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| {{short description|Indo-Aryan variety from eastern Indian subcontinent}} | | #REDIRECT [[KRDS lects]] |
| {{About||the lect spoken in Rangpur (Bangladesh)|Rangpuri language|language of Koch people|Koch language|}} | | |
| {{Infobox language
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| |name = KRNB lects
| | {{R from move}} |
| |altname = KRDS lects, Kamatapuri, Kamta
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| |nativename =
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| |pronunciation =
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| |ethnicity =
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| |states = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]]
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| |region = Northern [[West Bengal]], [[Western Assam]], North Eastern [[Bihar]], Northern [[Bangladesh]], Southeast [[Nepal]]
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| |speakers =
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| |ref =
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| |date =
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| |familycolor = Indo-European
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| |fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
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| |fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
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| |fam4=[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
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| |fam5=[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
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| |dialects = [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbansi]], Kamtapuri, [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]], Deshi, [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]], Dhekri
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| |script =
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| |isoexception=dialect
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| |glotto=kamt1242
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| }} | | }} |
| [[File:Kamatapuri-lects-regions.svg|thumb|261px|The speakers are distributed unevenly, as shown in the map.<ref>{{harv|Toulmin|2006|p=5}}</ref>]]
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| [[File:East-magadhan-proto-languages.png|261px|thumb|The proto-languages of the eastern Magadhan languages. Kamarupa Prakrit corresponds to ?proto-Kamarupa here, a hitherto un-reconstructed proto-language. The period corresponds to earlier than 1250 CE, when proto-Kamata began to innovate unique features.<ref>"Proto Kamta took its inheritance from ?pKamrupa (and before that from ?pGaudaKamrupa), innovated the unique features outlined above during AD 1250–1550, and then split into three main sections (western, central, eastern)..." {{harvcol|Toulmin|2009|p=221}}</ref>]]
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| '''KRNB lects''' (or '''Kamtapuri, Rajbanshi and Northern Bangla lects''') are a cluster of modern [[lect]]s that are phylogenetic descendants of the proto-Kamata language.<ref>"The linguistic history reconstructed here shows that all KRDS lects—whether the ‘Rajbanshi’ of Morang district in Nepal, the ‘sthaniyo bhasha’ (local language) of Rangpur in Bangladesh, or the ‘Kamta’ of Cooch Behar in India—share a common ancestor, which for historical reasons may be termed proto-Kamta." {{harvcol|Toulmin|2009|p=246}}</ref> The proto-Kamata language began differentiating after 1250 around Kamatapur, the capital city of [[Kamata kingdom]], as the western branch of the [[Kamarupi Prakrit|proto-Kamarupa]],<ref name="toulmin2009p13">"On sociohistorical grounds, this stage is termed ‘proto Kamta’ ... and assigned the chronology of approximately AD 1250–1550: sandwiched between the establishment of the Kamrupa capital at Kamtapur in 1250, and the political (and plausibly linguistic) expansion under Koch King Nara Narayana in 1550." {{harvcol|Toulmin|2009|p=13}}</ref> whereas the eastern branch developed into [[Early Assamese|proto-Assamese]]. Since the 16th century the proto-Kamta community has fragmented giving rise to the differentiated modern lects.<ref>"Furthermore, since the 16th century, the KRDS lects have undergone differentiation from one another. This diversification is not merely the result of ‘contamination’ with other languages; it is natural in human society that lects spoken by differentiated speech communities tend to become linguistically differentiated." {{harvcol|Toulmin|2009|p=247}}</ref> The modern lects are:<ref>{{harv|Toulmin|2006|p=iv}}</ref><ref>{{harv|Toulmin|2006|p=283}}</ref> Kamta ([[West Bengal]]), [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]] ([[Bangladesh]]), [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]] ([[Nepal]]) and [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]] ([[Bihar]]).<ref name="Silvestre">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zc77I8CMgTYC&q=surjapuri+lects&pg=PA508 | title=The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics| isbn=9781118257265| last1=Hernández-Campoy| first1=Juan Manuel| last2=Conde-Silvestre| first2=Juan Camilo| date=2012-02-15}}</ref>
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| These modern lects could be categorised into three groups: western, central and eastern.<ref>"The categorisation of KRDS lects as western, central and eastern (which is verified in the present study) was first put forward by Barma (1991)." {{harvcol|Toulmin|2009|p=11}}</ref> Unlike the Assamese, Bengali, Hindi and Nepali languages which were standardised and propagated in the 19th and 20th centuries,<ref>"The standardisation of Bangla, Asamiya, Nepali and Hindi, and the propagation of these standardised varieties during the 19th and 20th centuries has had significant effects upon the KRDS lects." {{harvcol|Toulmin|2009|p=247}}</ref> the KRNB lects were not standardised. As a result, the KRNB lects became diglossic vernaculars to these standard varieties and they acquired phonological and morphological features from the standard varieties.<ref>"During the modern KRDS period various phonological and morphological features have entered KRDS lects due to increased diglossia with standardised State languages." {{harvcol|Toulmin|2009|p=13}}</ref>
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| Nevertheless, two [[standard language|standard]]s are emerging within the KRNB lects: a central Jhapa variety targeting speakers in Nepal, and an eastern Cooch Behar variety targeting speakers in northern West Bengal and western Assam.<ref>"[T]here are today two distinct standards emerging in the literature of KRDS speakers. The variety of central Jhapa features in an increasing number of publications aimed at speakers in Nepal. The variety of eastern Cooch Behar is likewise increasingly used for publications aimed at the Rajbanshis and deshi Muslims of northern West Bengal and western Assam. {{harvcol|Toulmin|2009|p=247}}</ref>
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| ==Proto Kamta==
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| The development of proto-Kamta was the result of Sandhya, a ruler of Kamarupa Nagara ([[North Guwahati]]), [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]] moving his capital<ref name="toulmin2009p13"/><ref>{{harv|Toulmin|2006|p=282}}</ref> to Kamatapur and establishing the [[Kamata kingdom]], thus carrying the [[Kamarupi Prakrit|native language]] along with.
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| ==Socio-linguistic communities==
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| The modern KRNB lects are spoken primarily in western [[Assam]], northern [[West Bengal]], northern [[Bangladesh]], north-eastern [[Bihar]] and south-eastern [[Nepal]].<ref name="Silvestre"/>
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==References==
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| {{refbegin}}
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| * {{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Mathew W S |last=Toulmin |title=Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan |url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743 |publisher=The Australian National University |year=2006}}
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| *{{citation |first=Mathew W S |last=Toulmin |title=From Linguistic to Sociolinguistic Reconstruction: The Kamta Historical Subgroup of Indo-Aryan |publisher=Pacific Linguistics | year=2009}}
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| {{refend}}
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| [[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
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