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+{{Short description|Village self-government system in rural India}}
 {{See also|Local self-government in India}}
 {{Self reference|For other uses, see [[Panchayat (disambiguation)]]}}
@@ Line 6: / Line 7: @@
 [[File:Muhamma grama panchayath.jpg|thumbnail|[[Muhamma]] Panchayat office, [[Kerala]]]]
-'''Panchayati Raj''' (Council of five officials) is the [[Political system|system]] of [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of [[Village#South Asia|villages]] in rural [[India]]<ref>{{citation|title=Panchayati Raj Institutions in India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-third-amendment-act-1992}}</ref> as opposed to urban and suburban [[municipalities of India|municipalities]].
+'''Panchayati Raj''' (Council of five officials) is the [[Political system|system]] of [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of [[Village#South Asia|villages]] in rural [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Panchayati Raj Institutions in India|url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/constitution-india/amendments/constitution-india-seventy-third-amendment-act-1992|website=India.gov.in}}</ref> as opposed to urban and suburban [[municipalities of India|municipalities]].
 It consists of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) through which the self-government of villages is realized.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 |url-status=live |title=Basic Statistics of Panchayati Raj Institutions |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2019 |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424232317/https://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/20126/0/Statistical+handbook_MoPR+02082019.pdf/4988ca1b-4971-1f3b-54e7-980228eb47f9?t=1564729098415 |archive-date=2020-04-24}}</ref> They are tasked with "economic development, strengthening social justice and implementation of Central and State Government Schemes including those 29 subjects listed in the Eleventh Schedule."<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 Part IX of the Indian Constitution is the section of the Constitution relating to the Panchayats.<ref>{{cite thesis |author=Renukadevi Nagshetty |date=2015 |title=Problems and Challenges in the Working of Panchayat Raj Institutions in India. A Case Study of Gulbarga Zilla Panchayat |type=PhD |chapter=IV. Structure and Organisational Aspects of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Karnataka and just |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/36516 |url-status=live |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013185717/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/36516/9/09_chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-13 |page=93 |hdl=10603/36516 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf |url-status=live |title=Record of Proceedings. Writ Petition (Civil) No. 671/2015 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2015 |website=Website "India Environment Portal" by the Centre for Science and Environment |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028214205/https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Haryana%20Panchayati%20Raj%20%28Amendment%29%20Act%202015.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-28 |page=3}}</ref> It stipulates that in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants there are three levels of PRIs:
 *the [[Gram Panchayat]]s at village level
-*the Panchayat Samiti at block level and
+*the Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or [[Panchayat samiti|Panchayat Samiti]] at block level and
 *the [[District Panchayat|Zila Parishad]] at district level.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />
 In states or Union Territories with less than two million inhabitants there are only two levels of PRIs. The [[Gram Sabha]] consists of all registered voters living in the area of a Gram Panchayat and is the organization through which village inhabitants participate directly in local government. Elections for the members of the Panchayats at all levels take place every five years. The Panchayats must include members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)]] in the same proportion as in the general population. One third of all seats and chairperson posts must be reserved for women, in some states half of all seats and chairperson posts.<ref name="Ministry of Panchayati Raj 2019" />
-The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the 73rd constitutional amendment in 1993, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/2005/051109structure.htm |access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the LM Singhvi Committee<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf |url-status=live |title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development |date=2017 |publisher=Odisha State Open University |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the 20th century,{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April 1999 as the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution,{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.
+The modern Panchayati Raj system was introduced in India by the 73rd constitutional amendment in 1992, although it is based upon the historical [[Panchayati raj]] system of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and is also present in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/2005/051109structure.htm |title= Structure of Rural Local Government of India |access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> Following a proposal submitted in 1986 by the [[Laxmi Mall Singhvi|LM Singhvi]] Committee<ref>{{cite web |url=http://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf |url-status=live |title=Diploma in Rural Development. Rural Development Institutions & Entrepreneurship. Block 1: Institutions of Rural Development |date=2017 |publisher=Odisha State Open University |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028035347/https://egyanagar.osou.ac.in/slmfiles/DRD-04-BLOCK-01-v1.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> to make certain changes to the Panchayati raj institutions, which had already existed in early Indian history and which had been reintroduced, not very successfully, in the 20th century,{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} the modern Panchayati raj system was formalized and introduced in India in April 1999 as the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution,{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing a more decentralized administration. The modern Panchayati Raj and its ''[[Gram Panchayat]]s'' are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional ''[[Khap]] Panchayats'' found in parts of western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.
-In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government|local administration]]. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block ''Samiti'' or ''Panchayat Samiti'' (block level), and ''Zila Parishad'' (district level). Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi.
+In India, the Panchayati Raj now functions as a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which gram panchayats are the basic units of [[Local government|local administration]]. Currently, the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland, [[Meghalaya]], and [[Mizoram]], and in all Union Territories except Delhi.
 The Panchayats receive funds from three sources:
 * Local body grants, as recommended by the [[Central Finance Commission]]
 * Funds for implementation of centrally sponsored schemes
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 == History ==
 Panchayati raj originated in 2nd millennium BCE in India during Vedic times. Since Vedic times, the village (gram) in the country is considered as the basic unit for regional self-administration.<ref>Panchayati Raj: The Grassroots Dynamics in Arunachal Pradesh, p. 13, APH Publishing, 2008, Pratap Chandra Swain</ref>
@@ Line 33: / Line 32: @@
 [[Mahatma Gandhi]] advocated Panchayati Raj as the foundation of India's political system, as a decentralized form of government in which each village would be responsible for its own affairs.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sisodia, R. S. |year=1971 |title=Gandhiji's Vision of Panchayati Raj |journal=Panchayat Aur Insan |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=9–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Sharma, Manohar Lal |year=1987 |title=Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|oclc=17678104}} [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000916234 Hathi Trust copy, search only]</ref> The term for such a vision was ''[[Swaraj|Gram Swaraj]]''  ("village self-governance"). Instead, India developed a highly centralized form of government.<ref>{{Cite book|author1=Hardgrave, Robert L. |author2=Kochanek, Stanley A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation |edition=seventh |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Thomson/Wadsworth]] |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&pg=PT157 157] |isbn=978-0-495-00749-4}}</ref> However, this has been moderated by the delegation of several administrative functions to the local level, empowering elected gram panchayats. There are significant differences between the traditional Panchayati Raj system, that was envisioned by Gandhi, and the system formalized in India in 1992.<ref name="Singh 2003">{{Cite book|author=Singh, Vijandra |year=2003 |chapter=Chapter 5: Panchayate Raj and Gandhi |title=Panchayati Raj and Village Development: Volume 3, Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration |series=Studies in public administration |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sarup & Sons |pages=84–90|isbn=978-81-7625-392-5}}</ref>
-The Panchayat Raj system was first adopted by the state of Bihar by the Bihar Panchayat Raj Act of 1947.<ref>https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/170375/5/05_chapter%204.pdf</ref> It was a continued legacy of local self government started by Lord Ripon in the British era. Later it was implemented by Rajasthan in [[Nagaur district]] on 2 October 1959. Rajasthan was the first state to introduce the panchayat system in India after independence. During the 1950s and 60s, other state governments adopted this system as laws were passed to establish panchayats in various states. Maharashtra was the ninth state.
+The Panchayat Raj system was first adopted by the state of Bihar by the Bihar Panchayat Raj Act of 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/170375/5/05_chapter%204.pdf|format=PDF|title=Chapter IV : Legislative framework of Grass-Root Democratic Institutions|website=Shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref> It was a continued legacy of local self government started by Lord Ripon in the British era. Later it was implemented by Rajasthan in [[Nagaur district]] on 2 October 1959. During the 1950s and 60s, other state governments adopted this system as laws were passed to establish panchayats in various states. Maharashtra was the ninth state.
 The [[Balwant Rai Mehta Committee]], headed by [[Member of parliament#India|MP]] [[Balwantrai Mehta]], was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the work of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953), to suggest measures to improve their work. The committee's recommendation was implemented by NDC in January 1958, and this set the stage for the launching of Panchayati Raj Institutions throughout the country. The committee recommended the establishment of the scheme of ‘democratic decentralization’, which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj. This led to the establishment of a three-tier Panchayati Raj system: Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level.
-On 24 April 1993, the Constitutional ([[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd amendment]]) Act of 1992 came into force in India to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Rajasthan]] beginning on 24 December 1996. This amendment contains provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.<ref name="India 2007">India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India</ref> The Act aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over two million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for [[scheduled castes]], [[scheduled tribes]] and women, to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats, and to constitute a District Planning Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf|title=Panchayati Raj System in Independent India|website=www.pbrdp.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>
+On 24 April 1993, the Constitutional ([[Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India|73rd amendment]]) Act of 1992 came into force in India to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This amendment was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states, namely: [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], and [[Rajasthan]] beginning on 24 December 1996. This amendment contains provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats, both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice, as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution, and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.<ref name="India 2007">India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India</ref> The Act aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over two million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide seats reserved for [[scheduled castes]], [[scheduled tribes]] and women, to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats, and to constitute a District Planning Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbrdp.gov.in/documents/6205745/98348119/Panchayati%20Raj%20System%20in%20Independent%20India.pdf|title=Panchayati Raj System in Independent India|website=Pbrdp.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>
 == Gram panchayat sabha ==
 The [[Sarpanch]] is its elected head. The members of the gram panchayat are elected directly by the voting-age village population for a period of five years.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&q=sarpanch |title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam |first=Mukkavilli |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170992271 |oclc=23346237 |page=34 |language=en}}</ref>
 === Sources of income ===
+*Taxes collected locally such as on water, place of pilgrimage, local ''Mandirs'' (temples), and markets
-*Taxes collected locally such as on water, place of pilgrimage, local ''mandirs'' (temples), and markets
 *A fixed grant from the State Government in proportion to the land revenue and money for works and schemes assigned to the Parishads
 *Donations
@@ Line 51: / Line 48: @@
 == Block level panchayat or Panchayat Samiti ==
 {{Main|Panchayat Samiti (Block)}}
 [[File:26tvktpoll.jpg|thumb|Elected panchayat president in kottayam.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mani-nominee-is-kottayam-district-panchayat-president/article28713748.ece|title = Mani nominee is Kottayam district panchayat president|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 July 2019}}</ref>]]
@@ Line 57: / Line 53: @@
 === Composition ===
 Membership in the block panchayat is mostly [[Wiktionary:ex-official|ex-official]]; it is composed of: all of the ''Sarpanchas'' (gram panchayat chairmen) in the Panchayat Samiti area, the MPs and MLAs of the area, the sub-district officer (SDO) of the subdivision, co-opt members (representatives of the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]] and women), associate members (a farmer from the area, a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services), and some elected members. However, in Kerala, block panchayat members are directly elected, just like grama panchayat and district panchayat members.
-The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman.[https://bodhivriksh.org/2019/06/14/panchayati-raj-system-article-243/]
+The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bodhivriksh.org/2019/06/14/panchayati-raj-system-article-243/ |title=Archived copy |website=bodhivriksh.org |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920135109/https://bodhivriksh.org/2019/06/14/panchayati-raj-system-article-243/ |archive-date=20 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 === Departments ===
 The common departments in the Samiti are as follows:
 * General Administration
 * Finance
@@ Line 80: / Line 73: @@
 === Functions ===
 * Implementation of schemes for the development of agriculture and infrastructure
 * Establishment of primary health centres and primary schools
@@ Line 87: / Line 79: @@
 * Establishment of youth organisations in India
-== Zila parishad ==
+== Zilla parishad ==
 {{Main|District Councils of India}}
+The governing of the advance system at the district level in Panchayat Raj is also popularly known as Zilla Parishad. The chief of administration is an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] cadre and chief officer of the Panchayat raj for the district level.
-The governing of the advance system at the district level in Panchayat Raj is also popularly known as Zila Parishad. The chief of administration is an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] cadre and chief officer of the Panchayat raj for the district level.
 === Composition ===
 The membership varies from 40 to 60 and usually comprises:
 * Deputy Commissioner of the District
@@ Line 104: / Line 94: @@
 === Functions ===
 * Provide essential services and facilities to the rural population
 * Supply improved seeds to farmers and inform them of new farming techniques
@@ Line 115: / Line 104: @@
 *Works on Sanitation related issues
-== The System in Practice ==
+== System in Practice ==
 The Panchayats, throughout the years, have relied on federal and state grants to sustain themselves economically. The absence of mandatory elections for the Panchayat council and infrequent meetings of the Sarpanch have decreased the spread of information to villagers, leading to more state regulation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Ritesh|last2=Poddar|first2=Krishna|date=2013-12-01|title=Functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions in India: A Status Paper|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277901610|journal=Adhyayan|volume=3|issue=2|doi=10.21567/adhyayan.v3i2.10183}}</ref> Many Panchayats have been successful in achieving their goals, through cooperation between different bodies and the political mobilization of previously underrepresented groups in India. There is an obstacle of literacy that many Panchayats face for engagement of villagers, with most development schemes being on paper. However, homes linked to the Panchayati Raj System have seen an increase in participation for local matters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singhal|first=Vipin|date=2015-11-17|title=Dynamics of Panchayati Raj Institutions – Problems and Prospects|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=2692119}}</ref> The reservation policy for women on the Panchayat councils have also led to a substantial increase in female participation and have shaped the focus of development to include more domestic household issues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Billava|first1=Nnarayan|last2=Nayak|first2=Nayanatara|date=2016-01-01|title=Empowerment of Women Representatives in Panchayat Raj Institutions: A Thematic Review|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319297501|journal=Journal of Politics and Governance|volume=5|issue=4|pages=5|doi=10.5958/2456-8023.2016.00001.2}}</ref>
 == In popular culture ==
-In 2020, the Indian series [[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]] premiered.
+In 2020, the Indian series [[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]] premiered.The second season of this series was premiered in 2022. While Panchayat is mainly based on village life of Underpaid panchayat secretary it also loosely highlights the day to day working of a panchayat and daily life in an ordinary indian village in humourous way.It succeeds In showing how  women are sidelined  in the panchayat politics even though government has mandated women representation and how elected Panchayat representatives  are often have to beg MP & MLA s for funds for their villages development.
 == See also ==
@@ Line 147: / Line 135: @@
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329082726/http://panchayat.nic.in/ Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India]
 * {{Cite web|url=http://rural.nic.in/ |title=Home page |publisher=Department of Rural Development, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India}}
-* {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat |title=Panchayat (article 440944)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129034756/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead}} about the [[caste panchayat]]s
+* {{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat |title=Panchayat (article 440944)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129034756/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat |archive-date=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead}} about the [[caste panchayat]]s
-* {{Cite web|author=The Hunger Project |title=Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government |publisher=[[International Museum of Women]] |url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Zg6S3w4z?url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women |archive-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}
+* {{Cite web|author=The Hunger Project |title=Two Million Women Leaders and Counting: Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government |publisher=[[International Museum of Women]] |url=http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915015639/http://www.imow.org/exhibitions/women-power-and-politics/power/two-million-women |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}
 {{Local government in India}}
 [[Category:Constitution of India]]