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{{short description|alphabetic script for santali people}}
{{Short description|Alphabetic script for Santal people}}
{{Infobox writing system
{{Infobox writing system
| name      = Ol Chiki
| name      = Ol Chiki<br/>ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
| languages  = [[Santali language]]
| languages  = [[Santali language]]
| type      = Alphabet
| type      = Alphabet
Line 17: Line 17:
| compact    = yes
| compact    = yes
}}
}}
The '''Ol Chiki''' ({{lang|sat|ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ}}) script, also known as '''Ol Cemetʼ''' (Santali: ''ol'' 'writing', ''cemet{{'}}'' 'learning'), '''Ol Ciki''', '''Ol''', and sometimes as the '''Santali alphabet''', is the official writing system for [[Santali language|Santali]], an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language recognized as an official regional language in [[India]]. It has 30 letters, the forms of which are intended to evoke natural shapes. The script is written from left to right.
The '''Ol Chiki''' ({{lang|sat|ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ}}) script, also known as '''Ol Chemetʼ''' (Santali: ''ol'' 'writing', ''chemet{{'}}'' 'learning'), '''Ol Ciki''', '''Ol''', and sometimes as the '''Santali alphabet''' invented by Pandit Raghunath Murmu in the year 1925, is the official writing system for [[Santali language|Santali]], an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language recognized as an official regional language in [[India]]. It has 30 letters, the forms of which are intended to evoke natural shapes. The script is written from left to right, and has two forms ('''Chapa''' and '''Usara'''); the latter form  is not Unicoded. In both forms, this alphabet was invented as a unicameral script (in other words, as a script which does not have separate sets of uppercase and lowercase letters).  


{{Quote|text=The shapes of the letters are not arbitrary, but reflect the names for the letters, which are words, usually the names of objects or actions representing conventionalized form in the pictorial shape of the characters.|sign=Norman Zide|source=<ref name="portal"/>}}
{{Quote|text=The shapes of the letters are not arbitrary, but reflect the names for the letters, which are words, usually the names of objects or actions representing conventionalized form in the pictorial shape of the characters.|sign=Norman Zide|source=<ref name="portal"/>}}


==History==
==History==
The Ol Chiki script was created in 1925 by [[Raghunath Murmu]] for the [[Santali language]], and publicized first in 1939 at a [[Mayurbhanj State]] exhibition.<ref name="Hembram">{{cite book|last1=Hembram|first1=Phatik Chandra|title=Santhali, a Natural Language|date=2002|publisher=U. Hembram|page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIlkAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref>
The Ol Chiki script was created in 1925 by [[Pandit Raghunath Murmu]] for the [[Santali language]], and publicized first in 1939 at a [[Mayurbhanj State]] exhibition.<ref name="Hembram">{{cite book|last1=Hembram|first1=Phatik Chandra|title=Santhali, a Natural Language|date=2002|publisher=U. Hembram|page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIlkAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref> Unlike most Indic scripts, Ol Chiki is not an [[abugida]], but is a true alphabet: giving the [[vowels]] equal representation with the [[consonants]].


Previously, Santali had been written with the [[Santali Latin alphabet|Latin script]]. However, Santali is not an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language and Indic scripts did not have letters for all of Santali's [[phonemes]], especially its [[stop consonant]]s and [[vowels]], which made writing the language accurately in an unmodified Indic script difficult. The detailed analysis was given by [[Byomkes Chakrabarti]] in his "Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali". Missionary and linguist [[Paul Olaf Bodding]], a Norwegian, introduced the Latin script, which is better<ref name="P. O Bodding book">{{cite book |last1=Bodding |first1=P. O |title=Materials for a Santali grammar. |date=1922 |publisher=Santal Mission of the Northern Churches |language=en|oclc=14036654 }}</ref> at representing Santali stops, phonemes and nasal sounds with the use of diacritical marks and accents. Unlike most Indic scripts, Ol Chiki is not an [[abugida]], with [[vowels]] given equal representation with [[consonants]]. Additionally, it was designed specifically for the language, but one letter could not be assigned to each phoneme because the sixth vowel in Ol Chiki is still problematic.
Before the invention of Ol Chiki script, Santali was written in Bangla, Devanagari, Kalinga and [[Santali Latin alphabet|Latin]] script. However, Santali is not an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language and Indic scripts did not have letters for all of Santali's [[phonemes]], especially its [[stop consonant]]s and [[vowels]], which make it difficult to write the language accurately in an unmodified Indic script.  
 
For example, when missionary and linguist [[Paul Olaf Bodding]], a Norwegian, studied the Santali language and needed to decide how to transcribe it (in producing his widely followed and widely respected reference books such as ''A Santal Dictionary''), he decided to transcribe Santali in the Roman alphabet: despite his observation that Roman script lacks many of the advantages of the Indic scripts, he concluded that the Indic scripts could not adequately serve the Santali language because the Indic scripts lack a way to indicate important features of Santali pronunciation (such as glottalization, combined glottalization and nasalization, and check stops) which can be more easily represented in the Roman alphabet through the use of diacritics.<ref name="A Glimpse of Santali Grammar page 05">{{cite book |last1=Hembram |first1=Baghrai Charan |url=https://bharatavani.in/bharatavani/santali/book?post_category=book&id=A%20Glimpes%20of%20Santali%20Grammar |title=A Glimpse of Santali Grammar |date=2012 |publisher=Noha Trust Bahalda Mayurbhanj odisha |page=05 |language=en}}</ref>
 
The phonology of the Santali language had also been similarly analyzed by various other authors, including [[Byomkes Chakrabarti]] in ''Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali'' and Baghrai Charan Hembram in ''A Glimpse of Santali Grammar''. However, the Ol Chiki alphabet is considered (by many Santali) to be even more appropriate for the language, because its letter-shapes are deprived from the sounds of common Santali words and other frequent Santali morphemes{{efn|smallest unit of meaningful speech sound|name=morphe}}: nouns, demonstratives, adjectives, and verb roots in the Santali language.<ref name="A Glimpse of Santali Grammar, page 01">{{cite book |last1=Hembram |first1=Baghrai Charan |url=https://bharatavani.in/bharatavani/santali/book?post_category=book&id=A%20Glimpes%20of%20Santali%20Grammar |title=A Glimpse of Santali Grammar |date=2012 |publisher=Noha Trust Bahalda Mayurbhanj odisha |page=01 |language=en}}</ref>  
In other words, each Santali letter’s name is, or is derived from, a common word or other element of the Santali language, and each letter’s shape is derive from a simple drawing of the meaning of that word or other element. For example, the Santali letter “ol” (representing the sound /l/) is written with a shape originally derived from a simplified outline drawing of a hand holding a pen, because the name of this letter is also the Santali word for “writing.”
 
== Ol Chiki forms ==
[[File:Ol chiki cursive.png|thumb|The image shows Ol Chiki Chapa/print and Usara/cursive form, with the Ol Chiki form of each letter written in the first row, and the same letter’s Ol Usara form in the second row]]
The existence of these two forms of Ol Chiki was mentioned by the script’s creator: Guru Gomke Pandit Raghunath Murmu (also known as Pandit Murmu) in his book ''Ol Chemed''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Samal |first=A. P. Subhakanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e4NtEAAAQBAJ&dq=Ol+Chemed&pg=PA73 |title=PERSONALITIES OF ODISHA |date=2022-01-14 |publisher=Shubhdristi Publication |isbn=978-93-5593-204-4 |language=en}}</ref> which explains and teaches the Ol Chiki script{{efn|The process is described in '' Ol Chemed (A Santali Primer)'', and also in his book ''Ronod (A Santali Grammar in Santali)'', in his description of Ol Chiki’s two written forms, Ol Chiki (Chapa) and Ol Chiki (Usara)}}. In describing these two forms, Pandit Murmu notes that the two forms are never mixed, but are always used independently of each other; unlike English or other Roman-alphabet language, where both lowercase and uppercase are used in the same word, in Ol Chiki the two forms are never used in the same word. Instead, the form called '''Ol Chiki (Chapa)''' (Santali: Chapa 'print') used for digital publication of books, newspapers, typing on mobile devices or computers; the other form, called '''Ol Chiki (Usara)''' (Santali: Usara 'quick'), is used only in handwriting: therefore, Usara is sometimes called Ol Chiki handwriting or cursive form. Although Usara is not unicoded, it is still widely used in order to writing Ol Chiki more easily, as a running hand.
 
=== Ol Chiki (Chapa) ===
Ol Chiki Chapa, or printed form, is widely used in keyboarding, and in printing newspapers, books, etc.
 
=== Ol Chiki (Usara) ===
Ol Chiki (Usara) or Usara Ol (Santali: Usara = Quick, Ol = Writing), also known as Ol Chiki handwriting or Ol Chiki cursive form, is one of the two forms of Ol Chiki script: one of the basic ways of writing in the Santali language. Using Ol Usara allows writing very fast, which would not be possible by writing in Ol Chiki (Chapa). The Usara Ol is limited to pen and paper, and does not find any use online. It is used, for instance, when students in school are taking notes. The handwritten Ol Usara letters consist of all the letters, digits and punctuation used by Ol Chiki (Chapa), except that the shapes of letters in Ol Chiki (Usara) are substantially changed from their forms in Ol Chiki (Chapa). In Ol Chiki, for instance, the diacritic ''ahad'' is used with {{large|ᱜ}}, {{large|ᱡ}}, {{large|ᱦ}}, {{large|ᱫ}}, and {{large|ᱵ}}, and all these can form cursive ligatures with {{large|ᱽ}} in Usara/handwriting (but not usually in Chapa/printed text).<ref name="L205243"/>. Further, Ol Usara seldom uses several letter-shapes which are formed by combining the {{large|ᱦ}} and  four semi-consonants: {{large|ᱜ}}, {{large|ᱡ}}, {{large|ᱫ}}, and {{large|ᱵ}} with ''ahad''. Similarly, in normal Ol Usara handwriting, the combination of {{large|ᱦ}} with ''ahad'' is not found, because in Ol Usara, it is generally written in a shorter form, as {{large|ᱷ}}.
 
=== Differences and Similarities between Both Forms ===
These are various differences and similarities between these two forms of Ol Chiki script.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Similarities
!Sl.No
!Ol Chiki (Chapa)
!Ol Chiki (Usara)
|-
|1.
|It consists of 30 letters, 5 diacritical marks, and one special symbol called ''ahad'' or ''ohod''.
| This is true of Ol Usara as well as of Ol Chapa
|-
|2.
|Use of ᱦ with ᱽ is not found or is negligible. The combination of ᱦ with ᱽ is not found, as it is generally written in a shorter form: ᱷ (ᱦ + ᱽ = ᱷ)
|This combination is likewise not found
|-
|3.
|Digits are from ᱐ᱼ᱙
|No change in digits
|-
|4.
|6 Diacritics (ᱸ , ᱹ , ᱺ , ~ , ᱼ , ᱽ ) are present
|No changes are made
|-
|5.
|Except for the period, all punctuation takes the same form as in English. Instead of using a period, Ol Chiki uses a symbol called ''muchad'' or ''mucăd''.
| This is not changed in Ol Usara
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Differences
!Sl.
!Ol Chiki (Chapa)
!Ol Chiki (Usara)
|-
|1.
|Ohod is written with its component letters separate (not joined)
|Ohod is written with its component letters joined
|-
|2.
|ᱜ, ᱡ, ᱦ, ᱫ, and ᱵ does not form ligatures with ᱽ (ᱦᱽ use is not found, instead ᱷ Is used)
|ᱜ, ᱡ, ᱦ, ᱫ, and ᱵ form cursive ligatures with ᱽ (ᱦᱽ is not used; instead, ᱷ is used) 
|-
|3.
|Words are written with letters separated from each other, as usual in printed documents, without any cursive form.
|Words are written in a cursive style with all letters joined.
|}


==Letters==
==Letters==
The values of the letters are as follows:  
The values of the Ol Chiki (Chapa) letters are as follows:  


<!--  style="text-align: center;" -->
<!--  style="text-align: center;" -->
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| {{huge|ᱛ}} || at || /t/  || t || t || {{large|त}} || {{large|ত}} || {{large|ତ୍}} || align=left | the Earth
| {{huge|ᱛ}} || at || /t/  || t || t || {{large|त}} || {{large|ত}} || {{large|ତ୍}} || align=left | the Earth
|-
|-
| {{huge|ᱜ}} || ag || /k’/, /g/ || g || k’ || {{large|ग}} || {{large|গ}} || {{large|ଗ୍}} || align=left | vomiting mouth which produces the same sound as the name of the letter
| {{huge|ᱜ}} || ag || /k’/, /g/ || g || k’ || {{large|ग}} || {{large|গ}} || {{large|ଗ୍}} || align=left | vomiting mouth, which produces the same sound as the name of the letter
|-
|-
| {{huge|ᱝ}} || ang || /ŋ/ || ṃ || ṅ || {{large|ं}} || {{large|ং}} || {{large|ଂ}} || align=left | blowing air
| {{huge|ᱝ}} || ang || /ŋ/ || ṃ || ṅ || {{large|ं}} || {{large|ং}} || {{large|ଂ}} || align=left | blowing air
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| {{huge|ᱠ}} || aak || /k/ || k || k || {{large|क}} || {{large|ক}} || {{large|କ୍}} || align=left | bird (sound of a swan)
| {{huge|ᱠ}} || aak || /k/ || k || k || {{large|क}} || {{large|ক}} || {{large|କ୍}} || align=left | bird (sound of a swan)
|-
|-
| {{huge|ᱡ}} || aaj || /c’/, /j/ || j || c’ || {{large|ज}} || {{large|জ}} || {{large|ଜ୍}} || align=left | person pointing towards a third person with the right hand (saying he)
| {{huge|ᱡ}} || aaj || /c’/, /ɟ/ || j || c’ || {{large|ज}} || {{large|জ}} || {{large|ଜ୍}} || align=left | person pointing towards a third person with the right hand (saying “he”)
|-
|-
| {{huge|ᱢ}} || aam || /m/ || m || m || {{large|म}} || {{large|ম}} || {{large|ମ୍}} || align=left | person pointing towards a second person with the left hand (saying you)
| {{huge|ᱢ}} || aam || /m/ || m || m || {{large|म}} || {{large|ম}} || {{large|ମ୍}} || align=left | person pointing towards a second person with the left hand (saying “you”)
|-
|-
| {{huge|ᱣ}} || aaw || /w/, /v/ || w || w || {{large|व}} || {{large|ওয়}} || {{large|ୱ୍}} || align=left | opening lips
| {{huge|ᱣ}} || aaw || /w/, /v/ || w || w || {{large|व}} || {{large|ওয়}} || {{large|ୱ୍}} || align=left | opening lips
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| {{huge|ᱫ}} || ud || /t’/, /d/ || d || t’ || {{large|द}} || {{large|দ}} || {{large|ଦ୍}} || align=left | mushroom
| {{huge|ᱫ}} || ud || /t’/, /d/ || d || t’ || {{large|द}} || {{large|দ}} || {{large|ଦ୍}} || align=left | mushroom
|-
|-
| {{huge|ᱬ}} || unn || /ɳ/ || ṇ || ṇ || {{large|ण}} || {{large|ণ}} || {{large|ଣ୍}} || align=left | picture of a flying bee (which makes this sound)
| {{huge|ᱬ}} || unn || /ɳ/ || ṇ || ṇ || {{large|ण}} || {{large|ণ}} || {{large|ଣ୍}} || align=left | picture of a flying bee (which Is described by Santali speakers as making this sound)
|-
|-
| {{huge|ᱭ}} || uy || /j/ || y || y || {{large|य}} || {{large|য়}} || {{large|ୟ୍}} || align=left | a man bending towards ground to cut something
| {{huge|ᱭ}} || uy || /j/ || y || y || {{large|य}} || {{large|য়}} || {{large|ୟ୍}} || align=left | a man bending towards the ground to cut something
|-
|-
| {{huge|ᱮ}} || le || /e/ || e || e || {{large|ए}} || {{large|এ}} || {{large|ଏ}} || align=left | overflowing rivers changing course
| {{huge|ᱮ}} || le || /e/ || e || e || {{large|ए}} || {{large|এ}} || {{large|ଏ}} || align=left | overflowing rivers changing course
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| {{huge|ᱰ}} || edd || /ɖ/ || ḍ || ḍ || {{large|ड}} || {{large|ড}} || {{large|ଡ୍}} || align=left | a man with two legs stretching towards his chest and mouth
| {{huge|ᱰ}} || edd || /ɖ/ || ḍ || ḍ || {{large|ड}} || {{large|ড}} || {{large|ଡ୍}} || align=left | a man with two legs stretching towards his chest and mouth
|-
|-
| {{huge|ᱱ}} || en || /n/ || n || n || {{large|न}} || {{large|ন}} || {{large|ନ୍}} || align=left | thrashing grains with two legs
| {{huge|ᱱ}} || en || /n/ || n || n || {{large|न}} || {{large|ন}} || {{large|ନ୍}} || align=left | threshing grains with two legs
|-
|-
| {{huge|ᱲ}} || err || /ɽ/ || ṛ || ṛ || {{large|ड़}} || {{large|ড়}} || {{large|ଡ଼୍}} || align=left | a path that turns to avoid an obstruction or a danger
| {{huge|ᱲ}} || err || /ɽ/ || ṛ || ṛ || {{large|ड़}} || {{large|ড়}} || {{large|ଡ଼୍}} || align=left | a path that turns to avoid an obstruction or a danger
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|}
|}


Aspirated consonants are written as digraphs with the letter {{large|ᱷ}}:<ref name="L205243">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05243r-n2984-ol-chiki.pdf | title=L2/05-243R: Final proposal to encode the Ol Chiki script in the UCS | date=2005-09-05 | first=Michael | last=Everson | author-link=Michael Everson}}</ref><ref name="TUS"/> {{large|ᱛᱷ}} /tʰ/, {{large|ᱜᱷ}} /gʱ/, {{large|ᱠᱷ}} /kʰ/, {{large|ᱡᱷ}} /jʱ/, {{large|ᱪᱷ}} /cʰ/, {{large|ᱫᱷ}} /dʱ/, {{large|ᱯᱷ}} /pʰ/, {{large|ᱰᱷ}} /ɖʱ/, {{large|ᱲᱷ}} /ɽʱ/, {{large|ᱴᱷ}} /ʈʰ/, and {{large|ᱵᱷ}} /bʱ/.
Aspirated consonants are written as digraphs with the letter {{large|ᱷ}}:<ref name="TUS"/><ref name="L205243">{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05243r-n2984-ol-chiki.pdf | title=L2/05-243R: Final proposal to encode the Ol Chiki script in the UCS | date=2005-09-05 | first=Michael | last=Everson | author-link=Michael Everson}}</ref> {{large|ᱛᱷ}} /tʰ/, {{large|ᱜᱷ}} /gʱ/, {{large|ᱠᱷ}} /kʰ/, {{large|ᱡᱷ}} /jʱ/, {{large|ᱪᱷ}} /cʰ/, {{large|ᱫᱷ}} /dʱ/, {{large|ᱯᱷ}} /pʰ/, {{large|ᱰᱷ}} /ɖʱ/, {{large|ᱲᱷ}} /ɽʱ/, {{large|ᱴᱷ}} /ʈʰ/, and {{large|ᱵᱷ}} /bʱ/.


== Other marks ==
== Other marks ==
Line 138: Line 200:


== Punctuation ==
== Punctuation ==
Some Western-style punctuation marks are used with Ol Chiki: comma (,), exclamation mark (!), question mark (?), and quotation marks (“ and ”).
Some Western-style punctuation marks are used with Ol Chiki: the comma (,), exclamation mark (!), question mark (?), and quotation marks (“ and ”).


Period (.) is not used because it is visually confusable with the găhlă ṭuḍăg mark (ᱹ).<ref name="L205243"/> Instead of periods the script uses two [[danda]]s:
The period (.) is not used, because it is visually confusible with the găhlă ṭuḍăg mark (ᱹ).<ref name="L205243"/>; therefore, instead of periods, the script uses single or two ''Ol Chiki'' short [[danda]]s:
* {{large|᱾}} (mucăd) marks a minor break
* {{large|᱾}} (mucăd) marks a minor break
* {{large|᱿}} (double mucăd) marks a major break
* {{large|᱿}} (double mucăd) marks a major break
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=== Fonts ===
=== Fonts ===


* Google's [[Noto fonts|Noto]] Sans Ol Chiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noto Sans Ol Chiki |url=https://www.google.com/get/noto/#sans-olck |website=Google Noto Fonts |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>
* Google's [[Noto fonts | Noto ]] Sans Ol Chiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noto Sans Ol Chiki |url=https://www.google.com/get/noto/#sans-olck |website=Google Noto Fonts |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref>


* [[Microsoft]]'s font family [[Nirmala UI]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nirmala UI font family - Typography |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/font-list/nirmala-ui |website=docs.microsoft.com |access-date=5 June 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Microsoft]]'s font family [[Nirmala UI]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nirmala UI font family - Typography |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/font-list/nirmala-ui |website=docs.microsoft.com |access-date=5 June 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref>
== Mixing the two letter styles ==
Although Ol Chiki (Chapa) and Ol Chiki (Usara) are normally never mixed, and the original inventor never mentioned mixing these letter styles, there have been some works that mix both forms, using them like English capital and small letters. However, this innovation is yet to be accepted officially.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=News |first=Global Gov |title=Ol Chiki Lower Case Letters Invented by Sudip Iglesias Murmu |url=https://www.prlog.org/12881008-ol-chiki-lower-case-letters-invented-by-sudip-iglesias-murmu.html |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=PRLog}}</ref>
=== The Invention of a Lower Case for Ol Chiki  ===
Since 2017, Santali graphic designer, typographer, and film producer Sudip Iglesias Murmu has been working on design principles to provide a lowercase alphabet form for Ol Chiki, which would permit Ok Chiki writing and keyboarding to use a two-case, or bicameral, format (Using both uppercase and lowercase), as is done in many other written languages, including the Roman-alphabet languages such as English (all of which were once unicameral scripts, but evolved into a bicameral stage over time). As the development of a lowercase form is contributed to developing a standardized cursive form (in those writing systems which use one), the evolution of lowercase is likely to allow standardizing cursive to the point of making it type able alongside more rigid "block" printed letterforms forms  So far, only Ol Chiki (Chapa) letters are used in keyboarding, typesetting, and publishing (in effect, producing capitals-only text for the entirety of all printed or keyboarded documents). In writing quickly by hand, Ol Chiki (Usara) is used: but, despite Ol Usara’s potential for reaching high speed, the circulation of Ol Usara documents is negligible, and Ol Usara is yet to receive Unicode standardization, thus leaving it still neglected.
In hopes to remedy this situation and to harmonize the two scripts, Sudip Iglesias Murmu has innovated by creating a series of lowercase letters, which he has integrated with the already existing font of Ol Chiki. According to him, providing lowercase letters increases the efficiency of keyboarding, both for Ol Chiki (Chapa) and for Ol Chiki (Usara), and allows keyboarding to reach the same speed that can be obtained when typing Santali in Roman-alphabet letters, which are likewise case-sensitive. However, his work is yet to be accepted officially.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-09 |title=Ol Chiki moulded into perfection by invention of lowercase letters - Ajanta Heritage & Culture |url=https://ajantahc.com/ol-chiki-moulded-into-perfection-by-invention-of-lowercase-letters |access-date=2022-06-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
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== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
 
{{notelist}}
{{list of writing systems}}
{{list of writing systems}}


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[[Category:1925 introductions]]
[[Category:1925 introductions]]
[[Category:Santali language]]
[[Category:Santali language]]
[[Category:Constructed scripts]]
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