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| | #REDIRECT [[Economy of the kingdom of Mysore]] |
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| The '''[[Kingdom of Mysore]]''' ([[Kannada]] ಮೈಸೂರು ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ ) (1399 - 1947 CE) was a kingdom in [[southern India]] founded in 1399 by Yaduraya in the region of the modern city of [[Mysore]], in the [[Karnataka]] state. The [[Wodeyar]] dynasty ruled the Southern Karnataka region until Indian independence in 1947, when the kingdom was merged with the [[India|Union of India]].
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| The peak of Mysore's economic power was under [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] in the post-[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era of the mid-late 18th century. They embarked on an ambitious program of economic development, aiming to increase the wealth and revenue of Mysore.<ref>{{Citation |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |given=Prasannan |surname=Parthasarathi |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |page=207 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_YEcvo-jqcC&pg=PA207}}</ref>
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| ==Early history==
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| The economy of the Kingdom was based on agriculture, due to the majority of its people being villagers. Ownership of land was considered a prestige and people from all trades aimed to own a piece of land, whether they were directly involved in cultivation or not. The agrarian population consisted of landlords ({{transl|kn|[[Gowda (caste)|gavunda]]}}, {{transl|kn|[[zamindar]]}}, {{transl|kn|[[hegde|heggadde]]}}) great and small who tilled the land by employing a number of landless labourers. Payments for services were in kind, usually grain, and even minor cultivators were willing to hire themselves out as labourers if the need arose.<ref name="labour">Sastri (1955), p297</ref> It was due to the availability of these landless labourers that kings and landlords were able to execute major projects such as palaces, temples, mosques, anicuts (chack dam) and tanks.<ref name="tank">Chopra et al. (2003), p123, part III</ref> Because land was abundant and the population relatively sparse, no rent was charged on land ownership. Instead, landowners paid tax for cultivation, normally amounting up to one half of all produce that was harvested.<ref name="tank"/>
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| ==Tipu Sultan==
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| [[File:Tipu Sultan BL.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of [[Tipu Sultan]], 1792]]
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| [[Tipu Sultan]], who ruled Mysore from 1782 to 1799 is credited with founding the state trading depots in various locations of his kingdom. In addition, he founded depots in foreign locations such as [[Karachi]], [[Jeddah]] and [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], where Mysore products could be sold.<ref name="muscat">M.H.Gopal in Kamath 2001, p235</ref> It is to Tipu's credit that [[France|French]] technology was used for the first time in carpentry and [[Smith (metalwork)|smithy]]. Also, Tipu's rule saw [[China|Chinese]] technology used for sugar production, while technology from [[Bengal]] helped improve the [[sericulture]] industry.<ref name="seri">Kamath (2001), p235-236</ref> State factories were established in Kanakapura and Taramandelpeth for producing cannons and gunpowder respectively. The state monopolised the production of essentials such as sugar, salt, iron, pepper, cardamom, betel nut, tobacco and [[sandalwood]], as well as the extraction of incense oil from sandalwood and the mining of silver, gold and precious stones. Sandalwood was exported to China and the Persian gulf countries and sericulture was developed in twenty one centres within the kingdom.<ref name="sandal">Kamath (2001), p236-237</ref>
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| A bond existed between the landlords and his labourers who were called {{transl|kn|panial}} or {{transl|kn|padial}}. In this system, when work ceased to exist in a land, the labourers were free to find employment elsewhere, but were bound to come back whenever required by the landlord. This had a mutual benefit in that it ensured regular employment to the landless and prevented their starvation. Landlords, however, were not required to increase labour rates during times when labour was in demand. Instead, they judiciously gave loans and presents to the labourer during times of need such as marriages and other family ceremonies. These loans bound the labourer to the estate who was not charged with interest on the loan. Instead, the labourer was required to pay back the principal amount only if he wished to free himself permanently from his bond to the landlord and seek employment elsewhere.<ref name="bond">Chopra et al. (2003), p129-130</ref>
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| ==Silk industry==
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| {{Main|Mysore silk}}
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| The [[Mysore silk]] industry was first initiated during the reign of [[Tipu Sultan]].<ref name="Global Silk Industry">{{cite book |last=R.k.datta |title=Global Silk Industry: A Complete Source Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8U1lmEGEdgC |access-date=22 January 2013 |year=2007 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-8131300879 |page=17 }}</ref> Later it was hit by a global depression, and competition from imported silk and [[rayon]]. In the second half of the 20th century, it revived and the [[Mysore State]] became the top multivoltine silk producer in India.<ref name="Global Silk Industry"/>
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| ==British rule==
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| This system changed under the British, when tax payments were in cash, and were used for the maintenance of the army, police and other civil and public establishments. A portion of the tax was transferred to England and called "Indian tribute".<ref name="pay">Chopra et al. (2003), p124</ref> Unhappy with the loss of their traditional revenue system and the problems they faced, peasants rose in rebellion in many parts of south India. The construction of [[anicut]]s and tanks helped alleviate problems in some areas of the peninsula, though there were variations in living conditions in different regions.<ref name="farm">Chopra et al. (2003), p129</ref>
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| After 1800, the Cornwallis land reforms came into play. Reade, Munro, Graham and Thackeray were some administrators who improved the economic conditions of the masses.<ref name="corn">Chopra et al. (2003), p130</ref> However, the home spun [[textile]] industry suffered during British rule, due to the manufacturing mills of [[Manchester]], [[Liverpool]] and [[Scotland]] being more than a match for the traditional hand woven industry, especially spinning and weaving.<ref name="liver">Kamath (2001), p286</ref> Only weavers who produced the very finest cloth not manufacturable by machines survived the changing economy. Even here, the change in the dressing habits of the people, who adapted to English clothes, had an adverse impact. Only the agricultural and rural masses with their need for coarse cloth sustained the low quality home industry.<ref name="cloths">Chopra et al. (2003), p132</ref> Also, the British economic policies created a class structure consisting of a newly found middle class. This class consisted of four occupational groups; the trading and merchant class consisting of agents, brokers, shopkeepers; the landlords created under the Zamindar system and Janmi system of land tenure; the money lenders; and the white collared lawyers, teachers, civil servants, doctors, journalists and bankers. However, due to a more flexible caste hierarchy, this middle class consisted of a more heterogeneous mix of people from different castes.<ref name="caste">Chopra et al. (2003), p134</ref>
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| The 19th century brought about the so-called "backward classes movement", a direct result of the hegemony in employment (in educational and government sectors) by the wealthy few and the loss of jobs across southern India due to the [[Industrial Revolution]] in England. This movement was heralded first by the [[Lingayat]]s followed by the [[Vokkaliga]]s and the [[Kuruba]]s.<ref name="kuru">Kamath (2001), p285</ref> The economic revolution in England and the tariff policies of the British caused massive [[deindustrialization]] in India, especially in the textile sector. For example, Bangalore was known to have had a flourishing textile industry prior to 1800 and the gunny bag weaving business had been a monopoly of the Goniga people, a state of events that changed significantly when the British began ruling the area. The import of a chemical substitute of saltpetre (potassium nitrate) affected the Uppar community, the traditional makers of saltpetre for use in gunpowder. The import of kerosene affected the Ganiga community who supplied oils. Foreign enamel and crockery industries affected the native pottery business and the mill made blankets replaced the country made ''kambli''.<ref name="kambli">Kamath (2001), p287</ref> This economic fallout led to the formation of community based social welfare organizations such as the ''Lingayat Vidyavardhakara Sangha'' in Dharwad in 1883, the ''Vokkaligara Sanga'' in Bangalore in 1906 and the ''Praja Mitra Mandali'' in Mysore in 1917. The goal of these organizations was to help those within the community to cope better with a new economic situation. Community based youth hostels sprang up to help students seeking education and shelter.<ref name="hostel">Kamath (2001), pp288-289</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Economic history of India]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist|3}}
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| ==References==
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| *{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
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| *{{cite book |last= Pranesh|first= Meera Rajaram |title= Musical Composers during Wodeyar Dynasty (1638-1947 A.D.)|orig-year=2003|year= 2003|publisher= Vee Emm|location= Bangalore}}
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| *{{cite book |last= Chopra, Ravindran, Subrahmanian |first= P.N., T.K., N. |title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part III|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand publications |location= New Delhi|isbn = 81-219-0153-7}}
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| *{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
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| [[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
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| [[Category:Historical economies of Karnataka]]
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| [[Category:16th-century economic history]]
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| [[Category:17th-century economic history]]
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| [[Category:18th-century economic history]]
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| [[Category:19th-century economic history]]
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| [[Category:Economic history of Karnataka]]
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| [[Category:Economic history of India]]
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