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'''Dakshina Kannada''' (formerly South Canara) is a district of Karnataka state in India, with its headquarters in the port city of Mangalore. It is part of the larger [[Tulu Nadu]] region. The district covers an area nestled in between the Western Ghats to its east and the Arabian Sea to its west. Dakshina Kannada receives abundant rainfall during the Indian monsoon. It is bordered by Udupi district ( formerly a part of this district) to the north, Chikmagalur district to the northeast, Hassan district to the east, Kodagu to the southeast and Kasaragod district of Kerala to the south. According to the 2011 census of India, Dakshina Kannada district had a population of 2,083,625. Dakshina Kannada district is the second major district of Karnataka in all aspects after Bangalore Urban. It is the only district in Karnataka state to have all modes of transport like road, rail, water and air due to the presence of a major hub, Mangalore. This financial district is also known as the Cradle of Indian banking. | '''Dakshina Kannada''' (formerly South Canara) is a district of Karnataka state in India, with its headquarters in the port city of Mangalore. It is part of the larger [[Tulu Nadu]] region. The district covers an area nestled in between the Western Ghats to its east and the Arabian Sea to its west. Dakshina Kannada receives abundant rainfall during the Indian monsoon. It is bordered by Udupi district ( formerly a part of this district) to the north, Chikmagalur district to the northeast, Hassan district to the east, Kodagu to the southeast and Kasaragod district of Kerala to the south. According to the 2011 census of India, Dakshina Kannada district had a population of 2,083,625. Dakshina Kannada district is the second major district of Karnataka in all aspects after Bangalore Urban. It is the only district in Karnataka state to have all modes of transport like road, rail, water and air due to the presence of a major hub, Mangalore. This financial district is also known as the Cradle of Indian banking. | ||
==History== | |||
The [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]] (ಆಳುಪರು) ruled the erstwhile Dakshina Kannada region between the 8th and 14th century CE.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhat|first=N. Shyam|title=South Kanara, 1799–1860: a study in colonial administration and regional response|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1998|isbn=978-81-7099-586-9}}</ref> An [[Old Malayalam]] inscription ([[Ramanthali inscriptions]]), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of [[Mangalore]], can be found at [[Ezhimala]] (the former headquarters of [[Mushika dynasty]]) near [[Kannur|Cannanore]], in the [[North Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]].<ref name="laol">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.</ref> It is one of the oldest inscriptions available about Alupa dynasty.<ref name="laol"/> Before 1860, Dakshina Kannada was part of a district called [[Kanara]], which was under a single administration in the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianhistorybooks.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/inscriptions-of-madras-presidency-vol-2.pdf|title=Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency|access-date=25 May 2015|last=Rangacharya|first=V|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525163945/https://indianhistorybooks.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/inscriptions-of-madras-presidency-vol-2.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1860, the British split the area into [[South Canara]] and [[North Canara]], the former being retained in the Madras Presidency, while the latter was made a part of [[Bombay Presidency]] in 1862.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_363.gif|title=History|volume=14|page=357|newspaper=Imperial Gazetteer of India|location=South Kanara}}</ref> [[Kundapur Taluk]] was earlier included in North Kanara but was later re-included in South Kanara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/11125/3/Chapter%201_1%20-%2045p.pdf|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India|volume=XI|access-date=6 October 2017}}</ref> | |||
During the Reorganisation of States in 1956, [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] was split and transferred to the newly created [[Kerala]] state and Dakshina Kannada was transferred to [[Mysore State]] (present day [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/|title=States Reorganization Act 1956|access-date=1 July 2008|publisher=Commonwealth Legal Information Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516123014/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/|archive-date=16 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
[[South Canara]] was a district under the British empire which included the present Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Kasaragod districts and [[Aminidivi]] islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfTheMadrasPresidencyVol2|title=Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency|volume=12|last=Rangacharya|first=V}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lakshadweep.nic.in/documents/Districtmapnew.pdf|title=Template for district gazetteer - Lakshadweep|access-date=5 October 2017|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Lakshadweep}}</ref> [[Kanara|Canara]] district was bifurcated in 1859 to form North Canara and South Canara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/30037/13/13_chapter%206.pdf|title=The Basel Mission in South Canara|access-date=6 October 2017|last=Kumar N I|first=Fedrick Sunil|publisher=Department of History, University of Calicut, 2006}}</ref> Dakshina Kannada became a district of [[Mysore State]] in 1956 which later was renamed [[Karnataka]] in 1973.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/regional-culture-of-karnataka-is-diverse-unique-dc-772711.html|title=Regional culture of Karnataka is diverse, unique: DC|access-date=14 December 2019|date=1 November 2019|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] became a district of Kerala during the Re-organization of States and Aminidivi islands later became a part of [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name=kasaragod>{{cite web|url=http://www.cds.ac.in/krpcds/publication/downloads/69.pdf|title=Forest-Agriculture Linkage and its Implications on Forest Management: A study of Delampady panchayat, Kasaragod district, Kerala|access-date=6 October 2017|last=M|first=Amruth|publisher=Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development Centre for Development Studies}}</ref> The Udupi district was formed from the northern taluks of Dakshina Kannada in 1997.<ref>Patsy Lozupone, Bruce M. Beehler, Sidney Dillon Ripley.(2004).[https://books.google.com/books?client=safari&cd=1&num=100&id=-jdHAAAAYAAJ&dq=South+Canara+coordinates&q=South+Kanara+ ''Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent'', p. 82]. Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International. {{ISBN|1-881173-85-2}}.</ref> Later, the [[Karnataka]] Government, for the purpose of administration, split the greater Dakshina Kannada district into Udupi and present day Dakshina Kannada districts on 15 August 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/11142/13/13_chapter%203.pdf|title=Chapter III - Profile of Karnataka state|access-date=5 October 2017|publisher=Shodhganga}}</ref> Three taluks of the former district – [[Udupi taluk|Udupi]], [[Karkala taluk|Karkala]] and [[Kundapura taluk|Kundapura]] – formed the new [[Udupi district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8170995868|title=South Kanara, 1799-1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response|last=Bhat|first=N. Shyam}}</ref> | |||