|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
| | #REDIRECT [[History of Mumbai under Hindu rule]] |
| {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
| |
| The '''Ancient history of Mumbai''' recounts the history of Mumbai from 300 BCE to 1348 CE.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==History==
| | {{Redirect category shell| |
| [[File:Seven Islands of Bombay en.svg|thumb|150px|upright|The seven islands of Bombay.]]
| | {{R from move}} |
| The present day Mumbai was originally an archipelago of [[Seven Islands of Bombay|seven islands]]. [[Pleistocene]] sediments found around [[Kandivali]] on [[Salsette Island]] north of the seven islands by Todd in 1939 indicate that these islands were inhabited since the [[Stone Age]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ghosh|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PKw3AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA25,M1 25]|Ref=brill}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Khandekar |1977|p=18|Ref=k77}}</ref> The archipelago had been named after the [[Kolis|Koli]] Goddess [[Mumbadevi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|p=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/places.html#38 499]|Ref=bom3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| |
| |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=132650
| |
| |title=Goddess Island
| |
| |date=2005-06-06
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-13
| |
| |publisher=Indian Express Newspapers (Mumbai) Ltd.}}</ref><ref name="Of age">{{cite news
| |
| |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1165194
| |
| |title=Of age-old beliefs and practices
| |
| |author=Shubhangi Khapre
| |
| |date=2008-05-19
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-13
| |
| |newspaper=[[Daily News & Analysis]]}}</ref> The port of [[Sopara]] (present day [[Nala Sopara]] near Mumbai) was an important trading centre during ancient times.<ref>{{harvnb| Thana — Places of Interest|2000|pp=[http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-III/places_Sopara.html 314–342]|Ref=tna}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Jain|1990|p=134|Ref=j1990}}</ref><ref name="When Emperor Ashoka rocked Nalla Sopara">{{cite news
| |
| |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/355276621.cms
| |
| |title=When Emperor Ashoka rocked Nalla Sopara
| |
| |author=Nina Martyris
| |
| |date=2001-11-18
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-14
| |
| |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In the 3rd century BCE, the islands were incorporated into the [[Maurya Empire]] under the expansion campaign of Emperor [[Ashoka]] of [[Magadha]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=MBI&folder=Facts-History |title=Historical background (Mumbai) |access-date=2008-08-01 |newspaper=The Economist |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610063950/http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=MBI&folder=Facts-History |archive-date=10 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cavendish|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC&pg=PA449&dq=&sig=ACfU3U1tnAghEeBCuyrm84ulGQGiFk7iVQ 449]|Ref=c449}}</ref> The empire's patronage gradually made the islands a centre of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] religion and culture. Buddhist monks, scholars, and artists created the artwork, inscriptions, and sculpture of the [[Kanheri Caves|Kanheri]] and [[Mahakali Caves|Mahakali]] caves. The total number of Buddhist cave temples numbered 109, dating from the end of the 2nd century BCE.<ref>{{harvnb|Hirakawa|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XjjwjC7rcOYC&pg=PA238&dq=&sig=ACfU3U2x5nyjsrhAKfCEwl7icqerwOd27Q 238]|Ref=hg238}}</ref> After the decline of the Maurya Empire around 185 BCE, these islands fell to the Satvahanas.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|p=129|Ref=bom}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| [[File:Ancient Statues Walkeshwar.JPG|200px|thumb|left|Ancient statues of the [[Silhara dynasty]] around the [[Walkeshwar Temple]]]]
| |
| The islands were known as [[Seven islands of Bombay|Heptanesia]] ([[Ancient Greek]]: ''A Cluster of Seven Islands'') to the Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]] in 150 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|p=3|Ref=bom}}</ref> After the end of the Satvahana rule in 250 CE, the [[Abhira]]s of Western [[Maharashtra]] and [[Vakataka]]s of [[Vidarbha]] held dominion over Bombay. The Abhiras ruled for 167 years, till around 417 CE. During the 5th century, Bombay was ruled by the [[Kalachuri]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=11|Ref=dav}}</ref> These islands were then acquired by the Mauryas of Konkan, who were feudatories of Kalachuris. The [[Jogeshwari Caves]] were constructed during the Mauryan regime between 520 and 550. The Mauryan presence ended when the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]] under [[Pulakeshin II]] invaded Bombay in 610.<ref>{{harvnb|David|1973|p=12 |Ref=dav}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| |
| |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/bombay/history1.shtml
| |
| |title=Beginnings
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-12
| |
| |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> During 749–750, [[Dantidurga]] of the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] conquered Bombay. The [[Silhara dynasty]] ruled the region between 810 and 1240.<ref name="sil">{{cite news
| |
| |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=3a3276f2-9146-4812-8aa0-4b74885e4ac4&&Headline=Mumbai's+picture+perfect+places&strParent=strParentID
| |
| |title=Mumbai's picture perfect places
| |
| |author=Abodh Aras | |
| |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]
| |
| |date=2007-05-28
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-12}}</ref> The [[Banganga Tank]], [[Walkeshwar Temple]], and [[Elephanta Caves]] were constructed under the patronage of the Silhara rulers.<ref name="sil"/><ref>{{cite web
| |
| |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/architecture/building/walkeshwar.html
| |
| |title=The Walkeshwar Temple
| |
| |publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics ([[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]])
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-15}}</ref> The Italian explorer [[Marco Polo]] had sailed through the islands of Bombay during the 13th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Yule|1870|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YtnglhJEI7wC&pg=PA653&dq=&sig=ACfU3U0pZNyiRzLXAxBq8iK-Wfw50pER8Q#PPA653,M1 653]|Ref=yule}}</ref> In the 13th century, [[Bhima of Mahikavati|King Bhimdev]] had built his capital in ''Mahikawati'', present day [[Mahim]] and [[Prabhadevi]].<ref>{{cite web
| |
| |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/history/
| |
| |title=History of Mumbai
| |
| |publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics ([[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]])
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-15}}</ref> After his death in 1303, he was succeeded by his son Pratapbimba, who had built his capital city at [[Marol]] in Salsette, which he named Pratappur.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|p=156|Ref=bom}}</ref> The islands were wrested from Pratapbimba's control by Mubarak, the emperor of [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], who had occupied Mahim and Salsette under his expansion campaign in 1318. But it was later reconquered by Pratapbimba, which he ruled till 1331. Later, his brother-in-law Nagardev reigned for 17 years till 1348. In 1348, the islands came under the control of the [[Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat|Muzaffarid dynasty]] of Gujarat, thus ending the sovereignty of Hindu rulers over the islands of Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1986|p=157|Ref=bom}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Notes==
| |
| {{History of Mumbai}}
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PKw3AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover
| |
| |title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology
| |
| |last=Ghosh
| |
| |first=Amalananda
| |
| |publisher=BRILL
| |
| |year=1990
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-19
| |
| |ref=brill}}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |title=History of Bombay, 1661-1708: 1661-1708
| |
| |last=David
| |
| |first=M. D.
| |
| |publisher=[[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]]
| |
| |year=1973
| |
| |ref=dav}}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |title=Maharashtra, a Profile
| |
| |last=Khandekar
| |
| |author-link=Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar
| |
| |first=Vishnu Sakharam
| |
| |author2=A. K. Bhagwat |author3=Acyuta Kesava Bhagavata
| |
| |publisher=V. S. Khandekar Amrit Mahotsava Satkar Samiti
| |
| |year=1977
| |
| |ref=k77}}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html
| |
| |title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer
| |
| |series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers
| |
| |volume=I
| |
| |year=1986
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-13
| |
| |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
| |
| |ref=bom
| |
| |url-status=dead
| |
| |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906220718/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/volume1.html
| |
| |archive-date=2008-09-06
| |
| }} | | }} |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |title=Thana — Places of Interest
| |
| |url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/Thane-III/home.html
| |
| |series=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency
| |
| |publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
| |
| |volume=XIV
| |
| |orig-year=1882
| |
| |year=2000
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-14
| |
| |ref=tna}}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC&printsec=frontcover
| |
| |title=World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia
| |
| |last=Cavendish
| |
| |first=Marshall
| |
| |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Corporation
| |
| |year=2007
| |
| |isbn=978-0-7614-7637-5
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-17
| |
| |ref=c449}}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |title= History of Indian Buddhism: from Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
| |
| |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjjwjC7rcOYC&printsec=frontcover
| |
| |last=Hirakawa
| |
| |first=Akira
| |
| |editor=Paul Groner
| |
| |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
| |
| |year=1998
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-15
| |
| |isbn=81-208-0955-6
| |
| |ref=hg238}}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |title=Trade and Traders in Western India, A.D. 100-1300
| |
| |last=Jain
| |
| |first=Vardhman Kumar
| |
| |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
| |
| |year=1990
| |
| |isbn=81-215-0470-8
| |
| |ref=j1990}}
| |
| *{{cite book
| |
| |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtnglhJEI7wC&printsec=frontcover
| |
| |title=The Travels Of Marco Polo
| |
| |last=Yule
| |
| |first=Henry
| |
| |publisher=Plain Label Books
| |
| |year=1870
| |
| |isbn=978-0-7614-7637-5
| |
| |volume=1
| |
| |access-date=2008-08-15
| |
| |ref=yule}}
| |
|
| |
| [[Category:History of Mumbai]]
| |
| [[Category:History of Maharashtra]]
| |
This page is a redirect. The following categories are used to track and monitor this redirect: