Kohinoor Film Company: Difference between revisions

Kohinoor Film Company
Industry	Entertainment
Genre	Fantasy; mythology;
Founded	1918–1919
Founder(s)	Dwarkadas Sampat
Defunct	1932
Headquarters	Mumbai, India
Products	Mostly silent films

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Latest revision as of 01:47, 7 January 2026

Kohinoor Film Company was an Indian film studio established in 1919 by Dwarkadas Sampat (1884-1958).^[2]^[3] According to Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen, it was the largest and most influential studio of the Indian silent film era.^[2] The studio gained national prominence when its 1921 film Bhakta Vidur, was banned by the British colonial government^[2] on the ground that the character Vidur, played by its producer Sampat, was "portrayed as a 'thinly-clad version' of Mahatma Gandhi."^[4]

Under Kohinoor, directors such as Kanjibhai Rathod and Homi Master made some of the most popular films of the era.^[5] For example, under Rathod's direction, the 1924 film Gul-e-Bakavali is widely regarded as the 'first all-India super hit'.^[6]^[7] Several stars of the time such as Zubeida, Khalil, and Raja Sandow started their careers at the studio.^[2] Film scholar Suresh Chabria, a former director of the National Film Archive of India,^[8] argues that Kohinoor Film Company was "perhaps the first Indian studio to decisively move away from the artisanal production practices of D. G. Phalke, S. N. Patankar, and others."^[9]

History[edit | edit source]

Dwarkadas Narendas Sampat (1884–1958) started his career in Indian cinema in 1904, when he brought a projector and began to organise film screenings in Rajkot, Bombay Presidency.^[10] He later entered film production and, through a partnership with S. N. Patankar, established Patankar Friends & Co,^[10] which, according to Rajadhyaksha and Willemen, 'took off in 1917' with Sampat's entry.^[11]

Film historian Amrit Gangar notes that Sampat established the Kohinoor Film Company after differences with Patankar.^[12]

The studio also trained such people as Nandlal Jaswantlal and Mohan Bhavnani, and produced artists such as Goharbai, Zebunissa and Rampiyari.^{[citation needed]}

Along with Ranjit Movietone and the Imperial Film Company it was the largest movie studio when Indian talkies began in the 1930s.^[13]^{[page needed]}

Filmography[edit | edit source]

Film	Year	Director	Notes
Vikram Urvashi	1920	Kanjibhai Rathod	^[14]
Mahasati Ansuya	1921	–	^[15]
Bhakta Vidur	1921	–	^[15]
Sukanya Savitri	1922	–	^[16]
Gul-e-Bakavali	1924	–	^[16]
Bismi Sadi	1924	Homi Master	^[16]
Kala Naag	1924	K. Rathod	^[17]
Cinema Ni Rani	1925	Mohan Bhavnani	^[18]
Fankdo Fituri	1925	Homi Master	^[18]
Kulin Kanta	1925	–	^[18]
Lanka Ni Laadi	1925	–	^[18]
Mojili Mumbai	1925	Manilal Joshi	^[19]
Veer Kunal	1925	–	^[20]
Telephone Ni Taruni	1926	Homi Master	^[21]
Bhaneli Bhamini	1927	–	^[22]
Gunsundari	1927	Chandulal Shah	^[22]
Daily Mail	1930	Narayan G. Devare	^[23]

References[edit | edit source]

↑
Some sources date the company's establishment to 1918.
- Chabria, Suresh; Usai, Paolo Cherchi (1994). Light of Asia: Indian Silent Cinema, 1912-1934. Wiley Eastern. p. 15. ISBN 978-81-224-0680-1. Arguably the most important production company in Bombay was Duarkadas Sampat's Kohinoor Film Co. established in 1918.
- Kaul, Gautam (1998). Cinema and the Indian Freedom Struggle: Covering the Subcontinent. Sterling Publishers. p. 160. ISBN 978-81-207-2116-6. On the 'Diwali day'* of 1918, Sampat opened his own Kohinoor Film Company and went into filmmaking.
- Thoraval, Yves (2000). The Cinemas of India. Macmillan India. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-333-93410-4. The studio system dominated the scene until the 1940s and '50s. One of the legendary ones was the Kohinoor Film Company, founded in 1918, in Bombay, by Dwarkadas N Sampat, a professional showman of repute.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 126.
↑ "History of Cinema in India". Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
↑ Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (1996). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University Press. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-19-874242-5.
↑ Abel 2005, p. 522.
↑
_
- Thomas 2015, p. 9, "The first all-India super hit, a storm across the country in 1924, was Gul-e-Bakavali (The Bakavali Flower, Kanjibhai Rathod)"
- Rajadhyaksha 2016, p. 21, "Gul-e-Bakavali was almost certainly the first truly national commercial hit in India"
↑ Gooptu, Sharmistha (6 June 2012). "Hundred years of Indian cinema". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 July 2025. There was also the genre of films like Gul-e-Bakavali (1924), inspired by the popular Parsi theatres of Bombay and Calcutta, and which also became the first blockbuster talkies.
↑ Chabria, Suresh (20 April 2023). "Personal essay: How films became a bridge to my past and my present". Scroll.in. Retrieved 29 December 2025.
↑ Abel 2005, p. 521–522.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Gokulsing & Dissanayake 2013, p. 89.
↑ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 172.
↑ Gokulsing & Dissanayake 2013, p. 90.
↑ Hayward, Susan (2006). Cinema studies: the key concepts. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9780203020210.
↑ Sengupta, S.; Roy, S.; Purkayastha, S. (2019). 'Bad' Women of Bombay Films: Studies in Desire and Anxiety. Springer International Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 978-3-030-26788-9.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 244.
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 245.
↑ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 246.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 247.
↑ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 248.
↑ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 249.
↑ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 249–250.
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 250.
↑ Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 252.

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

Garga, Bhagwan Das (1996). So Many Cinemas: The Motion Picture in India. Eminence Designs. ISBN 978-81-900602-1-9.
Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-94318-9. Archived from the original on 4 December 2018.
Kaul, Gautam (1998). Cinema and the Indian freedom struggle. Sterling Publishers. ISBN 9788120721166.
Abel, Richard (2005). Encyclopedia of Early Cinema. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-23440-5.
Thomas, Rosie (2015). Bombay before Bollywood: Film City Fantasies. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-5677-5.
Rajadhyaksha, A. (2016). Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-872309-7.
Gokulsing, K.; Dissanayake, Wimal (2013). Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-77291-7.

[1] Some sources date the company's establishment to 1918.
Chabria, Suresh; Usai, Paolo Cherchi (1994). Light of Asia: Indian Silent Cinema, 1912-1934. Wiley Eastern. p. 15. ISBN 978-81-224-0680-1. Arguably the most important production company in Bombay was Duarkadas Sampat's Kohinoor Film Co. established in 1918.

Kaul, Gautam (1998). Cinema and the Indian Freedom Struggle: Covering the Subcontinent. Sterling Publishers. p. 160. ISBN 978-81-207-2116-6. On the 'Diwali day'* of 1918, Sampat opened his own Kohinoor Film Company and went into filmmaking.

Thoraval, Yves (2000). The Cinemas of India. Macmillan India. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-333-93410-4. The studio system dominated the scene until the 1940s and '50s. One of the legendary ones was the Kohinoor Film Company, founded in 1918, in Bombay, by Dwarkadas N Sampat, a professional showman of repute.

[2] Chabria, Suresh; Usai, Paolo Cherchi (1994). Light of Asia: Indian Silent Cinema, 1912-1934. Wiley Eastern. p. 15. ISBN 978-81-224-0680-1. Arguably the most important production company in Bombay was Duarkadas Sampat's Kohinoor Film Co. established in 1918.

[3] Kaul, Gautam (1998). Cinema and the Indian Freedom Struggle: Covering the Subcontinent. Sterling Publishers. p. 160. ISBN 978-81-207-2116-6. On the 'Diwali day'* of 1918, Sampat opened his own Kohinoor Film Company and went into filmmaking.

[4] Thoraval, Yves (2000). The Cinemas of India. Macmillan India. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-333-93410-4. The studio system dominated the scene until the 1940s and '50s. One of the legendary ones was the Kohinoor Film Company, founded in 1918, in Bombay, by Dwarkadas N Sampat, a professional showman of repute.

[FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLkABAAAQBAJpgPA126_126]-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 126.

[3] "History of Cinema in India". Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2011.

[4] Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey (1996). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University Press. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-19-874242-5.

[FOOTNOTEAbel2005522-5] Abel 2005, p. 522.

[6] _
Thomas 2015, p. 9, "The first all-India super hit, a storm across the country in 1924, was Gul-e-Bakavali (The Bakavali Flower, Kanjibhai Rathod)"

Rajadhyaksha 2016, p. 21, "Gul-e-Bakavali was almost certainly the first truly national commercial hit in India"

[10] Thomas 2015, p. 9, "The first all-India super hit, a storm across the country in 1924, was Gul-e-Bakavali (The Bakavali Flower, Kanjibhai Rathod)"

[11] Rajadhyaksha 2016, p. 21, "Gul-e-Bakavali was almost certainly the first truly national commercial hit in India"

[7] Gooptu, Sharmistha (6 June 2012). "Hundred years of Indian cinema". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 July 2025. There was also the genre of films like Gul-e-Bakavali (1924), inspired by the popular Parsi theatres of Bombay and Calcutta, and which also became the first blockbuster talkies.

[8] Chabria, Suresh (20 April 2023). "Personal essay: How films became a bridge to my past and my present". Scroll.in. Retrieved 29 December 2025.

[FOOTNOTEAbel2005521–522-9] Abel 2005, p. 521–522.

[FOOTNOTEGokulsingDissanayake201389-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Gokulsing & Dissanayake 2013, p. 89.

[FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLkABAAAQBAJpgPA172_172]-11] Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 172.

[FOOTNOTEGokulsingDissanayake201390-12] Gokulsing & Dissanayake 2013, p. 90.

[13] Hayward, Susan (2006). Cinema studies: the key concepts. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9780203020210.

[14] Sengupta, S.; Roy, S.; Purkayastha, S. (2019). 'Bad' Women of Bombay Films: Studies in Desire and Anxiety. Springer International Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 978-3-030-26788-9.

[FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLkABAAAQBAJpgPA244_244]-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 244.

[FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLkABAAAQBAJpgPA245_245]-16] 16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 245.

[FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLkABAAAQBAJpgPA246_246]-17] Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 246.

[FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLkABAAAQBAJpgPA247_247]-18] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 247.

[FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLkABAAAQBAJpgPA248_248]-19] Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 248.

[FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLkABAAAQBAJpgPA249_249]-20] Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 249.

[FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLkABAAAQBAJpgPA249_249–250]-21] Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 249–250.

[FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLkABAAAQBAJpgPA250_250]-22] 22.0 ^22.1 Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 250.

[FOOTNOTERajadhyakshaWillemen2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSLkABAAAQBAJpgPA252_252]-23] Rajadhyaksha & Willemen 2014, p. 252.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Indian film studio}}
+{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
 {{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
-'''Kohinoor Film Company''' was an Indian [[film studio]] established in 1918 by Dwarkadas Sampat (1884-1958).<ref>{{cite book |last=Kaul |first=Gautam |title=Cinema and the Indian freedom struggle |year=1998 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=9788120721166 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WNxkAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of Cinema in India |url=http://www.filmbirth.com/india.html}}</ref>
+{{Infobox company
+| name             = Kohinoor Film Company
+| image           =
+| logo             =
+| type             = {{plainlist|
+* [[Filmmaking|Film production]]
+* [[Film distribution]]}}
+| genre            = {{hlist|[[Fantasy film|Fantasy]]| mythology}}
+| foundation       = 1918–1919<ref>Some sources date the company's establishment to 1918.
+* {{cite book | last1=Chabria | first1=Suresh | last2=Usai | first2=Paolo Cherchi | title=Light of Asia: Indian Silent Cinema, 1912-1934 | publisher=Wiley Eastern | date=1994 | isbn=978-81-224-0680-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CORkAAAAMAAJ | page=15 |quote=Arguably the most important production company in Bombay was Duarkadas Sampat's Kohinoor Film Co. established in 1918.}}
+* {{cite book | last=Kaul | first=Gautam | title=Cinema and the Indian Freedom Struggle: Covering the Subcontinent | publisher=Sterling Publishers | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-207-2116-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNxkAAAAMAAJ|page=160|quote=On the 'Diwali day'* of 1918, Sampat opened his own Kohinoor Film Company and went into filmmaking.}}
+* {{cite book | last=Thoraval | first=Yves | title=The Cinemas of India | publisher=Macmillan India | date=2000 | isbn=978-0-333-93410-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ | page=9 |quote=The studio system dominated the scene until the 1940s and '50s. One of the legendary ones was the Kohinoor Film Company, founded in 1918, in Bombay, by Dwarkadas N Sampat, a professional showman of repute.}}</ref>
+| founder          = Dwarkadas Sampat
+| defunct           = 1932{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 126]}}
+| location_city    = [[Mumbai]]
+| location_country = India
+| industry         = [[Entertainment]]
+| products         = Mostly [[silent film]]s
+}}
+'''Kohinoor Film Company''' was an Indian [[film studio]] established in 1919 by Dwarkadas Sampat (1884-1958).{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 126]}}<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Cinema in India |url=http://www.filmbirth.com/india.html |access-date=25 December 2011 |archive-date=6 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506014334/http://www.filmbirth.com/india.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen]], it was the largest and most influential studio of the Indian silent film era.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 126]}} The studio gained national prominence when its 1921 film ''[[Bhakta Vidur]]'', was banned by the British colonial government{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 126]}} on the ground that the character ''Vidur'', played by its producer Sampat, was "portrayed as a 'thinly-clad version' of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]."<ref>{{cite book | last=Nowell-Smith | first=Geoffrey | title=The Oxford History of World Cinema | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date=1996 | isbn=978-0-19-874242-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZwVDAAAQBAJ | page=403}}</ref>
-Along with [[Ranjit Movietone]] and the [[Imperial Film Company]] it was the largest movie studio when Indian [[talkies]] began in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hayward |first=Susan |title=Cinema studies: the key concepts |year=2006  |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=9780203020210 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OlPXsA-OBMAC&q=kohinoor+film+company&pg=PA393}}</ref>
+Under Kohinoor, directors such as [[Kanjibhai Rathod]] and [[Homi Master]] made some of the most popular films of the era.{{sfn|Abel|2005|p=522}} For example, under Rathod's direction, the 1924 film ''[[Gul-e-Bakavali (1924 film)|Gul-e-Bakavali]]'' is widely regarded as the 'first all-India super hit'.<ref>_
+* {{harvnb|Thomas|2015|p=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WHrmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 9], "The first all-India super hit, a storm across the country in 1924, was Gul-e-Bakavali (The Bakavali Flower, Kanjibhai Rathod)"}}
+* {{harvnb|Rajadhyaksha|2016|p=[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=88mSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21], "Gul-e-Bakavali was almost certainly the first truly national commercial hit in India"}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Gooptu | first=Sharmistha | title=Hundred years of Indian cinema | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 June 2012 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/hundred-years-of-indian-cinema/articleshow/13854661.cms | access-date=8 July 2025|quote=There was also the genre of films like Gul-e-Bakavali (1924), inspired by the popular Parsi theatres of Bombay and Calcutta, and which also became the first blockbuster talkies.}}</ref> Several stars of the time such as [[Zubeida]], [[Khalil (actor)|Khalil]], and [[P. K. Raja Sandow|Raja Sandow]] started their careers at the studio.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 126]}} Film scholar ''Suresh Chabria'', a former director of the [[National Film Archive of India]],<ref>{{cite news | last=Chabria | first=Suresh | title=Personal essay: How films became a bridge to my past and my present | website=[[Scroll.in]] | date=20 April 2023 | url=https://scroll.in/reel/1047582/personal-essay-how-films-became-a-bridge-to-return-to-my-past-and-my-present | access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> argues that Kohinoor Film Company was "perhaps the first Indian studio to decisively move away from the artisanal production practices of [[Dadasaheb Phalke|D. G. Phalke]], [[S. N. Patankar]], and others."{{sfn|Abel|2005|p=521–522}}
-Kohinoor didn't just produce some of the most successful films of its era. The studio also trained such people as [[Nandlal Jaswantlal]] and [[Mohan Bhavnani]], and produced artists such as [[Goharbai]], [[Zebunissa]] and [[Rampiyari]].
+==History==
+Dwarkadas Narendas Sampat (1884–1958) started his career in Indian cinema in 1904, when he brought a projector and began to organise film screenings in [[Rajkot]], [[Bombay Presidency]].{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2013|p=89}} He later entered film production and, through a partnership with [[S. N. Patankar]], established ''Patankar Friends & Co'',{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2013|p=89}} which, according to [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha|Rajadhyaksha]] and [[Paul Willemen|Willemen]], 'took off in 1917' with Sampat's entry.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 172]}}
-==History==
+Film historian [[Amrit Gangar]] notes that Sampat established the ''Kohinoor Film Company'' after differences with Patankar.{{sfn|Gokulsing|Dissanayake|2013|p=90}}
-In 1918, the film pioneer Dwarkadas Narendas Sampat (1884-1958) established the Kohinoor Film Company.
-Sampat introduced wooden sets, doing away with the painted sceneries of the past.
+The studio also trained such people as [[Nandlal Jaswantlal]] and [[Mohan Bhavnani]], and produced artists such as [[Goharbai]], [[Zebunissa (actress)|Zebunissa]] and [[Rampiyari]].{{cn|date=December 2025}}
-In 1923 a fire at the studio destroyed negatives of the company's films. However, Eastman Kodak willingly granted further credit for raw film stock.
+Along with [[Ranjit Movietone]] and the [[Imperial Film Company]] it was the largest movie studio when Indian [[talkies]] began in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hayward |first=Susan |title=Cinema studies: the key concepts |year=2006  |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=9780203020210 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OlPXsA-OBMAC&q=kohinoor+film+company&pg=PA393}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=December 2025}}
 ==Filmography==
-Between 1919 and 1929, Sampat and Kohinoor made 98 films, including
+{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
+!Film
-*''Vikram Urvashi'' (1920)
+!Year
-*''Anusuya'' (1921)
+!Director
-*''[[Bhakta Vidur]]'' (1921)
+!Notes
-::[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] directed this mythological [[allegory]], which alluded directly to political issues of the day. In the wake of the ''[[Rowlatt Act]]'' in 1919, which put restrictions on Indian imports, protests and agitation broke out, thrusting [[Mahatma Gandhi]] into the national spotlight. This film adapted a section from the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' that concerns the fall of an empire at the hands of two warring clans, the [[Pandavas]] and the [[Kaurava]]s. More overtly, the film's main character, [[Vidur]] (Dwarkadas Sampat), is a dead ringer for Gandhi, complete with his trademark hat and [[khaddar]] shirt. This film became something of a ''[[cause célèbre]]'' in India, as it generated a huge censorship controversy and was ultimately banned in [[Karachi]] and [[Madras]]. The District Magistrate of Karachi ordered the ban, saying ''it is likely to excite disaffection against the government and incite people to non-cooperation''.
+|-
-*''Kala Nag'' (1924)
+!Vikram Urvashi
-*''[[Kulin Kanta]]'' (1925)
+!1920
-*''Handsome Blackguard'' (1925)
+![[Kanjibhai Rathod]]
-*''Telephone Girl'' (1926)
+!<ref>{{cite book | last1=Sengupta | first1=S. | last2=Roy | first2=S. | last3=Purkayastha | first3=S. | title='Bad' Women of Bombay Films: Studies in Desire and Anxiety | publisher=Springer International Publishing | year=2019 | isbn=978-3-030-26788-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6z7CDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 | page=96}}</ref>
+|-
+!Mahasati Ansuya
+!1921
+!–
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 244]}}
+|-
+![[Bhakta Vidur]]
+!1921
+!–
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 244]}}
+|-
+!Sukanya Savitri
+!1922
+!–
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 245]}}
+|-
+![[Gul-e-Bakavali (1924 film)|Gul-e-Bakavali]]
+!1924
+!–
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 245]}}
+|-
+!Bismi Sadi
+!1924
+![[Homi Master]]
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA245 245]}}
+|-
+!Kala Naag
+!1924
+!K. Rathod
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 246]}}
+|-
+!Cinema Ni Rani
+!1925
+!Mohan Bhavnani
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247]}}
+|-
+!Fankdo Fituri
+!1925
+!Homi Master
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247]}}
+|-
+!Kulin Kanta
+!1925
+!–
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247]}}
+|-
+!Lanka Ni Laadi
+!1925
+!–
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247]}}
+|-
+![[Mojili Mumbai]]
+!1925
+![[Manilal Joshi]]
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 248]}}
+|-
+!Veer Kunal
+!1925
+!–
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 249]}}
+|-
+!Telephone Ni Taruni
+!1926
+!Homi Master
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 249–250]}}
+|-
+!Bhaneli Bhamini
+!1927
+!–
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 250]}}
+|-
+![[Gunsundari (1927 film)|Gunsundari]]
+!1927
+![[Chandulal Shah]]
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 250]}}
+|-
+!Daily Mail
+!1930
+!Narayan G. Devare
+!{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|2014|p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 252]}}
+|-
+|}
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
-==Sources==
+===Bibliography===
-*Crow, Jonathan; ''Allmovie''
+* {{cite book | last=Garga | first=Bhagwan Das | title=So Many Cinemas: The Motion Picture in India | publisher=Eminence Designs | date=1996 | isbn=978-81-900602-1-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ}}
-*Garga, B.D.; ''So Many Cinemas'', Eminence Designs Private Limited.
+* {{cite book | last1=Rajadhyaksha | first1=Ashish | last2=Willemen | first2=Paul | title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema | publisher=[[Routledge]] | date=2014 | isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ|archive-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|archive-date=4 December 2018}}
-*Rajadhyaksh, Ashish & Willeme, Paul; ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'', [[Oxford University Press]].
+* {{cite book |last=Kaul |first=Gautam |title=Cinema and the Indian freedom struggle |year=1998 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=9788120721166 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WNxkAAAAMAAJ}}
+* {{cite book | last=Abel | first=Richard | title=Encyclopedia of Early Cinema | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | date=2005 | isbn=978-0-415-23440-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hFxwX-dM008C}}
+* {{cite book | last=Thomas | first=Rosie | title=Bombay before Bollywood: Film City Fantasies | publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] | date=2015 | isbn=978-1-4384-5677-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHrmBgAAQBAJ}}
+* {{cite book | last=Rajadhyaksha | first=A. | title=Indian Cinema: A Very Short Introduction | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-19-872309-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88mSDAAAQBAJ }}
+* {{cite book | last1=Gokulsing | first1=K. | last2=Dissanayake | first2=Wimal | title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas | publisher=Routledge | date=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-77291-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC}}
 [[Category:Film production companies based in Mumbai]]
 [[Category:Mass media companies established in 1918]]
 [[Category:1918 establishments in India]]
+[[Category:Indian film studios]]
+[[Category:Silent film studios]]
+[[Category:Defunct companies of India]]
+[[Category:Defunct film and television production companies]]