, Satguru Sivaya (2003). Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics. Himalayan Academy Publications. ISBN 978-0-945497-99-8.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Chaudhuri, Roma (1962). Doctrine Of Srikantha Vol 1&2. Institute of Oriental Learning.
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