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-{{Short description|Main article for Hijab}}
+#REDIRECT [[Islamic veiling practices by country]]
-{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
-[[File:Two Iranian women.jpg|thumb|Two Iranian women wearing hijab]]
-{{Islamic female dress}}
-The word ''[[hijab]]'' refers to both the head-covering traditionally worn by many [[Muslim]] women and to the concept of modesty in Islam generally. Afghanistan and Iran are the only countries where the hijab is compulsory.
-The garment has different legal and cultural status in various countries. In the Indonesian [[Aceh]] province, Muslim women are required to wear the hijab<ref name=aceh>{{cite news|title=Ban on outdoor music concerts in West Aceh due to Sharia law|author=Jewel Topsfield|date=7 April 2016|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/ban-on-outdoor-music-concerts-in-west-aceh-due-to-sharia-law-20160406-gnzvna.html}}</ref> and all women are required to do so in Iran and Afghanistan.<ref>Milani, Farzaneh (1992). ''Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers'', Syracuse, New York: [[Syracuse University Press]], pp. 37–38, {{ISBN|9780815602668}}</ref>
+{{Redirect category shell|
+{{R from move}}
-Since 2005, France has banned overt religious symbols, including many religious headcoverings, in [[state school|public school]]s and government buildings.<ref name=french-headscarf-ban/> [[Kosovo]] (since 2009),<ref name="Kosovo">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11065911 "Headscarf ban sparks debate over Kosovo's identity"] ''news.bbc.co.uk'' 24 August 2010. Link retrieved 24 August 2010</ref> [[Azerbaijan]] (since 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/12/azerbaijianiran-hijab-ban-school-girls-iran-cleric-fatwa-ideology-islam-war.html|title=AZERBAIJAN: Feud over ban on Islamic head scarves fuels fears of Iranian meddling|date=30 December 2010}}</ref>), [[Tunisia]] (since 1981,<ref name=tunisiahijab/> partially lifted in 2011) and [[Turkey]] (gradually lifted)<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2008/06/200861502253559528.html Turkey headscarf ruling condemned] Al Jazeera English (7 June 2008). Retrieved in February 2009.</ref><ref name=news24.com/> are the only [[List of Muslim-majority countries|Muslim-majority countries]] which have banned the ''burqa'' in public schools and universities or government buildings, while [[Syria]] and [[Egypt]] banned face veils in universities from July 2010 and 2015 respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-10684359|title=Syria bans face veils at universities|date=19 July 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>[https://egyptindependent.com/egypts-high-administrative-court-approves-cairo-university-decision-to-ban-niqab/ Egypt's ban of Face Veil]</ref> In some Muslim states (like [[Lebanon]],<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|date=2010-10-28|title=LEBANON: Islamic hijab not welcome in Beirut offices, says frustrated job-seeker|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/babylonbeyond/2010/10/lebanon-veil-jobless-discrimination-ad-student-islam-position.html|url-status=live|newspaper=[[LA Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Morocco]],<ref>Richard Hamilton (6 October 2006) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5413808.stm Morocco moves to drop headscarf] BBC News (BBC). Retrieved on 13 February 2009.</ref> and Tunisia)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hawkins|first=Simon|date=2011|title=Who Wears Hijab with the President: Constructing a Modern Islam in Tunisia|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306029|journal=[[Journal of Religion in Africa]]|publication-place=[[Franklin and Marshall College]]|volume=41|issue=1|pages=35–58|doi=10.1163/157006611X556629|jstor=41306029|issn=0022-4200}}</ref> there have been complaints of restriction or discrimination against women who wear the ''hijab''. The ''hijab'' in these cases is seen as a [[Political aspects of Islam|sign of political Islam]] or [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalism]] against secular government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bashirov|first=Galib|date=2020|title=The Politics of the Hijab in Post-Soviet Azerbaijan|url=https://www.academia.edu/41722237|journal=[[Nationalities Papers]]|publication-place=[[Deakin University]]|volume=48|issue=2|pages=357–372|doi=10.1017/nps.2018.81|s2cid=212928375|issn=0090-5992}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nate Schenkkan|date=2011|title=Kyrgyzstan: Hijab Controversy Charges Debate over Islam's Role in Society|url=https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-hijab-controversy-charges-debate-over-islams-role-in-society|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[Eurasianet]]|language=en}}</ref>
+}}
-[[Islamic clothing|Islamic dress]], notably the variety of headdresses worn by [[Islam and women|Muslim women]], has become a prominent symbol of the presence of [[Islam]] in [[western Europe]]. In several countries, this adherence to ''hijab'' has led to political controversies and proposals for a legal ban. Laws have been passed in France and [[Belgium]] to ban face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban", although it does not only apply to the Afghan-model ''[[burqa]]''.
-Other countries are debating similar legislation, or have more limited prohibitions. Some of them apply only to face-covering clothing such as the ''burqa'', ''[[boushiya]]'', or ''[[niqāb]]'', while other legislation pertains to any clothing with an Islamic religious symbolism such as the ''[[khimar]]'', a type of headscarf. Some countries already have [[Anti-mask laws|laws banning the wearing of masks]] in public, which can be applied to veils that conceal the face. The issue has different names in different countries, and "the veil" or ''hijab'' may be used as general terms for the debate, representing more than just the [[veil]] itself, or the concept of modesty embodied in ''hijab''.
-Although the [[Balkans]] and [[Eastern Europe]] have Muslim populations, most Muslims in Western Europe are members of immigrant communities. The issue of Islamic dress is linked with issues of immigration and the position of Islam in Western Europe.
-There are currently 16 states that have banned the burqa (not to be confused with the hijab), including [[Tunisia]],<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-tunisia-niqab-security-idUKKCN1U01CH |title= Tunisian PM bans wearing of niqab in public institutions |date=5 July 2019|access-date=5 July 2019|newspaper= Reuters }}</ref> [[Austria]], [[Denmark]], [[France]], [[Belgium]],<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=September 2020|title=Unveiling: Malaysian activist fights for hijab freedom|work=[[Bangkok Post]], [[Agence France Presse]]|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1989067/unveiling-malaysian-activist-fights-for-hijab-freedom}}</ref> [[Tajikistan]], [[Bulgaria]],<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/world/bulgaria-the-latest-european-country-to-ban-the-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places-20160930-grss9q.html Bulgaria the latest European country to ban the burqa and [niqab in public places], Smh.com.au: accessed 5 December 2016.</ref> [[Cameroon]], [[Chad]], [[Congo-Brazzaville]], [[Gabon]], [[Netherlands]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Halasz; McKenzie |first1=Stephanie; Sheena |title=The Netherlands introduces burqa ban in some public spaces |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/europe/netherlands-partial-burqa-ban-intl/index.html |access-date=9 August 2018 |agency=CNN |issue=27 June 2018 |publisher=CNN |date=27 June 2018}}</ref> [[China]] (in Xinjiang Region),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |title=China bans burqa in capital of Muslim region of Xinjiang |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11342070/China-bans-burqa-in-capital-of-Muslim-region-of-Xinjiang.html |access-date=9 August 2018 |agency=The Telegraph |issue=13 January 2015 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=13 January 2015}}</ref> [[Morocco]], [[Sri Lanka]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 13, 2021|title=Sri Lanka to ban burqas, close over 1,000 Islamic schools|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sri-lanka-ban-burqas-close-1000-islamic-schools-76435802|url-status=live|website=[[ABC News]], [[Associated Press]]|language=en}}</ref> and [[Switzerland]].
-==Europe==
-{{Main|Islamic dress in Europe}}
-[[File:Full-face veils ban in Europe.svg|thumb|right|400px|Europe Burqa Bans. Map current as of 2022. However, hijab is not banned in any European country.<br />
-{{Legend|#b34452|National ban – country bans women from wearing full-face veils in public}}
-{{Legend|#db8e97|Local ban – cities or regions ban full-face veils}}
-{{Legend|#e29882|Partial ban – government bans full-face veils in some locations}}
-]]
-European Commissioner [[Franco Frattini]] said in November 2006, that he did not favour a ban on the ''burqa''.<ref>Reformatorisch dagblad: ''[http://www.reformatorischdagblad.nl/artikel/1283448/Brussel+tegen+boerkaverbod.html Brussel tegen boerkaverbod] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203050702/http://www.reformatorischdagblad.nl/artikel/1283448/Brussel+tegen+boerkaverbod.html |date=3 December 2007 }}'', 30 November 2006.</ref> This is apparently the first official statement on the issue of prohibition of Islamic dress from the [[European Commission]], the executive of the [[European Union]].
-Islamic dress is also seen as a symbol of the existence of [[Parallel society|parallel societies]], and the failure of [[cultural assimilation|integration]]: in 2006, British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] described the face veil as a "mark of separation".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6058672.stm Blair's concerns over face veils] [[BBC News Online]]. 17 October 2006.</ref> Proposals to ban hijab may be linked to other related cultural prohibitions, with Dutch politician [[Geert Wilders]] proposing a ban on ''hijab'', on [[Madrasah|Islamic schools]], the [[Quran]], on new [[mosques]], and on non-western immigration.
-In France and Turkey, the emphasis is on the secular nature of the [[Sovereign state|state]], and the symbolic nature of the Islamic dress. In Turkey, bans previously applied at state institutions (courts, [[civil service]]) and in state-funded education, but were progressively lifted during the tenure of [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]. In 2004, France passed a law banning "symbols or clothes through which students conspicuously display their religious affiliation" (including hijab) in public primary schools, middle schools, and secondary schools,<ref name=french-headscarf-ban>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3474673.stm French MPs back headscarf ban] BBC News (BBC). Retrieved on 13 February 2009.</ref> but this law does not concern universities (in French universities, applicable legislation grants students freedom of expression as long as public order is preserved<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006525517|title = Education Code. L811-1 §2|language = fr|publisher = Legifrance.gouv.fr|date = 26 January 1984|access-date = 16 September 2010}}</ref>). These bans also cover Islamic headscarves, which in some other countries are seen as less controversial, although [[law court]] staff in the Netherlands are also forbidden to wear Islamic headscarves on grounds of 'state neutrality'.
-An apparently less politicised argument is that in specific professions (teaching), a ban on "veils" (''niqab'') may be justified on the grounds that being able to see [[facial expression]]s and making [[eye contact]] can be helpful in communicating.  This argument has featured prominently in [[employment tribunal|judgments]] in Britain and the Netherlands, after students or teachers were banned from wearing face-covering clothing.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}
-Public and political response to such prohibition proposals is complex, since by definition they mean that the government decides on individual clothing. Some non-Muslims, who would not be affected by a ban, see it as an issue of [[civil liberties]], as a [[slippery slope]] leading to further restrictions on private life. A public opinion poll in London showed that 75 percent of Londoners support "the right of all persons to dress in accordance with their religious beliefs".<ref>Guardian: [http://politics.guardian.co.uk/gla/story/0,,1952628,00.html Livingstone decries vilification of Islam], 20 November 2006.</ref> In another poll in the United Kingdom by [[MORI|Ipsos MORI]], 61 percent agreed that "Muslim women are segregating themselves" by wearing a veil, yet 77 percent thought they should have the right to wear it.<ref>Ipsos MORI [http://www.ipsos-mori.com/polls/2006/itv.shtml Muslim Women Wearing Veils] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202122337/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/polls/2006/itv.shtml |date=2 December 2007 }}.</ref> In a later FT-Harris poll conducted in 2010 after the French ban on face-covering went into effect, an overwhelming majority in Italy, Spain, Germany and the UK supported passing such bans in their own countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/french-burqa-ban-widely-supported-europe|title=Atlantic Council|website=acus.org|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511091109/http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/french-burqa-ban-widely-supported-europe|archive-date=11 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The headscarf is perceived to be a symbol of the clash of civilizations by many. Others would also argue that the increase of laws surrounding the banning of headscarves and other religious paraphernalia has led to an increase in not just the sales of headscarves and ''niqabs'', but an increase in the current religiosity of the Muslim population in Europe: as both a product of and a reaction to westernization.<ref>Scott, 2007, pg. 5</ref>
-According to a 2017 ruling by the European Court of Justice on a case involving two Belgian women, employers in the EU may restrict the wearing of religious symbols if such regulations on appearance are applied consistently.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-03-14|title=EU workplace headscarf ban 'can be legal', says ECJ|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39264845|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/bHRKt|archive-date=July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2017|title=ECJ rules employers can ban staff from wearing Islamic headscarf|work=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/c27c99b2-089c-11e7-ac5a-903b21361b43|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/3GS5s|archive-date=July 2021}}</ref> The court ruled again on a 2021 case from Germany that EU companies could ban employees from wearing religious symbols, including headscarves, to present a "neutral image".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Scully|first=Rachel|date=2021-07-15|title=EU court rules employees' headscarves can be banned in some cases|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/563154-eu-court-rules-employees-headscarves-can-be-banned-in-some-cases|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en}}</ref>
-=== Austria ===
-{{Main|Islam in Austria}}
-[[File:Matthias Laurenz Gräff - "Liebende Eltern".jpg|thumb|180px|"Liebende Eltern (Loving parents)", painting about the discussion about the face-covering clothing, showing Austrian chancellor [[Sebastian Kurz]], vice chancellor [[Heinz-Christian Strache]] and a little Muslim child by [[Matthias Laurenz Gräff]] (2018)]]
-In 2017, a legal ban on face-covering clothing was adopted by the [[Austria]]n parliament.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article164642964/Oesterreich-stellt-Tragen-von-Burka-und-Nikab-unter-Strafe.html|title=Integration: Österreich stellt Tragen von Burka und Nikab unter Strafe|last=WELT|first=DIE|date=16 May 2017|via=www.Welt.de|access-date=26 October 2017|newspaper=Die Welt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/10/02/burqa-ban-takes-effect-austria|title=Burqa ban takes effect in Austria|website=News|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> Headscarves were also banned in 2019 from primary schools.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/oesterreich-beschliesst-kopftuch-verbot-an-grundschulen-a-1267656.html|title=Österreich beschließt Kopftuchverbot an Grundschulen|date=15 May 2019|newspaper=[[Spiegel Online]]|language=DE|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> In 2019, Austria banned the hijab in [[Education in Austria#Grundschule|schools]] for children up to ten years of age. The Austrian legislators said their motivation was promoting equality between men and women and improving social integration with respect to local customs. Parents who send their child to school with a headscarf will be fined 440 euro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/international/oesterreich-verbietet-kopftuecher-an-grundschulen/|title=Österreich verbietet Kopftücher an Grundschulen|last=Lëtzebuerg|first=Tageblatt|date=16 May 2019|website=Tageblatt.lu|language=DE|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref> Arab visitors to [[Zell am See]] in 2014 were issued brochures by local authorities urging them to take off any ''burqas''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ho|first=Spencer|date=May 2014|title=Act more Austrian, Arab tourists told|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/act-more-austrian-arab-tourists-told/|url-status=live|website=[[Times of Israel]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
-=== Belgium ===
-{{Main|Islam in Belgium}}
-As of 2015, Belgium has specific bans on face-covering dress, such as the ''niqab'' or ''burqa''. On Tuesday 11 July 2017 the European Court of Human Rights upheld Belgium's ban on burqas and full-face veils.<ref name="auto">Independent https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgium-burqa-ban-upheld-european-court-of-human-rights-dakir-v-full-face-islamic-veils-headscarf-a7835156.html]</ref>
-=== Bulgaria ===
-{{Main|Islam in Bulgaria}}
-[[File:Pomaks.jpg|thumb|left|Elderly [[Pomaks|Pomak]] women in Bulgaria]]
-In 2016, a ban on the wearing of face-covering clothing in public was adopted by the [[Bulgaria]]n parliament.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/world/bulgaria-the-latest-european-country-to-ban-the-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places-20160930-grss9q.html Bulgaria the latest European country to ban the burqa and niqab in public places], Smh.com.au: accessed 5 December 2016.</ref> The Bulgarian parliament enacted the ban on the basis of security concerns, however the ban stimulated conflict as 10 percent of the country's population identifies as Muslim. Women who violate the burqa ban face fines up to €770 (~US$848) and have their social security benefits suspended.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-burka-ban-benefits-cut-burkini-niqab-a7340601.html|title=Another European country just banned the burqa|date=1 October 2016|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
-=== Denmark ===
-{{Main|Islam in Denmark}}
-In autumn 2017, the [[Denmark|Danish]] government considered adopting a law prohibiting people to wear "attire and clothing masking the face in such a way that it impairs recognizability".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/denmark-ban-full-face-covering-burqa-jakob-ellemann-jensen-a7986561.html|title=Denmark is about to ban the burqa|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=6 October 2017}}</ref> The proposal was met with support from the three largest political parties<ref>[https://www.ft.dk/samling/20171/lovforslag/L219/105/afstemninger.htm L 219 Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven.], [[Folketinget]]</ref>  and was passed into law on 31 May 2018, becoming § 134 c of the [[Danish Penal Code]], stating that "[a]ny person who in a public place wears a item of clothing that covers said person's face shall be liable to a fine" with an exception for coverings that serve "a creditable purpose" (e.g. sports equipment, protection against the cold, masks for carnivals, masquerades etc.).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/31/denmark-passes-law-banning-burqa-and-niqab|title=Denmark passes law banning burqa and niqab|last=Staff and agencies|date=31 May 2018|website=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.dk/ripdf/samling/20171/lovforslag/l219/20171_l219_som_vedtaget.pdf|title=L 219 Forslag til lov om ændring af straffeloven. (Law as passed.)|website=Website of The Danish Parliament|language=da|trans-title=L 219 Motion to amend the penal code. (Law as passed.)}}</ref> The law came into force on 1 August 2018. On the first day of the implementation of the burqa ban, hundreds of protesters rallied wearing face veils in public. According to the ban, wearing a burqa or a niqab in public can lead to a fine of 1000 kroner (~US$156) in case of first time offences, rising to 10,000 kr. (~US$1560) in case of the fourth offence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/denmark-s-burqa-ban-is-greeted-by-protest-and-confusion-1.3583365|title=Denmark's burqa ban is greeted by protest and confusion|website=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/31/denmark-becomes-latest-european-country-ban-full-islamic-face/|title=Denmark becomes latest European country to ban full Islamic face veil in public spaces|last=Staff|first=Our Foreign|date=31 May 2018|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2 June 2018|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Under the ban, police are instructed to order women to remove their veils or to leave the public space. Police officers that fail to obey the orders of the ban are subject to be fined.
-=== France ===
-{{Main|Islam in France}}
-France is a secular country. One of the key principles of the [[1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State]] is the freedom of religious exercise. At the same time, this law prohibited public servants from wearing any religious signs during work.
-In 1994, the French Ministry for Education sent out recommendations to teachers and headmasters to ban the Islamic veil (specified as hijab, niqab, and burka) in educational institutions. According to a 2019 study by the IZA Institute of Labor Economics,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Behind the Veil: The Effect of Banning the Islamic Veil in Schools|website=newsroom.iza.org |access-date=2021-06-10}}</ref> a higher proportion of girls of Muslim background born after 1980 graduated from high school, bringing their graduation rates closer to the non-Muslim female cohort. Having a "Muslim background" was defined as having an immigrant father from a predominantly Muslim country (hence, indigenized Muslims with a longer history in France were not considered), as the study was highlighting the "difficulties faced by adolescents with a foreign cultural background in forming their own identity". Males in the Muslim group also had a lower graduation rate than males in the non-Muslim group. While secularism is often criticized for restricting freedom of religion, the study concluded that for the French context, the "implementation of more restrictive policies in French public schools ended up promoting the educational empowerment of some of the most disadvantaged groups of female students".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroom.iza.org/en/archive/research/effects-of-banning-the-islamic-veil-in-public-schools/|title=Effects of banning the Islamic veil in public schools|website=newsroom.iza.org|access-date=2019-12-27}}</ref>
-In 2004, the [[French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools]] banned most religious signs, including the hijab, from public primary and secondary schools in France. The proposed ban was extremely controversial, with both sides of the political spectrum being split on the issue, some people arguing that the law goes against religious freedom and is racist because it affects mostly Muslim women and Jewish men.
-In 2010, a [[French ban on face covering|ban on face covering]],<ref>{{Citation|title=LOI n° 2010-1192 du 11 octobre 2010 interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public|date=11 October 2010|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000022911670|access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref> targeting especially women wearing [[chador]] and [[burqa]], was adopted by the French Parliament. According to the Guardian, the "Burqa ban", was challenged and taken to the [[European Court of Human Rights]] which upheld the law on 1 July 2014, accepting the argument of the French government that the law was based on "a certain idea of living together".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/01/france-burqa-ban-upheld-human-rights-court|title=France's burqa ban upheld by human rights court|last1=Willsher|first1=Kim|date=1 July 2014|access-date=1 July 2014|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> In 2013 "the applicant" stood outside Elysée Palace in niqab and subsequently received a criminal conviction. The French criminal courts noted in 2014 that the lower court was wrong to dismiss her rights covered under article 18 but dismissed her appeal.{{rp|16}} The French delegation argued that wearing face coverings violated the principle of "living together". Judges [[Angelika Nussberger]] and [[Helena Jäderblom]] dissented, calling the concept, "far-fetched and vague."{{rp|61}} Going on to note that the very decision of declaring what a woman is allowed to wear was hypocritical and antithetical to the aim of protecting human rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/app/conversion/pdf/?library=ECHR&id=001-145466&filename=|title=GRAND CHAMBER CASE OF S.A.S. v. FRANCE (Application no. 43835/11) JUDGMENT STRASBOURG |date=1 July 2014|publisher=ECHR}}</ref> The committee came to the determination in 2018 that the case had been incorrectly dismissed after review by a single judge on the grounds that, "the conditions of admissibility laid down in articles 34 and 35 of the Convention [had] not been met." Upon review the committee concluded that the applicants's human rights had been violated under article 18 and 26 of the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]].{{rp|13}} The committee dismissed the notion of "living together" as a vague notion not protected under international law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/123/D/2747/2016&Lang=en|title=CCPR/C/123/D/2747/2016; Human Rights Committee Views adopted by the Committee under article 5 (4) of the Optional Protocol, concerning communication No. 2747/2016*,**,***|date=7 December 2018}}</ref>
-A broader ban on hijab is regularly proposed by conservative and right-wing politicians.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/13/french-pm-ban-islamic-headscarves-universities-manuel-valls|title=French PM calls for ban on Islamic headscarves at universities|last=Chrisafis|first=Angelique|date=13 April 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=12 January 2018|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Such a broader ban would include a ban in public universities. However, presidents of universities and most student unions oppose such a ban.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/education/interdire-le-voile-aux-etudiantes-les-presidents-d-universite-disent-non_1782396.html|title=Interdire le voile aux étudiantes? Les présidents d'université disent "non"|date=13 April 2016|work=LExpress.fr|access-date=12 January 2018|language=fr}}</ref>
-In May 2021, [[Emmanuel Macron]]'s party [[La République En Marche!|Le Republique en Marche]] barred a Muslim woman from running as one of its local election candidates because she wore a hijab for a photograph on a campaign flier.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Samuel Osborne|date=May 12, 2021|title=Emmanuel Macron's party bars woman from running as candidate because she wore a hijab|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/emmanuel-macrons-party-bars-woman-from-running-as-candidate-because-she-wore-a-hijab/ar-BB1gEMut|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/bV6mO|archive-date=July 2021|website=[[Microsoft News]], [[The Independent]]}}</ref>
-=== Germany ===
-{{Main|Islam in Germany}}
-In 2017, a ban on face-covering clothing for soldiers and state workers during work was approved by [[Germany|German]] parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.n-tv.de/politik/Bundestag-beschliesst-Sicherheitspaket-article19813154.html|title=Bundestag beschließt Sicherheitspaket|first=n-tv|last=Nachrichtenfernsehen|website=n-tv.de|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>
-Due to rapid demographic changes in Germany following immigration from [[Muslim world|Muslim countries]], public debates ensued which among other topics concerned Islamic veils from the turn of the century onwards.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-conference-on-islamic-veil-sparks-controversy/a-48581723|title=German conference on Islamic veil sparks controversy {{!}} DW {{!}} 2 May 2019|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB|access-date=13 October 2019}}</ref>
-In 2019 Susanne Schröter, an academic at [[Goethe University Frankfurt]] planned a conference titled ''"The Islamic veil – Symbol of dignity or oppression?''" which led to a group of students protesting that value judgments on the veil should not be made. The protestors criticized the invitation of journalist [[Alice Schwarzer]] and publisher of feminist magazine [[EMMA (magazine)|EMMA]]. Schröter is a noted critic of Islamic veils and argues that the veil restricts a woman's freedom and usually comes with a bundle of restrictions. Schröter was backed by the president of Frankfurt University who stressed that it is her job to organize academic conferences where diverse opinions can be voiced. The president of the {{ILL|Deutscher Hochschulverband|de||lt=German Association of University Professors and Lecturers|WD=}} argued that [[freedom of speech]] meant that controversial topics should be resolved by debate, not "boycotts, mobbing or violence". Members of the ''Uni gegen antimuslimischen Rassismus'' (English: "University against anti-Muslim racism") boycotted the conference due to their objections regarding the invited participants.<ref name=":8" />
-The [[Alternative for Germany]] are the largest party in Germany that advocates a ban on the burqa and niqab in public places.
-===Ireland===
-{{Main|Islam in Ireland}}
-In 2018, the [[Taoiseach]] (Prime Minister) [[Leo Varadkar]] ruled out a burka ban in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], saying "I don’t like it but I think people are entitled to wear what they want to wear. […] I believe in the [[freedom of religion]]. I don’t agree with the doctrine of every religion or necessarily any religion, but I do believe in the freedom of religion."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/no-burqa-ban-ireland-4161037-Aug2018/|title=Leo Varadkar: 'There will be no burqa ban in Ireland'|first=Christina|last=Finn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesspost.ie/politics/varadkar-rules-burqa-ban-calls-women-priesthood-422505|title=Varadkar rules out burqa ban, calls for women in priesthood – BusinessPost.ie|first=Hugh|last=O'Connell}}</ref>
-===Kosovo===
-{{Main|Islam in Kosovo}}
-[[File:Mother and Child in Street - Prizren - Kosovo.jpg|thumb|Muslim woman with child in Prizren, Kosovo]]
-Since 2009, the hijab has been banned in public schools and universities or government buildings.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11065911 Headscarf ban sparks debate over Kosovo's identity] news.bbc.co.uk 24 August 2010. Link retrieved 24 August 2010</ref> In 2014, the first female parliamentarian with hijab was elected to the Kosovo parliament.<ref>[http://www.worldbulletin.net/hijab/138709/kosovo-elects-first-lawmaker-to-wear-a-headscarf World Bulletin] Kosovo elects first lawmaker to wear a headscarf</ref>
-=== Latvia ===
-In 2016 ''[[The Independent]]'' reported that a legal ban of face-covering Islamic clothing was adopted by the [[Latvia]]n parliament.<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/islamic-muslim-face-veil-niqab-burqa-banned-latvia-despite-being-worn-by-just-three-women-entire-a6993991.html|title=A European government has banned Islamic face veils despite them being worn by just three women|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=21 April 2016|access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> After long public discussions draft legislation was approved by Latvian government on 22.08.2017, however it was never adopted by the parliament as a law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mk.gov.lv/lv/aktualitates/ministru-kabinets-atbalsta-sejas-aizsegsanas-ierobezojuma-likumprojektu|title=A Ministru kabinets atbalsta Sejas aizsegšanas ierobežojuma likumprojektu|date=22 August 2017}}</ref>
-=== Malta ===
-Malta has no restrictions on Islamic dressing such as the veil ([[hijab]]) nor the full face veil ([[burqa]] or [[niqab]])<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MwzsW6k6pzAC&pg=PA389 ''Yearbook of Muslims in Europe''], Volume 4 p. 393.</ref> but lawfully face covering is illegal,<ref name="maltatoday.com.mt">Dalli, Miriam (2015), [http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/56071/mp_calls_for_banning_of_the_burqa_decision_requires_rational_debate "MP calls for banning of the burqa: ‘Decision requires rational debate’"], [[Malta Today]].</ref> however an official ban on face covering for religious reasons is ambiguous.<ref>Camilleri, Neil (2015), [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2015-07-11/local-news/In-Malta-wearing-a-burqa-while-driving-is-not-illegal-police-6736138692 "In Malta, wearing a burqa while driving is ‘not illegal’ – police"], [[The Malta Independent]].</ref> However it is guaranteed that individuals are allowed to wear as they wish at their private homes and at the Mosque.<ref name="maltatoday.com.mt"/> Imam El Sadi, from [[Mariam Al-Batool Mosque]], has said that the banning of the niqab and the burka "offends Muslim women".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/58764/imam_says_burqa_and_niqab_ban_offends_muslim_women_#.VmTiv3p4WrU|title=Imam says burqa and niqab ban 'offends' Muslim women|access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref> El Sadi said that the Maltese's "attitude towards Muslim women" is positive and despite cultural clashes their dressing is tolerated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20130121/local/-Muslim-women-should-be-able-to-wear-hijab-at-work-.454136 |title=Times of Malta ‒ 'Muslim women should be able to wear hijab at work' |website=Timesofmalta.com |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref> Some Muslim women share the belief that it is sinful to be seen in public without veiling themselves,<ref name="euroinfo.ee">{{cite web|url=http://www.euroinfo.ee/malta/pdf/25.pdf |title=Report on Equality |website=Euroinfo.ee |language=et |access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="timesofmalta1">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110529/local/Election-of-Muslim-girl-champions-diversity.367835|title=Election of Muslim girl champions diversity|first=Allied Newspapers|last=Ltd|access-date=13 June 2017}}</ref> however they are lawfully required to remove it when needed – such as for photos on identifications.<ref name="Jørgen Nielsen 2014 p.411">Jørgen Nielsen; Samim Akgönül; Ahmet Alibašić; Egdunas Racius (2014), [https://books.google.com/books?id=a-NTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA411 ''Yearbook of Muslims in Europe''], Volume 6, Brill, p.411.</ref>
-=== Netherlands ===
-{{Main|Islam in the Netherlands}}
-The [[States General of the Netherlands]] enacted a ban on face-covering clothing, popularly described as the "burqa ban", in January 2012.<ref>[http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/ministers-vote-dutch-‘burqa-ban’ "Ministers vote Dutch ‘burqa ban’"], rnw.nl</ref><ref>The Telegraph [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/netherlands/8765673/Netherlands-to-ban-the-burka.html "Netherlands to ban the burka"], 15 September 2011</ref> The burqa ban came into force on 1 August 2019 in schools, public transport, hospitals and government buildings, but there are doubts over whether it will be applied in practice.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/01/europe/netherlands-burqa-ban-scli-intl/index.html The Netherlands has introduced a 'burqa ban' – but its enforcement is in doubt], CNN, 1 August 2019</ref> [[Amsterdam]] Mayor [[Femke Halsema]] spoke out in her opposition of the law. She stated that removing someone wearing a burqa from public transport in the capital would not be fitting with current Dutch society. Chairman of the Dutch Public Transport Association Pedro Peters also voiced his opinion on the ban. Peters said: "You are not going to stop the bus for half an hour for someone wearing a burqa", waiting for the police to arrive; "we are also not allowed to refuse anyone because we have a transport obligation".<ref name="French">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/as-the-netherlands-burqa-ban-takes-effect-police-and-transport-officials-refuse-to-enforce-it/2019/08/01/a91fb648-b461-11e9-acc8-1d847bacca73_story.html|title=As the Netherlands' burqa ban takes effect, police and transport officials refuse to enforce it |first=James |last=McAuley |newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> Known officially as the Partial Ban on Face-Covering Clothing Act, the act also details that those who refuse to uncover their faces may pay a fine of at least 150 euros and can be arrested.<ref name="French"/> Dutch police have also stated that enforcing the ban is not a priority, and that they likely would not respond to a complaint within a thirty-minute timeframe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/01/dutch-police-signal-unwillingness-enforce-new-burqa-ban|title=Dutch 'burqa ban' rendered largely unworkable on first day|last=Boffey|first=Daniel|date=1 August 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=6 November 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
-The Dutch government has also come under fire for the "burqa ban" from certain members of the UN claiming it is discriminatory towards Muslim women. On 7 October 2019 Tendayi Achiume, The United Nations Special Rapporteur on racism, wrote a report questioning the perceived inclusivity of Dutch society and how that perception masks a reality of treating racial and ethnic minorities as foreign. Speaking about the "burqa ban" Achiume said "The political debate surrounding the adoption of this law makes plain its intended targeting of Muslim women, and even if this targeting was not the intent, it has certainly been the effect".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25101&LangID=E|title=OHCHR {{!}} The Netherlands: UN expert calls for greater equality and tolerance|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref> In her report Achiume also reference a whistleblower in the Hague police department. She said that this whisleblower raised concerns about a culture of racism and targeted discrimination within the police department, and the government must act quickly to combat it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/dutch-told-burka-ban-discriminates-against-muslim-women-1.4045396|title=Dutch told burka ban discriminates against Muslim women|last=Hague|first=Peter Cluskey in The|website=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=6 November 2019}}</ref>
-=== Norway ===
-{{Main|Islam in Norway}}
-In 2018 the Norwegian parliament voted to ban the burqa in schools and universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/norway-burqa-ban-schools-universities-parliament-vote-niqab-latest-a8387826.html|title=Norway votes in favour of banning burqa in schools and universities|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=7 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/norway-bans-burqas-niqabs-schools-211009300.html|title=Norway bans burqas and niqabs at schools}}</ref>
-In April 2019, the [[Telia Company|Telia telecom company]] received bomb threats after featuring a Muslim woman taking off her [[hijab]] in a commercial. Although the police did not evaluate the threat as likely to be carried out, delivering threats is still a crime in Norway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nettavisen.no/økonomi/telia-har-mottatt-trussel-som-flge-av-hijab-reklame/3423647259.html|title=Telia har mottatt trussel som følge av hijab-reklame|last=Ripegutu|first=Halvor|website=Nettavisen|language=no|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-telia-company-norway-idUSKCN1RE179|title=Phone company Telia threatened in Norway after empowerment advert|date=2 April 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref>
-=== Sweden ===
-In December 2019, the municipality of [[Skurup]] banned Islamic veils in educational institutions. Earlier, the municipality of [[Staffanstorp]] approved a similar ban.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=96&artikel=7369615|title=Skurup förbjuder slöja i skolan|last=Malmöhus|first=P4|work=Sveriges Radio|access-date=2019-12-19|language=sv}}</ref>
-=== Switzerland ===
-In a referendum on 7 March 2021, Swiss voters approved a nationwide ban on the burqa, with over 51% of the electorate supporting it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/07/switzerland-on-course-to-ban-wearing-of-burqa-and-niqab-in-public-places|title = Switzerland to ban wearing of burqa and niqab in public places|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 7 March 2021}}</ref>
-Earlier, in September 2013, a constitutional referendum in the [[Canton of Ticino]] on a [[Popular initiative (Switzerland)|popular initiative]] banning full-face veils was approved with 66.2% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/abstimmungen/abstimmungen/abstimmungen-ti/ja-zum-burka-verbot-im-tessin|title=Ja zum Burka-Verbot im Tessin |work=SRF Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|access-date=2020-05-17|language=de}}</ref> In May 2017, the [[Landsgemeinde]] in the [[Canton of Glarus]] rejected adopting a similar measure with about two-thirds of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.srf.ch/news/regional/ostschweiz/kein-burka-verbot-im-kanton-glarus|title=Kein Burka-Verbot im Kanton Glarus |work=SRF Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|access-date=2020-05-17|language=de}}</ref>
-In September 2018, the [[Canton of St Gallen]] become the second canton in Switzerland to vote in favor of a ban on facial coverings in public with two-thirds casting a ballot in favor.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/swiss-canton-st-gallen-votes-for-ban-on-burqas-in-public/a-45607726 | title=Swiss canton St Gallen votes for ban on burqas in public &#124; DW &#124; 23.09.2018| website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}
-</ref>
-=== United Kingdom ===
-{{Main|Islam in the United Kingdom}}
-The UK has no specific legislation prohibiting any form of traditional Islamic dress. In some cases, hijabs are worn by young girls from age 6–8.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/lifestyle/other/marks-26-spencer-criticised-for-stocking-hijabs-in-school-essentials-section/ar-BBOgihv|title=Marks & Spencer criticised for stocking hijabs in 'school essentials' section|website=www.msn.com|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/marksandspencer/status/1050030484342919168?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw|title=M&S on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref> According to retail chain [[Marks & Spencer]], the hijabs they sell as part of the school uniform will fit a child aged 3.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indy100.com/article/marks-and-spencers-clothing-line-muslim-girls-hijab-controversy-8580486|title=Marks & Spencer's latest school clothing line is receiving a lot of criticism|date=12 October 2018|work=indy100|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref>
-===Russia===
-Russia's [[Stavropol]] region has a ban on hijabs in schools Since 2012. the first of its kind imposed by a region in the Russian federation. The ruling was upheld by Russia's Supreme Court in July 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/world/europe/russian-regions-hijab-ban-puts-squeeze-on-muslims.html|title=Local Russian Hijab Ban Puts Muslims in a Squeeze|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 March 2013|last1=Barry|first1=Ellen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13038095|title = The Islamic veil across Europe|work = BBC News|date = 31 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Supreme-Court-confirmation:-prohibited-to-wear-hijab-in-Russian-high-schools-28440.html|title = Supreme Court confirmation: Prohibited to wear hijab in Russian high schools}}</ref>
-==Muslim world==
-===Algeria===
-In 2018, the government passed a law banning the wearing of full face-veils, called burqas or niqabs, for female public servants while at work.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/10/255703/algeria-burqas-niqabs-women/ |title = Algeria Outlaws Burqas, Niqabs for Women at Work|date = 19 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ewn.co.za/2018/10/19/algerian-bans-female-public-servants-from-wearing-full-face-veils |title = Algerian bans female public servants from wearing full-face veils}}</ref> The Prime Minister at the time, [[Ahmed Ouyahia]], pushed the ban because of his belief that women should be identifiable in the workspace.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Prime Minister Trudeau should not Rely on the Courts to Uphold his Promises to Indigenous Peoples|doi = 10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9211-2016179}}</ref>
-===Afghanistan===
-[[File:Center for Contemporary Arts Afghanistan in 2010.jpg|thumb|Female art students in [[Afghanistan]]]]
-In Afghanistan, the hijab is compulsory for all women and everywhere, including in schools.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|title=Taliban says burqa not mandatory for women, hijab is|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/08/18/taliban-says-burqa-not-mandatory-for-women-hijab-is-.html|access-date=2021-12-18|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref>
-In the mid-20th century many women in urban areas did not wear head coverings, but this ended with the outbreak of civil war in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/05/asia/gallery/afghan-women-past-present/index.html|title=Unveiled: Afghan women past and present|author=Monica Sarkar|website=CNN}}</ref> The Afghan ''chadri'' is a regional style of [[burqa]] with a mesh covering the eyes.<ref name="amer">{{Cite book|first=Sahar  |last=Amer | year=2014 | title=What Is Veiling? |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press (Kindle edition)|page=61}}</ref> The burqa became a symbol of the conservative and totalitarian [[Taliban]] rule, who strictly enforced female adults to wear the dress. Although the Taliban regime ended in 2001, some women continue to wear it out of security concerns.<ref name="amer" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Peace in Afghanistan at What Cost To Its Women? |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128493070 |first=Quil |last=Lawrence |date=13 July 2010 |access-date=19 July 2010  |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref name="nbc-burqa">{{Cite news|title=Under that burqa, lipstick and high heels|url=http://worldblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2010/05/14/4376895-under-that-burqa-lipstick-and-high-heels|author=Kiko Itasaka|date=14 May 2010 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref> Opposers to the burqa claim it is not Islamic, nor part of Afghan culture.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 2016|title=Afghan Women Still Bound by Burka|url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/afghan-women-still-bound-burka|url-status=live|website=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]]}}</ref>
-After the [[2021 Fall of Kabul]], an interviewed Taliban spokesman rejected the idea that "women should not wear headscarves for education", saying it was not part of their culture.<ref>{{Cite web|last=林铃锦|date=September 4, 2021|title=塔利班警告美国：你们不应该改变我们的文化|url=https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2021_09_04_605789_s.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917110951/https://www.guancha.cn/internation/2021_09_04_605789_s.shtml|archive-date=September 17, 2021|website=[[Guancha.cn|Guancha]]}}</ref> In September 2021, the Taliban mandated that women attending private Afghan universities must wear a niqab.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Taliban order university women to wear face-covering niqab - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/taliban-order-university-women-to-wear-face-covering-niqab/articleshow/85949104.cms|url-status=live|website=[[The Times of India]], [[Reuters]]|language=en}}</ref>
-=== Azerbaijan ===
-With Azerbaijan's secular tradition, there has reportedly been a general perception in the country linking the hijab with extremism. Many covered women have reported experiencing job discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Austin Clayton|date=May 1, 2019|title=As hijab spreads in Azerbaijan, covered women complain they can't find jobs|url=https://eurasianet.org/as-hijab-spreads-in-azerbaijan-covered-women-complain-they-cant-find-jobs|url-status=live|website=[[Eurasianet]]|language=en}}</ref>
-=== Bosnia and Herzegovina ===
-[[File:Bosnian women-Emina (14204194758).jpg|thumb|A Bosnian girl wearing the Hijab.]]
-Bosnia and Herzegovina is officially a secular country. During the rule of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Communist Yugoslavia]] the traditional face veil (''Bosnian: Zar'') was officially banned in 1950,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unveiling Muslim Women in Socialist Yugoslavia|url=Brillhttps://brill.com › journals › rag › article-p184_4|url-status=live}}</ref> and during the 1960's the hijab and other forms of religious clothing were banned for both men ([[Fez (hat)|Fez]] and [[Turban]]s) and women. Since Bosnia's independence in 1992 the ban was uplifted. Today the number of Muslim women wearing the hijab has grown after the fall of Communism, but they still do face discrimination. In 2016 the hijab and other religious symbols were banned from courts and other institutions but were faced with protests from Muslim women on February 7, 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bosnia women protest at ban on headscarf|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35518768}}</ref> The law still exists and has been criticised by the Muslim population. Today female Muslim lawyers, prosecutors, and others employed in judicial institutions cannot wear the hijab to work.
-===Egypt===
-[[File:Gamal Abdel Nasser on the Muslim Brotherhood (subtitled).webm|thumb|left|alt=Gamal Abdel Nasser laughing at the Muslim Brotherhood for suggesting in 1953 that women should be required to wear the hijab.|Gamal Abdel Nasser laughing at the Muslim Brotherhood for suggesting in 1953 that women should be required to wear the hijab]]
-[[File:P2090099 veiled arab woman.JPG|thumb|233x233px|[[Niqāb]] in Egypt.]]
-The hijab became more unpopular with educated women, including devout Muslims, in the early 20th century as the British authorities discouraged it and as women sought to gain modern positions of power.<ref name=ODonnellHarvard>{{cite web|last=O'Donnell|first=Erin|url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2011/09/the-veils-revival|title=The Veil's Revival|work=[[Harvard Magazine]]|date=September–October 2011|accessdate=2021-09-13}}</ref>
-In 1953, Egyptian leader President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] was told by the leader of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] that they wanted to enforce the wearing of the hijab, to which Nasser responded: "Sir, I know you have a daughter in college – and she doesn't wear a headscarf or anything! Why don't you make her wear the headscarf? So you can't make one girl, your own daughter, wear it, and yet you want me to go and make ten million women wear it?".
-The veil gradually disappeared in the following decades, so much so that by 1958 an article by the [[United Press International|United Press]] (UP) stated that "the veil is unknown here."<ref>{{Cite journal|author=United Press Service (UP) |date=26 January 1958|title=Egypt's Women Foil Attempt to Restrict |journal=[[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]] |issue=114 |page=28 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19580126&id=8AodAAAAIBAJ&pg=3454,4406325 |access-date=10 February 2010|author-link=United Press International}}</ref> However, the veil has been having a resurgence since the Iranian Revolution, concomitant with the global revival of Muslim piety. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', as of 2007 about 90 percent of Egyptian women currently wear a headscarf.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007|title=In Egypt, a New Battle Begins Over the Veil |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=10 February 2010}}</ref> Women chose to adopt the veil in the post-1970s period, with some contradicting relatives who were against the hijab.<ref name=ODonnellHarvard/>
-Small numbers of women wear the ''niqab''. The secular government does not encourage women to wear it, fearing it will present an Islamic extremist political opposition. In the country, it is negatively associated with [[Salafist]] political activism.<ref name="kuwait-times"/><ref name=hijabworld>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/10/31/africa/ME_GEN_Mideast_Veil_Glance.php |title=A look at the wearing of veils, and disputes on the issue, across the Muslim world |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |access-date=31 October 2006}}</ref> There has been some restrictions on wearing the ''hijab'' by the government, which views ''hijab'' as a political symbol. In 2002, two presenters were excluded from a state run TV station for deciding to wear ''hijab'' on national television.<ref name=egypttv>Ranyah Sabry (17 April 2007) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6565145.stm Egypt anchorwomen battle for hijab] BBC News (BBC). Retrieved on 13 February 2009.</ref> The [[American University in Cairo]], Cairo University and [[Helwan University]] attempted to forbid entry to ''niqab'' wearers in 2004 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/egypt/veil-war-breaks-out-on-egypt-university-campus-1.37235|title=Veil war breaks out on Egypt university campus|first=By Ramadan Al Sherbini|last=Correspondent|date=22 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamwomen.org/EngIw/NwsDetails.aspx?id=1205|title=The Islamic Network for Woman and Families}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/2009/10/09/egypt-niqab-ban-stirs-controversy/|title=Egypt: Niqab Ban Stirs Controversy · Global Voices|date=9 October 2009}}</ref>
-[[File:Flickr - DavidDennisPhotos.com - Worker at Papyrus Store in Cairo.jpg|thumb|right|[[Egyptians|Egyptian]] storekeeper in [[Cairo]] wearing a hijab]]
-[[Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy]], [[Grand Imam of al-Azhar]], issued a ''fatwa'' in October 2009 arguing that veiling of the face is not required under Islam. He had reportedly asked a student to take off her ''niqab'' when he spotted her in a classroom, and he told her that the ''niqab'' is a cultural tradition without Islamic importance.<ref name="kuwait-times">{{Cite news|title=Fatwa stirs heated debate over face-veiling in Kuwait |date=9 October 2009 |access-date=9 October 2009 |url=http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTQwMTY5MzI5Mg== |work=[[Kuwait Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619060055/http://kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTQwMTY5MzI5Mg%3D%3D |archive-date=19 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Government bans on wearing the ''niqab'' on college campuses at the [[University of Cairo]] and during university exams in 2009 were overturned later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldfocus.org/blog/2009/10/08/how-you-see-it-egyptian-campus-bans-niqab/7680/|title=How You See It: Egyptian campus bans niqab – WORLDFOCUS|date=8 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=2009101517002713|title=EGYPT: Controversial ban on niqab in dorms – University World News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2010/01/egypt-court-upholds-niqab-ban-for.php|title=Egypt court upholds niqab ban for university examinations |website=Pitt.edu|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/egypt/egypt-court-revokes-ban-on-niqab-at-exam-halls-1.571211|title=Egypt court revokes ban on niqab at exam halls|first=By Ramadan Al Sherbini|last=Correspondent|date=20 January 2010}}</ref> Minister [[Hany Mahfouz Helal]] met protests by some human rights and Islamist groups.
-Many Egyptians in the elite are opposed to ''hijab'', believing it harms secularism. By 2012 some businesses had established bans on veils, and Egyptian elites supported these bans.<ref>Verma, Sonia. "[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/worldview/cairos-hijab-free-zones-trigger-cries-of-hypocrisy/article621327/ Cairo's 'hijab-free' zones trigger cries of hypocrisy]." ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. Wednesday 29 February 2012. Updated Monday 10 September 2012. Retrieved on 28 December 2013.</ref>
-===Indonesia===
-[[File:Traditional minang costumes.jpg|thumb|upright|The traditional dress of [[Indonesia]]n [[Minangkabau people|Minang]] women includes elaborate head-covering]]
-[[File:Muslim girls at Istiqlal Mosque jakarta.png|thumb|Muslim girls at [[Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta|Istiqlal Mosque]] in [[Jakarta]]]]
-In Indonesia, the term ''jilbab'' is used without exception to refer to the ''hijab''.<ref>John M. Echols, Hassan Shadily, ''An English-Indonesian dictionary: Kamus Inggris-Indonesia Kamus Inggris-Indonesia'' University Press: 1975, {{ISBN|0-8014-9859-7}}, 660 pages</ref> Under Indonesian national and regional law, female head-covering is entirely optional and not obligatory.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
-Some women may choose to wear a headscarf to be more "formal" or "religious", such as the ''jilbab'' or ''kerudung'' (a native tailored veil with a small, stiff visor). Such formal or cultural Muslim events may include official governmental events, funerals, circumcision (''sunatan'') ceremonies or weddings. However, wearing Islamic attire to Christian relatives' funerals and weddings and entering the church is quite uncommon.
-Culturally to the [[Javanese people|Javanese]] majority, plain, Saudi-style ''hijab'', the ''niqab'' or socially worse yet the indigenous [[peasant]] ''kerudung'' (known in North Sumatran languages as ''tudung'') is considered vulgar, low-class and a faux pas – the traditional Javanese ''hijab'' are transparent, sheer, intricately [[brocade]]d or embroidered fine [[silk]] or [[lace]] tailored to match either their ''sarung'' or [[kebaya]] [[blouse]].
-Young girls may also elect to wear the ''hijab'' publicly to avoid unwanted low-class male attention and [[Sexual harassment|molestation]] and thus display their respectability as "good Muslim girls": that is, they are not "easy" conquests.<ref>S. A. Niessen, Ann Marie Leshkowich, Carla Jones, ''Re-orienting fashion: the globalization of Asian dress'': Berg Publishers: 2003: {{ISBN|1-85973-539-8}}, {{ISBN|978-1-85973-539-8}}, 283 pages pp 206–207</ref> Additionally, Islamic [[private school]] uniform code dictate that female students must wear the ''jilbab'' (commonly white or blue-grey, Indonesia's national secondary school colours), in addition to long-sleeved [[blouse]] and ankle-length [[skirt]]. Islamic schools ''must'' by law provide access to Christians (and vice versa [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Protestant]] schools allow [[Muslim]] students) and it is to be worn by Christian students who attend Muslim school, and its use by Muslim students is not objected to in Christian schools.
-In May 2021, a government decree was issued banning schools from enforcing the ''jilbab'' as part of their uniform, after reports of discrimination against girls who removed them surfaced.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 11, 2021|title=Court strikes down Indonesia hijab ban|work=[[The Australian]]|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/world/court-strikes-down-indonesia-hijab-ban/news-story/2d7419964edd9878348b597b1489a897}}</ref> In July 2021, Indonesia's Supreme Court reversed a government regulation issued earlier that had allowed girls under 18 in state schools to not wear a mandatory ''jilbab.''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-01|title=Indonesia Supreme Court Supports Mandatory Jilbab Rule|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/07/01/indonesia-supreme-court-supports-mandatory-jilbab-rule|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|language=en}}</ref>
-Many nuns refer to their habit as a ''jilbab'', perhaps out of the colloquial use of the term to refer to any religious head covering.
-The sole exception where ''jilbab'' is mandatory is in [[Aceh]] Province for Muslim women , under Islamic [[sharia]]-based Law No. 18/2001, granting Aceh special [[autonomy]], and through its [[Regional regulation (Indonesia)|regional regulation]] [[Qanun (law)|Qanun]] No. 11/2002. This Acehnese ''hukum syariah'' and the reputedly overbearing "morality police" who enforce its (Aceh-only) mandatory public wearing are the subject of fierce debate, especially with regard to its validity [[wikt:vis-à-vis|vis-a-vis]] the [[Constitution of Indonesia|Constitution]] among Acehnese male and female Muslim academics, Acehnese male and female Muslim politicians and female rights advocates.
-Until 2015, except in Aceh, female police officers are not allowed to wear ''hijab''. Since 25 March 2015, female police officers can now wear ''hijab'' if they want. Flight attendants are not allowed to wear ''hijab'' except during flights to the Middle East.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
-Compounding the friction and often anger toward ''baju Arab'' (Arab clothes), is the ongoing [[physical abuse|physical]] and [[emotional abuse]] of Indonesian women in [[Saudi Arabia]], as [[guest workers]], commonly [[maid]]s or as Hajja [[pilgrim]]s and Saudi [[Wahhabi]] intolerance for non-Saudi dress code has given rise to mass protests and fierce Indonesian debate up to the highest levels of government about boycotting Saudi Arabia – especially the profitable all Hajj pilgrimage – as many high-status women have been [[assault|physically assaulted]] by Saudi morality police for non-conforming head-wear or even applying lip-balm – leading some to comment on the post-[[pan Arabist]] repressiveness of certain Arab nations due to excessively rigid, narrow and erroneous interpretation of [[Sharia]] law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insideindonesia.org/content/view/223/29|title=Insideindonesia.org|website=InsideIndonesia.org|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aceh-eye.org/data_files/english_format/analisys/analysis_insideind/analysis_insideind_2004/analysis_insideind_2004_07_09_01.asp|title=Aceh-eye.org}}</ref>
-===Iran===
-{{Excessive citations|date=May 2020|section}}
-{{See also|Kashf-e hijab}}[[File:Persian Beauty - Baba Taher Mausoleum - Hamadan - Western Iran - 01.jpg|thumb|upright|An [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] girl wearing a headscarf (rusari)]]
-[[File:Women wearing battula in Bandar Abbas (south Iran).jpg|thumb|Women wearing [[Battoulah|battula]] in [[Bandar Abbas]] (south Iran)]]
-In Iran, since the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution]], the hijab has become compulsory. All women are required to wear loose-fitting clothing and a headscarf in public.<ref name="Ramezani10">Ramezani, Reza (2010). ''Hijab dar Iran az Enqelab-e Eslami ta payan Jang-e Tahmili [Hijab in Iran from the Islamic Revolution to the end of the Imposed war]'' (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi’ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women], Qom: Muassasah-e Shi’ah Shinasi, {{ISSN|1735-4730}}</ref><ref name="Milani">Milani, Farzaneh (1992). ''Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers'', Syracuse, New York: [[Syracuse University Press]], p. 19, 34–37, {{ISBN|9780815602668}}</ref>
-During the [[Middle Ages]], [[Turkic peoples|Turkic nomadic tribes]] from [[Central Asia]] arrived, whose women didn't wear headscarves.<ref name="Heath">Heath, Jennifer (2008). ''The Veil: Women Writers on Its History, Lore, and Politics'', Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press, p. 66, 252–253, 256, 260, {{ISBN|9780520255180}}</ref><ref name="Keddie">Keddie, Nikki R. (2005). "2. The past and present of women in the Muslim world" in Moghissi, Haideh: ''Women and Islam: Images and realities'', Vol. 1, p. 53-79, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: [[Routledge]]; [[Taylor & Francis]], {{ISBN|9780415324199}}</ref> However, after the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] centralization in the 16th century, the headscarf became defined as the standard head dress for women in urban areas all around the [[Safavid dynasty|Iranian Empire]].<ref>Mitchell, Colin P. (2011). ''New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society'', Abingdon, Oxon; New York: [[Taylor & Francis]], p. 98-99, 104, {{ISBN|9780415774628}}</ref> Exceptions to this were seen only in the villages and among nomadic tribes,<ref name="Heath"/><ref name="Keddie"/><ref name="Floor">Floor, Willem M. (2003). ''Agriculture in Qajar Iran'', Washington, DC: Mage Publishers, p. 113, 268, {{ISBN|9780934211789}}</ref><ref name="Chehabi">Chehabi, Houchang Esfandiar (2003): "11. The Banning of the Veil and Its Consequences" in Cronin, Stephanie: ''The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941'', p. 203-221, London; New York: [[Routledge]]; [[Taylor & Francis]], {{ISBN|9780415302845}}</ref><ref name="Bullock">Bullock, Katherine (2002). ''Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil: Challenging Historical & Modern Stereotypes'', Herndon, Virginia; London: [[International Institute of Islamic Thought]], p. 90-91, {{ISBN|9781565642874}}</ref> such as [[Qashqai people|Qashqai]]. Covering the whole face was rare among the Iranians and was mostly restricted to [[Iranian Arabs|local Arabs]] and [[Afghans in Iran|local Afghans]]. Later, during the economic crisis in the late 19th century under the [[Qajar dynasty]], the poorest urban women could not afford headscarves.<ref name="Floor"/><ref>''Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers'', Syracuse, New York: [[Syracuse University Press]], p. 19, 34–37, {{ISBN|9780815602668}}</ref> In the early 20th century, Iranians associated not covering the hair as something rural, nomadic, poor and non-Iranian.
-On 8 January 1936,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://navideshahed.com/en/news/385296/how-did-reza-pahlavi%E2%80%99s-dictatorship-affect-iranian-women|title=How did Reza Pahlavi's dictatorship affect Iranian women?|website=navideshahed.com}}</ref> [[Reza Shah]] issued a decree, banning all veils.<ref name="Milani"/><ref name="Hoodfar">[[Homa Hoodfar|Hoodfar, Homa]] (fall 1993). ''The Veil in Their Minds and on Our Heads: The Persistence of Colonial Images of Muslim Women'', Resources for feminist research (RFR) / Documentation sur la recherche féministe (DRF), Vol. 22, n. 3/4, p. 5-18, Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE), {{ISSN|0707-8412}}</ref><ref name="Paidar">Paidar, Parvin (1995): ''Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran'', Cambridge Middle East studies, Vol. 1, Cambridge, UK; New York: [[Cambridge University Press]], p. 106-107, 214–215, 218–220, {{ISBN|9780521473408}}</ref><ref name="Majd">Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2001). ''Great Britain and Reza Shah: The Plunder of Iran, 1921–1941'', Gainesville: [[University Press of Florida]], p. 209-213, 217–218, {{ISBN|9780813021119}}</ref><ref name="CurtisHooglund">Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (2008). ''Iran: A Country Study'', 5th ed, Area handbook series, Washington, DC: [[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]], p. 28, 116–117, {{ISBN|9780844411873}}</ref> Many types of traditional men's clothing was also banned, in order that "westerners shouldn’t laugh." The ban humiliated and alienated many [[Women in Iran|Iranian women]].<ref name="Katouzian3">Katouzian, Homa (2003). "2. Riza Shah’s Political Legitimacy and Social Base, 1921–1941" in Cronin, Stephanie: ''The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941'', p. 15-37, London; New York: [[Routledge]]; [[Taylor & Francis]], {{ISBN|9780415302845}}</ref><ref name="Katouzian4">Katouzian, Homa (2004). "1. State and Society under Reza Shah" in Atabaki, Touraj; [[Erik-Jan Zürcher|Zürcher, Erik-Jan]]: ''Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernisation in Turkey and Iran, 1918–1942'', p. 13-43, London; New York: [[I.B. Tauris]], {{ISBN|9781860644269}}</ref><ref name="Katouzian6">Katouzian, Homa (2006). ''State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis'', 2nd ed, Library of modern Middle East studies, Vol. 28, London; New York: [[I.B. Tauris]], p. 33-34, 335–336, {{ISBN|9781845112721}}</ref><ref name="El Guindi">El Guindi, Fadwa (1999). ''Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance'', Oxford; New York: [[Berg Publishers]]; [[Bloomsbury Academic]], p. 3, 13–16, 130, 174–176, {{ISBN|9781859739242}}</ref> To enforce this decree, police were ordered to physically remove the veil off of any woman who wore it in public. Women were beaten, their headscarves and [[chador]]s torn off, and their homes forcibly searched.<ref name="Milani"/><ref name="Paidar"/><ref name="El Guindi"/><ref>Fatemi, Nasrallah Saifpour (1989). ''Reza Shah wa koudeta-ye 1299'' (Persian), Rahavard – A Persian Journal of Iranian Studies, Vol. 7, n. 23, p. 160-180, Los Angeles: Society of the Friends of the Persian Culture, {{ISSN|0742-8014}}</ref><ref name="Beeman">Beeman, William Orman (2008). ''The Great Satan vs. the Mad Mullahs: How the United States and Iran Demonize Each Other'', 2nd ed, Chicago: [[University of Chicago Press]], p. 108, 152, {{ISBN|9780226041476}}</ref> Until Reza Shah's abdication in 1941, many women simply chose not leave their houses in order to avoid such embarrassing confrontations, and some even committed [[suicide]].<ref name="Chehabi"/><ref name="Hoodfar"/><ref name="Katouzian3"/><ref name="Katouzian4"/><ref name="Katouzian6"/>
-Official measures were relaxed under Reza Shah's successor, [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], and the wearing of a headscarf or chador was no longer an offence, but was still considered an indicator of backwardness or of membership of the lower class.<ref name="El Guindi"/> Discrimination against women wearing the headscarf or chador was still widespread with public institutions actively discouraging their use, and some eating establishments refusing to admit women who wore them.<ref name="Hoodfar"/><ref name="Ramezani8">Ramezani, Reza (2008). ''Hijab dar Iran, dar doure-ye Pahlavi-ye dovvom [Hijab in Iran, the second Pahlavi era]'' (Persian), Faslnamah-e Takhassusi-ye Banuvan-e Shi’ah [Quarterly Journal of Shiite Women], Qom: Muassasah-e Shi’ah Shinasi, {{ISSN|1735-4730}}</ref>
-In the aftermath of the revolution, hijab was made compulsory in stages.<ref name="Milani"/> In 1979, [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] announced that women should observe Islamic dress code, his statement sparked demonstrations which were met by government assurances that the statement was only a recommendation.<ref name="Milani"/><ref name=Algar84>Algar, Hamid (2001). ''Roots of the Islamic Revolution in Iran: Four Lectures'', Oneonta, New York: Islamic Publications International (IPI), p. 84, {{ISBN|9781889999265}}</ref> Hijab was subsequently made mandatory in government and public offices in 1980, and in 1983 it became mandatory for all women (including non-Muslims and non-citizens).<ref name="Milani"/>  According to one source, rules on wearing hijab are "tantamount" to the Islamic Republic's "raison d'etat". Two slogans of the 1979 revolution were: "Wear a veil, or we will punch your head," and "Death to the unveiled."<ref name="DW-2020">{{cite news |title=Why Iranian authorities force women to wear a veil |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-iranian-authorities-force-women-to-wear-a-veil/a-56014027 |access-date=30 August 2021 |agency=DW |date=21 December 2020}}</ref>
-Under Book 5, article 638, women in Iran who do not wear a hijab may be imprisoned from ten days to two months, and/or required to pay fines from 50,000 up to 500,000 [[Iranian rial|rials]] adjusted for inflation.<ref name="article_638_iran_law">{{cite book |title=Book #5 of the Islamic Penal Code (Sanctions and deterrent penalties) | language =fa|article=638}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/women-and-justice/resource/the_islamic_penal_code_of_iran_book_5|title = The Islamic Penal Code of Iran, Book 5}}</ref>
-==== White Wednesday ====
-In May 2017, [[My Stealthy Freedom]], an Iranian online movement advocating for women's freedom of choice, created the [[My Stealthy Freedom|White Wednesday]] movement: a campaign that invites men and women to wear white [[veil]]s, [[Scarf|scarves]] or [[bracelet]]s to show their opposition to the mandatory forced veiling code.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://globalvoices.org/2018/01/30/the-girls-of-enghelab-street-protest-irans-compulsory-hijab-laws/|title=The 'Girls of Revolution Street' Protest Iran's Compulsory Hijab Laws · Global Voices|date=30 January 2018|work=Global Voices|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> The movement was geared towards women who proudly wear their veils, but reject the idea that all women in [[Iran]] should be subject to forced veiling.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/women-iran-wear-white-wednesdays-challenge-compulsory-hijab-625453|title=On Wednesday we wear white: Women in Iran challenge compulsory hijab|date=14 June 2017|work=Newsweek|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> [[Masih Alinejad]], an Iranian-born journalist and activist based in the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]], created the movement to protest Iran's mandatory [[hijab]] rule.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/what-is-white-wednesday-iran-women-are-fighting-for-the-freedom-to-dress-how-they-want-7767786|title=Why This One Video of a Woman Protesting in Iran Is Going Viral|last=Kasana|first=Mehreen|work=Bustle|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> She described her 2017 movement via [[Facebook]], saying, "This campaign is addressed to women who willingly wear the veil, but who remain opposed to the idea of imposing it on others. Many veiled women in [[Iran]] also find the compulsory imposition of the veil to be an insult. By taking videos of themselves wearing [[white]], these women can also show their disagreement with compulsion."<ref name=":1" /> The campaign resulted in Iranian women posting pictures and videos of themselves wearing pieces of [[white]] clothing to [[social media]].<ref name=":0" />
-==== Compulsory female veiling ====
-{{main |2017–19 Iranian protests against compulsory hijab}}
-On 27 December 2017, 31-year-old  [[Vida Movahed]], also known as "The Girl of [[Enghelab Street]]" was arrested for being unveiled in public after a video of the woman went viral on social media.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iran-29-women-arrested-over-anti-hijab-protests-inspired-by-girl-enghelab-street-1658143|title=Iran: 29 women arrested over anti-hijab protests inspired by 'girl of Enghelab Street'|last=Gerretsen|first=Isabelle|date=1 February 2018|work=International Business Times UK|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thearabweekly.com/vida-movahed-woman-who-sparked-anti-hijab-protests-iran|title=Vida Movahed, the woman who sparked anti-hijab protests in Iran {{!}} The Arab Weekly|work=The Arab Weekly|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> The video showed Movahed silently waving her hijab, a white headscarf that she had removed from her head and placed on a stick for one hour on Enqelab Street, Tehran.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/hijab-protests-in-iran-da243ead-3bf2-4e3f-9115-e117e7f9cc62.html|title=The high stakes of hijab protests in Iran|website=Axios|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> At first it was assumed that her act was connected to the widespread protests taking place in Iran, but Movahed confirmed that she performed the act in support of the 2017 [[My Stealthy Freedom|White Wednesday]] campaign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-40218711|title=Why Iranian women are wearing white on Wednesdays|last=Hatam|first=Nassim|date=14 June 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> Vida's arrest sparked outrage from social media, where many Iranians shared footage of her protest along with the hashtag "#Where_Is_She?". On 28 January 2018, [[Nasrin Sotoudeh]], a renowned [[human rights]] lawyer, posted on Facebook that Vida had been released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/NasrinSotoudehOfficial/posts/832433473629861|title=Nasrin Sotoudeh نسرین ستوده|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> It was not until a few weeks later that Sotoudeh revealed the girl's identity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2018/Jan-22/434875-iran-lawyer-raises-concern-over-missing-hijab-protester.ashx|title=Iran lawyer raises concern over missing hijab protester|date=22 January 2018|work=The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> In the following weeks, multiple people re-enacted Vida's public display of removing their hijabs and waving them in the air.<ref name=":2" /> On 1 February 2018, the [[Law Enforcement Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Iranian police]] released a statement saying that they had arrested 29 people, mostly women, for removing their headscarves, contrary to Iranian law.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-police-arrest-hijab-head-scarf-protest-tehran/29013882.html|title=Iranian Police Arrest 29 Women Protesting Against Veiling Law|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> One woman, Shima Babaei, was arrested after removing her headdress in front of a court as a symbol of her continued dedication to the cause.
-On 23 February 2018, Iranian Police released an official statement saying that any women found protesting Iran's compulsory veiling code would be charged with "inciting corruption and prostitution," which carries a maximum sentence of 10 years in prison.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/02/iran-dozens-of-women-ill-treated-and-at-risk-of-long-jail-terms-for-peacefully-protesting-compulsory-veiling/|title=Iran: Dozens of women ill-treated and at risk of long jail terms for peacefully protesting compulsory veiling|website=www.amnesty.org|date=26 February 2018|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> Before this change, according to article 638 of the Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran, "Anyone in public places and roads who openly commits a ''[[Haram|harām]]'' (sinful) act, in addition to the punishment provided for the act, shall be sentenced to two months imprisonment or up to 74 lashes; and if they commit an act that is not punishable but violates public prudency, they shall only be sentenced ten days to two months' imprisonment or up to 74 lashes. Note- Women who appear in public places and roads without wearing an Islamic ''hijab'', shall be sentenced ten days to two months' imprisonment or a fine of five hundred to fifty thousand rials."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/human-rights-documents/iranian-codes/1000000351-islamic-penal-code-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-book-five.html#.U0QcO6hdWdE|title=Iran Human Rights Documentation Center – Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran – Book Five|website=www.iranhrdc.org|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310195447/http://www.iranhrdc.org/english/human-rights-documents/iranian-codes/1000000351-islamic-penal-code-of-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-book-five.html#.U0QcO6hdWdE|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-Following the announcement, multiple women reported being subjected to physical abuse by police following their arrests.<ref name=":3" /> Some have since been sentenced to multiple years in prison for their acts of defiance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/03/woman-who-removed-headscarf-in-public-sentenced-to-prison-as-supreme-leader-tries-to-diminish-hijab-protests/|title=Woman Who Removed Headscarf in Public Sentenced to Prison as Supreme Leader Tries to Diminish Hijab Protests – Center for Human Rights in Iran|website=www.iranhumanrights.org|access-date=11 March 2018|date=10 March 2018}}</ref> In one video, a woman stands on top of a tall box, unveiled, waving her white scarf at passers by. The video then shows a man in a police uniform tackling the woman to the ground.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-25/iran-chides-police-for-using-force-against-female-veil-protester|title=Iran Chides Police for Using Force Against Female Veil Protester|date=25 February 2018|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> Shortly after the video went viral, the [[Ministry of Interior (Iran)]] scolded police for using physical force against the woman. Salman Samani, a spokesman for Ministry released a statement on 25 February 2018 saying "No one has a license to act against the law even in the role of an officer dealing with crimes."<ref name=":6" />
-On 8 March 2018, a video of three [[Women in Iran|Iranian women]] singing a [[Feminism|feminist]] fight song in Tehran's subway went viral on.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-womens-day-hijab-protest-tehran-subway/29089222.html|title=Feminist Trio Takes Defiant Song To Tehran's Subway, Video Goes Viral|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> The women were singing in honor of [[International Women's Day]] and to highlight women's continued challenges caused by forced veiling and other discriminatory laws against women.<ref name=":5" /> In the video, in which three bare-headed Iranian women sing ''I am a Woman'', calls upon women to join efforts to fight injustice and create "another world" of "[[Gender equality|equality]]". The women hold hands, display pictures of a previous [[women's rights]] protest, and ask the other women on the subway train to clap in honor of "having lived and fought all their lives against all kinds of discrimination, violence, humiliation, and insults." At the end of the video, one of the protestors is heard saying "Happy Women's Day to all of you."<ref name=":5" />
-That same day, the [[Supreme Leader of Iran]], [[Ali Khamenei]], made a speech during a gathering of religious poets in Tehran, posting a series of [[Twitter|tweets]] in response to the series of peaceful hijab protests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/khamenei-claims-iran-enemies-behind-hijab-protests/29088809.html|title=Khamenei Claims Iran's 'Enemies' Behind Anti-Hijab Protests|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> Khamenei defended the dress code, praising Islam for keeping women "[[Modesty|modest]]" and in their "defined roles" such as educators and mothers. He also lashed out at the [[Western world]] for, in his view, leading its own women astray.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/03/08/irans-leader-finds-another-western-threat-the-activist-energy-of-international-womens-day/|title=Iran's supreme leader in tweetstorm: Western countries lead women to 'deviant lifestyle'|last=Cunningham|first=Erin|date=8 March 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=11 March 2018|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> "The features of today’s Iranian woman include modesty, chastity, eminence, protecting herself from abuse by men," Khamenei tweeted. He claimed that the most sought after characteristic of a Western woman involve is her ability to physically attract men.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/khamenei_ir?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor|title=Khamenei.ir (@khamenei_ir) {{!}} Twitter|website=twitter.com|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref>
-===Iraq===
-[[File:Iraqi Women (29910186726).jpg|thumb|Iraqi women wearing hijab in [[Baghdad]]]]
-The Iraqi sociologist [[Ali Al-Wardi]] mentioned that [[women in Iraq]] were not used to wearing the [[hijab]], as the [[Hijab]] wasn't common before the [[1930's|1930s]], and the [[hijab]] was only widespread among the wives of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] employees and clerics during the Ottoman period.<ref name="A Study into the Nature of Iraqi Society, pg. 270">[[Ali al-Wardi]] 1965, pg. 270</ref>
-In south Iraq, particularly in the Shi'a holy cities of Najaf and Karbala, custom requires women to wear hijab. Women in public places usually wear ''abaya'' which is a long black cloth that covers the whole body except the face and the hands, in addition to the scarf that only covers the hair. They might wear ''boushiya''. In private, in governmental institutions and universities they can wear ''manteaux'' which could be long or short with a scarf covering the head. In Arab Sunni majority provinces of East Iraq hijab/heads is not mandatory. In Baghdad and Iraqi Kurdistan, women are free to choose whether or not to wear the hijab.
-In 2017, the Iraqi army imposed a burqa ban in the liberated areas of Mosul for the month of Ramadan. Police stated that the temporary ban was for security measures, so that ISIS bombers could not disguise themselves as women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-army-mosul-ramadan-burqa-ban-isis-use-attacks-suicide-bomb-shooting-islamic-state-a7766461.html|title=Iraqi army imposes Ramadan 'burqa ban' in Mosul fearing Isis will use it for attacks|date=1 June 2017|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=10 November 2019}}</ref>
-===Jordan===
-There are no laws requiring the wearing of headscarves nor any banning such from any public institution. The use of the headscarf increased during the 1980s. However, the use of the headscarf is generally prevalent among the lower and lower middle classes. Veils covering the face as well as the ''chador'' are rare. It is widely believed that the ''hijab'' is increasingly becoming more of a fashion statement in [[Jordan]] than a religious one with Jordanian women wearing colorful, stylish headscarves along with modern-style clothing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2008/02/29/hijab_style_middle_east/|title=Publicradio.org|website=PublicRadio.org|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>
-=== Kazakhstan ===
-In September 2017, schools in some regions of Kazakhstan banned girls wearing headscarves from further attendance. Attempts by Muslim parents to challenge the ban had failed as of April 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2018|title=KAZAKHSTAN: Parents challenge schoolgirl headscarf ban|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5af009144.html|url-status=live|website=[[UN Refugee Agency]]|publisher=[[Forum 18]]|language=en}}</ref> In February 2018, the government proposed a ban on people wearing ''niqabs'' and similar forms of female dress in public.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Almaz Kumenov|date=February 15, 2018|title=Kazakhstan Steps Up Campaign Against Ultra-Orthodox Islam|url=https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-steps-up-campaign-against-ultra-orthodox-islam|url-status=live|website=Eurasianet|language=en}}</ref>
-=== Kyrgyzstan ===
-Some schools reportedly banned Muslim students from attending classes in 2011 and 2012 over their headscarf. A school in [[Kara-Suu]] officially banned wearing the ''hijab'' for classes in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-29|title=Hijab ban in Kyrgyz school irks Muslims|url=https://en.irna.ir/news/81590526/Hijab-ban-in-Kyrgyz-school-irks-Muslims|url-status=live|website=[[Islamic Republic News Agency]]|language=en}}</ref>
-===Malaysia===
-[[File:Laugh Out Loud.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Young [[Malaysia]]n woman wearing a hijab]]
-The headscarf is known as a {{transl|ms|[[tudung]]}}, which simply means "cover". (The word is used with that meaning in other contexts, e.g. {{transl|ms|tudung saji}}, a dish cover for food.) Muslim women may freely choose whether or not to wear the headscarf. The exception is when visiting a mosque, where the {{transl|ms|tudung}} must be worn; this requirement also includes non-Muslims.
-Although headscarves are permitted in government institutions, public servants are prohibited from wearing the full-facial veil or ''niqab''. A judgment from the then–[[Federal Court of Malaysia|Supreme Court of Malaysia]] in 1994 cites that the ''niqab'', or ''purdah'', "has nothing to do with (a woman's) constitutional right to profess and practise her Muslim religion", because Islam does not make it obligatory to cover the face.<ref>''Hjh Halimatussaadiah bte Hj Kamaruddin v Public Services Commission, Malaysia & Anor'' [1994] 3 MLJ 61.</ref>
-Although wearing the hijab, or tudung, is not mandatory for women in Malaysia, some government buildings enforce within their premises a dress code which bans women, Muslim and non-Muslim, from entering while wearing "revealing clothes".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hassim|first1=Nurzihan|journal=SEARCH: The Journal of the South East Asia Research Center for Communications and Humanities|date=2014|volume=6|issue=1|pages=79–96|title=A Comparative Analysis on Hijab Wearing in Malaysian Muslimah Magazines|url=http://search.taylors.edu.my/journalonline/Vol%206%20Issue%201/Paper%205.pdf|access-date=2 December 2015|issn=2229-872X|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6g9hmYWmM?url=http://search.taylors.edu.my/journalonline/Vol%206%20Issue%201/Paper%205.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Leongfashion/>
-As of 2013, the vast majority of Muslim Malaysian (mostly ethnic Malay) women wear the tudung, a type of hijab. This use of the tudung was uncommon prior to the 1979 [[Iranian revolution|Iranian Revolution]],<ref name=Booconservative>Boo, Su-lyn. "[http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/tudung-industry-in-malaysia-cashing-in-on-conservative-islam Tudung industry in Malaysia: Cashing in on conservative Islam]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6b7ZhIQqy?url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/tudung-industry-in-malaysia-cashing-in-on-conservative-islam Archive]). ''[[The Malay Mail]]''. 9 May 2015. Retrieved on 28 August 2015. [https://news.yahoo.com/tudung-industry-malaysia-cashing-conservative-islam-222400769.html See version at] [[Yahoo! News]].</ref> and the places that had women in tudung tended to be rural areas. The usage of the tudung sharply increased after the 1970s,<ref name=Leongfashion>Leong, Trinna. "[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/malaysian-women-face-rising-pressure-from-muslim-fashion-police_55aeb0b1e4b0a9b94852d441 Malaysian Women Face Rising Pressure From Muslim 'Fashion Police']" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6b7ZxEj27?url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/malaysian-women-face-rising-pressure-from-muslim-fashion-police_55aeb0b1e4b0a9b94852d441 Archive]). ''[[Huffington Post]]''. 21 July 2015. Retrieved on 28 August 2015.</ref> as religious conservatism among Malay people in both Malaysia and Singapore increased.<ref>Koh, Jaime and Stephanie Ho. ''Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia'' (Cultures and Customs of the World). [[ABC-CLIO]], 22 June 2009. {{ISBN|0313351163}}, 9780313351167. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MWlFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31].</ref>
-Several members of the Kelantan [[ulama]] in the 1960s believed the hijab was not mandatory.<ref name=Booconservative/> By 2015, the Malaysian ulama believed this previous '[[fatwa]]' was un-Islamic.<ref name=FernandezC>Fernandez, Celine. "[https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2011/04/18/why-some-women-wear-a-hijab-and-some-dont/ Why Some Women Wear a Hijab and Some Don’t]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6b7aoI2l1?url=http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2011/04/18/why-some-women-wear-a-hijab-and-some-dont/ Archive]). ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. 18 April 2011. Retrieved on 28 August 2015.</ref>
-By 2015, Malaysia had a fashion industry related to the tudung.<ref name=Booconservative/>
-Malaysian activist Maryam Lee reportedly received vitriolic backlash and death threats in 2020 for criticising what she saw as institutional patriarchy in Islam and speaking out about her decision to not wear the hijab. Malaysian authorities questioned her for possibly breaching a law against insulting the religion.<ref name=":9" />
-===Maldives===
-There are no official laws in the [[Constitution of the Maldives]] that require women to cover their heads, but Maldivian women commonly wear a hijab and [[niqab]] in public. There are reports of women being pressured into covering themselves by close relatives;<ref>{{cite news |title=Hijab and the Maldives: stigma, shaming and the struggle to take it off |url=https://maldivesindependent.com/feature-comment/hijab-and-the-maldives-stigma-shaming-and-the-struggle-to-take-it-off-135211 |access-date=18 October 2018 |work=Maldives Independent|date=17 January 2018}}</ref> conversely, the American [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department's]] annual ''International Religious Freedom Report'' in 2007 referenced one instance in which a female student was restricted from attending school for wearing a headscarf, despite civil servants wearing them at work without issue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maldives|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90231.htm|website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MALDIVES: Children's rights in the Special Procedures' reports {{!}} CRIN|url=https://www.crin.org/en/library/publications/maldives-childrens-rights-special-procedures-reports|website=www.crin.org}}</ref>
-===Morocco===
-[[File:In Morocco have lot of women head scarves and veils.jpg|thumb|A group of Moroccan women wearing headscarves and veils]]
-In Morocco, the headscarf is neither enforced by law nor forbidden by law, and women are free to choose if the wish to wear one. The headscarf is more frequent in the northern regions, small to medium cities and rural regions. As it is not totally widespread, wearing a hijab is considered rather a religious decision. In 2005, a schoolbook for basic religious education was heavily criticized for picturing female children with headscarves, and later the picture of the little girl with the Islamic headscarf was removed from the school books.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5413808.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Africa – Morocco moves to drop headscarf|date=6 October 2006}}</ref> The headscarf is strongly and implicitly forbidden in Morocco's military and the police.
-In January 2017 Morocco banned the manufacturing, marketing and sale of the burqa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/why-moroccos-burqa-ban-is-more-than-just-a-security-measure-72120|title=Why Morocco's burqa ban is more than just a security measure|first=Moha|last=Ennaji|website=TheConversation.com|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>
-===Pakistan===
-[[File:Benazir Bhutto.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Benazir Bhutto]], former Prime Minister of Pakistan, wore a ''dupatta'' scarf.]]
-Pakistan has no laws banning or enforcing the ''ħijāb''.
-In Pakistan, most women wear ''[[shalwar kameez]]'', a tunic top and baggy or skintight trouser set which covers their legs and body. Depending on the societal status and city. Women are not expected to wear a hijab or scarf in public,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/Pakistan/Local_Customs-Pakistan-Clothing-BR-1.html|title=Clothing in Pakistan and other Local Customs Reviews}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://studenttravel.about.com/od/womenstudenttravelers/a/muslimclothing.htm|title=A Traveling Girl's Guide to Clothing in Muslim Countries}}</ref> but many women in Pakistan wear different forms of the ''ħijāb'' and it varies for rural and different urban areas. For example, in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] province and the [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] a minority of the women wear the full head-to-toe black ''burqa/chador'' while in the rest of the provinces, including [[Azad Kashmir]], most of the women wear the ''dupatta'' (a long scarf that matches the woman's garments).
-Westerners are also expected to dress modestly. Pakistani society observes traditional dress customs and it is advisable for women to wear long trousers which cover all of the legs, and tops with sleeves which don't show cleavage. Baring a midriff in a sari is more accepted than baring legs of any length. In the big cities, some teenage girls wear jeans and mini skirts underneath tunics, especially in casual settings, shopping malls and around picnic spots. Dress codes for men are more lax, though shorts, t-shirts, [[vest top]]s, and speedos are uncommon.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/>
-===Saudi Arabia===
-[[File:Saudi in niqap.jpg|thumb|Saudi woman wearing a Niqab.]]
-According to Islam, a woman should dress decently and respectfully, so cover her body but not necessarily her face. that's why Saudi Arabian dress code used to require all women, local and foreign, to wear an [[abaya]], a garment that covers the body and arms in public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expatwoman.com/saudi-arabia/guide/saudis-crown-prince-says-abaya-not-necessary-for-women|website=Expatwoman|access-date=28 July 2019|title=Saudi's Crown Prince Says Abaya Not Necessary for Women|date=20 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/women-in-saudi-arabia-do-not-need-to-wear-head-cover-says-crown-prince-1.3433096|title=What's That You're Wearing? A Guide to public dress|last=Goldman|first=Russell|date=3 May 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 March 2018|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
-According to most [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] scholars, a woman is to cover her entire body, including her face and hands, in front of unrelated men. Hence, the vast majority of traditional Saudi women are expected to cover their body and hair in public.<ref>Marfuqi, Kitab ul Mar'ah fil Ahkam, pg 133</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/21134/niqaab|title=Do women have to wear niqaab?|date=7 March 2008|author=Abdullah Atif Samih|publisher=Islam Q&A|access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/100719/niqaab|title=Shar'i description of hijab and niqaab|date=7 March 2008|author=Munajjid|publisher=Islam Q&A|access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/21536/niqaab|title=Correct view on the ruling on covering the face - islamqa.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saaid.net/female/hijab.htm|title=Articles about niqab|date=7 March 2008|author=Said al Fawaid|publisher=Darul Ifta|access-date=2 June 2008}}</ref>
-The Saudi niqāb usually leaves a long open slot for the eyes; the slot is held together by a string or narrow strip of cloth.<ref>Moqtasami (1979), pp. 41–44</ref>
-In the country, the hijab is not compulsory.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia Dress Code for Males and Females - Travel Basics|url=https://www.saudiarabiavisa.co.uk/dress-code-foreigners.html|access-date=2021-12-18|website=Saudi Visa UK|language=en}}</ref>
-According to Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]], women are not required to cover their heads or wear the abaya, provided their clothing is "decent and respectful."<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2018|title=Women in Saudi Arabia do not need to wear head cover, says crown prince|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/women-in-saudi-arabia-do-not-need-to-wear-head-cover-says-crown-prince-1.3433096|url-status=live|website=[[The Irish Times]]}}</ref>
-===Somalia===
-[[File:Somwmnhjbhd3.png|thumb|Young [[Somali people|Somali]] women wearing the hijab.|233x233px]]
-During regular, day-to-day activities, [[Somali people|Somali]] women usually wear the {{transl|ar|guntiino}}, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. In more formal settings such as weddings or religious celebrations like [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]], women wear the {{transl|ar|dirac}}, which is a long, light, diaphanous [[voile]] dress made of cotton or [[polyester]] that is worn over a full-length [[Slip (clothing)|half-slip]] and a brassiere. Married women tend to sport head-scarves referred to as ''shash'', and also often cover their upper body with a [[shawl]] known as {{transl|ar|garbasaar}}. Unmarried or young women, however, wear hijab,  and the {{transl|ar|jiilbab}} is also commonly worn.<ref name="Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi">Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, ''Culture and Customs of Somalia'', (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.117-118.</ref>
-===Sudan===
-Since 2019 the hijab is no longer mandatory and there no longer is a modesty law as Sudan has become a secular state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2019/11/29/sudan-abolishes-its-public-order-law-in-a-move-towards-women-empowerment/|title = Sudan Abolishes its Public Order Law in a Move Towards Women Empowerment &#124; Egyptian Streets|date = 29 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state/articleshow/77976896.cms|title=Sudan Islamic Law News: Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state &#124; World News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Muslim without hijabs has been common but Sudan still culturally follows very conservative values. While the hijab was not explicitly mandated by law, Sudanese women were required to dress modestly in public. Due to Sudan's vaguely worded Public Order law, there were no delineated parameters of what constitutes immodest dress. The law stated: ''"Whoever does in a public place an indecent act or an act contrary to public morals or wears an obscene outfit or contrary to public morals or causing an annoyance to public feelings shall be punished with flogging which may not exceed forty lashes or with fine or with both".''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/09/18/headscarf-incident-in-sudan-highlights-a-global-trend/|title=Headscarf incident in Sudan highlights a global trend|date=18 September 2013}}</ref> In 2013, the case of Amira Osman Hamid came to international attention when she chose to expose her hair in public, in opposition to the nation's [[public-order crime|public-order laws]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/sudan/woman-faces-whipping-over-refusal-to-cover-hair-in-sudan-1.1251296|title=Woman faces whipping over refusal to cover hair in Sudan|last=AFP|date=4 November 2013}}</ref>
-===Syria===
-[[File:Great Mosque of Aleppo, Women of Syria in hijabs, Aleppo, Syria.jpg|thumb|Women in hijabs, Great Mosque of Aleppo, Syria.]]
-In 2010, Ghiyath Barakat, Syria's minister of higher education, announced a ban on women wearing full-face veils at [[university|universities]]. The official stated that the face veils ran counter to secular and academic principles of Syria.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria bans face veils at universities |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-10684359 |date=19 July 2010 |access-date=19 July 2010 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> However, the ban strictly addresses veils that cover the head and mouth, and does not include hijabs, or headscarfs, which most Syrian women wear.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/20/syria-bans-niqab-from-universities|title=Syria bans niqab from universities|agency=Associated Press|date=20 July 2010|work=The Guardian|access-date=10 November 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
-=== Tajikistan ===
-[[File:Tajikistan (502891603).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tajik woman wearing a Hijab]]
-In 2017, the government of [[Tajikistan]] passed a law requiring people to "stick to traditional national clothes and culture", which has been widely seen as an attempt to prevent women from wearing Islamic clothing, in particular the style of headscarf wrapped under the chin, in contrast to the traditional Tajik headscarf tied behind the head.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tajikstan passes law 'to stop Muslim women wearing hijabs'|author=Harriet Agerholm|date=1 September 2017|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/tajikstan-muslim-hijabs-stop-women-law-headscarfs-central-asia-islam-a7923886.html }}</ref> Tajik authorities have reportedly enforced this with warnings, fines, sacking from employment, or refusal of services in hospitals and schools.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mushfig Bayram|date=July 2021|title=TAJIKISTAN: Male police continue targeting women wearing hijabs|url=https://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=2676|url-status=live|website=[[Forum 18]]|language=en-gb}}</ref>
-===Tunisia===
-Tunisian authorities say they are encouraging women, instead, to "wear modest dress in line with Tunisian traditions", i.e. no headscarf. In 1981, women with headscarves were banned from schools and government buildings, and since then those who insist on wearing them face losing their jobs.<ref name=tunisiahijab>Abdelhadi, Magdi [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5382946.stm Tunisia attacked over headscarves], ''BBC News'', 26 September 2006. Accessed 6 June 2008.</ref> Recently in 2006, the authorities launched a campaign against the ''hijab'', banning it in some public places, where police would stop women on the streets and ask them to remove it, and warn them not to wear it again. The government described the headscarf as a sectarian form of dress which came uninvited to the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6053380.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Africa – Tunisia moves against headscarves|date=15 October 2006}}</ref>
-As of 14 January 2011, after the Tunisian revolution took place,<ref>[[Tunisian revolution]]</ref> the headscarf was authorized and the ban lifted. However, in contemporary urban Tunisian society, remnants of decades worth of discouragement remain.
-On 6 July 2019 the government banned the wearing of the [[niqab]] in public institutions citing security reasons.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/tunisia-bans-face-veils-public-institutions-bombing-190705132559010.html | title=Tunisia bans face veils in public institutions after bombing &#124; News &#124; al Jazeera}}</ref>
-===Turkey===
-{{Main|Headscarf controversy in Turkey}}
-[[File:Turkish women 2x.jpg|thumb|Turkish women with hijab]]
-Turkey is officially a [[secular]] state, and the ''hijab'' was banned in universities and public buildings until late 2013; this included libraries or government buildings. The ban was first in place during the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|1980 military coup]], but the law was strengthened in 1997. There has been some unofficial relaxation of the ban under governments led by the conservative AKP party in recent years:<ref name=hijabworld/> for example, the current government of the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] is willing to lift the ban in universities. However, the new law was upheld by the [[Constitutional Court of Turkey|constitutional court]].{{Update inline|date=April 2021}}
-Some researchers{{who|date=April 2015}} claim that about 55–60% of Turkish women cover their heads. A number of women wear a headscarf for cultural reasons; that cultural headscarf is used by women that work under the sun to protect their heads from sunburn.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6122010.stm | work=BBC News | title=Headscarf issue challenges Turkey | date=7 November 2006 | first=Sarah | last=Rainsford}}</ref> In cities like [[Istanbul]] and [[Ankara]] about a half of women cover their heads.<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 September 2007|title=Covered women decreased, we do not look like Malaysia|work=A&G research company|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=234171|url-status=dead|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234208/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=234171|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> In the cities in eastern Turkey, more women cover their heads.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7025294.stm |title=Women condemn Turkey constitution |work=BBC News |first=Sarah |last=Rainsford |date=2 October 2007 |access-date=4 August 2008}}</ref><ref name="salon.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2007/04/23/headscarf/ |title=Head scarves to topple secular Turkey? |work=Salon |first=Tracy |last=Clark-Flory |access-date=4 August 2008 |date=23 April 2007}}</ref>
-On 7 February 2008, the Turkish Parliament passed an amendment to the constitution, allowing women to wear the headscarf in Turkish universities, arguing that many women would not seek an education if they could not wear the ''hijab''.<ref>Derakhshandeh, Mehran. [http://www.mehrnews.ir/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=639942 Just a headscarf?] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120904225902/http://www.mehrnews.ir/en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=639942 |date=4 September 2012 }} ''Tehran Times''. Mehr News Agency. 16 February 2008.</ref><ref>Jenkins, Gareth. [http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372795 Turkey's Constitutional Changes: Much Ado About Nothing?] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070625152714/http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372795 |date=25 June 2007 }} ''Eurasia Daily Monitor''. The Jamestown Foundation. 11 February 2008.</ref><ref name=wp>Ayman, Zehra; Knickmeyer, Ellen. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/09/AR2008020900832.html Ban on Head Scarves Voted Out in Turkey: Parliament Lifts 80-Year-Old Restriction on University Attire]. ''The Washington Post''. 10 February 2008. Page A17.</ref> The decision was met with powerful opposition and protests from [[Secularism in Turkey|secularists]]. On 5 June 2008, the [[Constitutional Court of Turkey]] reinstated the ban on constitutional grounds relating to the secularity of the state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey's high court overrules government on head scarves |author=Sabrina Tavernise |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/world/europe/05iht-turkey.4.13505875.html |newspaper= New York Times|date=5 June 2008 |access-date=10 March 2011}}</ref> Headscarves had become a focal point of the conflict between the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the secularist establishment. The ruling was widely seen as a victory for Turks who claim this maintains Turkey's separation of state and religion. In 2013, the headscarf ban in public institutions was lifted through a decree, even though the ban officially stands through court decisions.<ref>[http://tr.euronews.com/2013/10/08/turkiye-de-kamuda-basortusu-yasagi-resmen-kalkti/ Euronews (08.10.2013)] The headscarf ban in public institutions in Turkey was officially lifted</ref> The ban on wearing hijab in high schools ended in 2014.<ref name=news24.com>{{cite web|title=Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools|url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Turkey-lifts-ban-on-headscarves-at-high-schools-20140923|website=News24.com|access-date=26 December 2016|date=23 September 2014}}</ref>
-In March 2017, the Ministry of Defence in Ankara announced a change in rules to allow women in the armed forces to wear headscarves with their uniforms, which sparked concerns from secularists over creeping [[Islamization|Islamisation]] of the military.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-06|title=Turkey is considering relaxing rules on hair in the armed forces - and its proving very controversial|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-military-president-erdogan-armed-forces-hair-beards-headscarves-a7614811.html|url-status=live|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}</ref>
-=== Uzbekistan ===
-Uzbek authorities in 2012 reportedly prohibited the selling of religious clothing, specifically hijabs and face veil, at several Tashkent markets following a secretive ban on their sales.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Ali|date=March 17, 2012|title=Uzbekistan Bans Islamic Clothing|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/uzbekistan-bans-islamic-clothing-270040/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919072625/https://archive.siasat.com/news/uzbekistan-bans-islamic-clothing-270040/|archive-date=September 2021|website=[[The Siasat Daily]]|language=en-US}}</ref> An Uzbek imam was sacked in 2018 after he urged President [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] to lift a ban on personal religious symbols including hijabs.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-10|title=Uzbek imam sacked after urging president to allow hijabs, beards|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uzbekistan-islam-hijab-idUSKCN1LQ0VP}}</ref>
-=== Yemen ===
-[[File:Yemeni women traditional costume.jpg|thumb|Yemeni women wearing niqab]]
-Although there is no dress code that legally forces veiling upon women in Yemen, the abaya and niqab are social norms in Yemen and are worn by girls from a young age. In some areas, the hijab is part of school uniforms. Yemeni women who choose to not wear headscarves are at risk of oppression.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.almadaniyamag.com/english/2017/7/13/removing-hijabs-and-discarding-prejudice-yemeni-women-abroad|title=Removing Hijabs and Discarding Prejudice: Yemeni Women Abroad|work=al madaniya|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref>
-When Nobel Peace Laureate [[Tawakkol Karman]] was asked by journalists about her ''hijab'' with regard to her intellect and education, she replied, "man in early times was almost naked, and as his intellect evolved he started wearing clothes. What I am today and what I’m wearing represents the highest level of thought and civilization that man has achieved, and is not regressive. It’s the removal of clothes again that is regressive back to ancient times."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hautehijab.com/blogs/hijab-fashion/4966602-tawakkul-karman-first-arab-woman-and-youngest-nobel-peace-laureate-in-hijab|title=Tawakkul Karman – First Arab Woman and Youngest Nobel Peace Laureate|access-date=18 March 2012|archive-date=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030045/http://www.hautehijab.com/blogs/hijab-fashion/4966602-tawakkul-karman-first-arab-woman-and-youngest-nobel-peace-laureate-in-hijab|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-=== Palestine ===
-{{See|Islam in Palestine}}
-[[File:TiraMarket.jpg|thumb|175px|Mannequins with traditional Muslim [[veil]] and hoods at [[Tira, Israel|Tira]]'s (Israel) Saturday's market]]
-In July 2010, some Israeli lawmakers and women's rights activists proposed a bill to the [[Knesset]] banning face-covering veils. According to the ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'', the measure is generally "regarded as highly unlikely to become law." Chana Kehat, founder of the Jewish women's rights group [[Kolech]], criticized a ban and also commented "[f]ashion also often oppresses women with norms which lead to anorexia." Eilat Maoz, general coordinator for the [[Coalition of Women for a Just Peace|Coalition of Women for Peace]], referred to a ban as "a joke" that would constitute "racism".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=181604|title=MKs discuss France-like burka ban|newspaper=[[Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref>
-In Israel, [[Orthodox Judaism|orthodox Jews]] dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, snoods, berets, or, sometimes, wigs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=RAI|first1=SARITHA|title=A Religious Tangle Over the Hair of Pious Hindus|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/14/world/a-religious-tangle-over-the-hair-of-pious-hindus.html|access-date=16 August 2016|issue=14 July 2004|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Heath|editor-first1=Jennifer|title=The veil : women writers on its history, lore, and politics|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520250406|pages=44–56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhY-DpNCIcQC&q=orthodox+jews+tirupati&pg=PA44|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref>
-===Gaza Strip===
-{{See also|Islamization of the Gaza Strip}}
-[[File:Ramallah chat 1890.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Arabs|Arab]] woman and man chatting in 1890: the woman is wearing a hijab.]]
-Successful informal coercion of women by sectors of society to wear Islamic dress or ''hijab'' has been reported in the [[Gaza Strip]] where [[Mujama' al-Islami]], the predecessor of [[Hamas]], reportedly used a mixture of consent and coercion to "'restore' ''hijab''" on urban-educated women in Gaza in the late 1970s and 1980s.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012687?seq=1 "Women and the Hijab in the Intifada", Rema Hammami] ''Middle East Report'', May–August 1990</ref> Similar behavior was displayed by Hamas during the [[First Intifada]].<ref>Rubenberg, C., ''Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank'' (USA, 2001) p.230</ref> Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the ''hijab'' alongside other measures, including insisting that women stay at home, they should be segregated from men, and for the promotion of polygamy. During the course of this campaign women who chose not to wear the ''hijab'' were verbally and physically harassed, with the result that the ''hijab'' was being worn "just to avoid problems on the streets".<ref name="Ruben">Rubenberg, C., ''Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank'' (USA, 2001) p.231</ref>
-Following the takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007, Hamas has attempted to implement Islamic law in the Gaza Strip, mainly at schools, institutions and courts by imposing the Islamic dress or ''[[hijab]]'' on women.<ref name="xinhua">[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12748559.htm xinhuanet.com], 3 January 2010</ref>
-Some of the Islamization efforts met resistance. When Palestinian Supreme Court Justice Abdel Raouf Al-Halabi ordered women lawyers to wear headscarves and caftans in court, attorneys contacted satellite television stations including Al-Arabiya to protest, causing Hamas's Justice Ministry to cancel the directive.<ref name="bloomberg">[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aB2RfynNbLmk Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push] By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, 30 November 2009</ref>
-In 2007, the Islamic group [[Swords of Truth]] threatened to behead female TV broadcasters if they didn't wear the ''hijab''. "We will cut throats, and from vein to vein, if needed to protect the spirit and moral of this nation," their statement said. The group also accused the women broadcasters of being "without any ... shame or morals". Personal threats against female broadcasters were also sent to the women's mobile phones, though it was not clear if these threats were from the same group. Gazan anchorwomen interviewed by [[Associated Press]] said that they were frightened by the Swords of Truth statement.<ref name=Diaa>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8597375?FORM=ZZNR8|title=Removed: news agency feed article|date=9 December 2015|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
-In February 2011, Hamas banned the styling of women's hair, continuing its policy of enforcing Sharia upon women's clothing.<ref name=mercury>{{cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_17480257?nclick_check=1|title=mercurynews.com|website=MercuryNews.com|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>
-Hamas has imposed analogous restrictions on men as well as women. For example, men are no longer allowed to be shirtless in public.<ref name=mercury/>
-===Northern Cyprus===
-Muslim [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish-Cypriot]] women wore traditional Islamic headscarves.<ref name="Cypriot Attire Project">[http://eastorwest.multiply.com/journal/item/18 Cypriot Attire Project], ''Cyprus History in Brief''</ref> When leaving their homes, Muslim Cypriot women would cover their faces by pulling a corner of the headscarf across their nose and mouth, a custom recorded as early as 1769.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyprusexplorer.globalfolio.net/eng/history/mariti/index03.php|title=Giovanni Mariti. Travels in the Island of Cyprus. Cyprus Explorer|website=www.CyprusExplorer.GlobalFolio.net|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>
-{{blockquote|Their head dress...consists of a collection of various handkerchiefs of [[muslim]], prettily shaped, so that they form a kind of [[Helmet|casque]] of a palm's height, with a [[pendant]] behind to the end of which they attach another handkerchief folded in a triangle, and allowed to hang on their shoulders. When they go out of doors [[modesty]] requires that they should take a corner and pull it in front to cover the chin, mouth and nose. The greater part of the hair remains under the ornaments mentioned above, except on the forehead where it is divided into two locks, which are led along the temples to the ears, and the ends are allowed to hang loose behind over the shoulders.|Giovanni Mariti, ''Travels in the Island of Cyprus'', 1769, though it should be remembered Mariti is describing general Cypriot womens' dress, and not Muslim Cypriot dress specifically}}
-In accordance with the islands' strict moral code, Turkish Cypriot women also wore long skirts or [[Trousers|pantaloons]] in order to cover the soles of their feet. Most men covered their heads with either a headscarf (similar to a wrapped ''[[keffiyeh]]'', "a form of [[turban]]"<ref>Eicher, Joanne Bubolz, ''Dress and Ethnicity: Change Across Space and Time'', p.35, 1995</ref>) or a [[Fez (hat)|fez]]. Turbans have been worn by Cypriot men since ancient times and were recorded by [[Herodotus]], during the [[Ancient history of Cyprus|Persian rule]] of the island, to demonstrate their "[[oriental]]" customs compared to [[Greeks]].<ref>Irwin, Elizabeth K., ''Reading Herodotus: A Study of the Logoi in Book 5 of Herodotus' Histories'', p. 273, 2007</ref>
-Following the [[globalisation]] of the island, however, many younger Sunni Muslim Turkish-Cypriots abandoned wearing traditional dress, such as headscarves.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Athanasiadis |first1=Iason |title=Northern Cyprus espouses 'Islam lite' |url=https://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2004/Apr-24/62909-northern-cyprus-espouses-islam-lite.ashx |access-date=2020-01-27 |work=[[The Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]] |date=24 April 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004121549/http://www.iason.ws/cyprus/articles.aspx?id=11 |archive-date=2011-10-04 |url-status=live}}</ref> Yet they are still worn by older Muslim Cypriot women.
-Until the removal of ban on headscarf in universities in [[Turkey]] in 2008,<ref>[http://www.haberkktc.com/haber/basortusu-yasagi-kalkti-3693.html Haber KKTC, 7 June 2011] Ban on headscarf was removed in Turkey</ref> women from Turkey moved to study in [[Northern Cyprus]] since many universities there did not apply any ban on headscarf.<ref>Tavernise, Sabrina, "[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/world/europe/09benli.html?pagewanted=all Under a Scarf, a Turkish Lawyer Fighting to Wear It]", ''[[The New York Times]]'', 9 February 2008</ref> Whilst many Turkish Cypriot women no longer wear headscarves, recent immigrants from Turkey, settled in villages in Northern Cyprus, do.<ref>[http://www.mephisto-diving.com/questions-and-answers/ Cyprus: Culture and language], ''Mephisto''</ref>
-==Former Soviet Central Asia==
-{{main|Hujum}}
-[[File:Hujum.png|thumb|right|Photograph of a veil-burning ceremony in Uzbekistan in 1920s]]
-The word "hijab" was used only for the middle-eastern style of ''hijab'', and such style of hijab was not commonly worn by Muslims there until the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]. Some Islamic adherents (like [[Uzbeks]]) used to wear the [[paranja]], while others ([[Chechens]], Kara-Chai, Tajiks, [[Kazakhs]], [[Turkmens]], etc.) wore traditional scarves the same way as a bandanna and have own traditional styles of headgear which are not called by the word ''hijab''.
-==Africa==
-[[File:N°3 HAÏK alt version.jpg|thumbnail|Women in [[Algeria]] wearing ''[[Haik (garment)|haïk]]'', a type of veil]]
-===Cameroon===
-On 12 July 2015, two women dressed in religious garments blew themselves up in [[Fotokol]], killing 13 people. Following the attacks, since 16 July, [[Cameroon]] banned the wearing of full-face veils, including the ''burqa'', in the [[Far North Region (Cameroon)|Far North region]]. Governor Midjiyawa Bakari of the mainly Muslim region said the measure was to prevent further attacks.<ref name="cameroonban" >[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33553041 Cameroon bans Islamic face veil after suicide bombings], 16 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.</ref>
-=== Chad ===
-Following a double suicide bombing on 15 June 2015 which killed 33 people in [[N'Djamena]], the Chadian government announced on 17 June 2015 the banning of the wearing of the ''burqa'' in its territory for security reasons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-blast-idUSKBN0OX2L720150617|title=Chad arrests five and bans burqa after suicide bombings|date=17 June 2016|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> The 2015 Prime Minister, Kalzeube Pahimi Deubet, called the burqa "camouflage."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-33166220|title=Chad bans face veil after bombings|date=17 June 2015|access-date=10 November 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> Women who violate this ban are subject to jail time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/burka-bans-the-countries-where-muslim-women-cant-wear-veils/|title=Burka bans: The countries where Muslim women can't wear veils|last=Sanghani|first=Radhika|date=8 July 2016|work=The Telegraph|access-date=10 November 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>
-===Congo-Brazzaville===
-The full-face veil was banned in May 2015 in public places in [[Congo-Brazzaville]] to "counter terrorism", although there has not been an Islamist attack in the country.<ref name="cameroonban" />
-===Gabon===
-On 15 July 2015, [[Gabon]] announced a ban on the wearing of full-face veils in public and places of work because of the attacks in Cameroon.<ref name="cameroonban" />
-==Oceania==
-===Australia===
-{{Main|Burka ban in Australia}}
-[[File:Say no to Burqas mural in Newtown, New South Wales.jpg|thumb|Say no to Burqas mural in Newtown, New South Wales.]]
-In September 2011, [[Australia]]'s most populous state, New South Wales, passed the Identification Legislation Amendment Act 2011 to require a person to remove a face covering if asked by a state official. The law is viewed as a response to a court case of 2011 where a woman in Sydney was convicted of falsely claiming that a traffic policeman had tried to remove her ''niqab''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/05/australia-veil-law-burqa-ban_n_1320811.html|title=Australia Muslim Veil Law Requires Women To Remove Face-Covering Niqab In New South Wales, 3 May 2012|website=HuffingtonPost.com|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref>
-The debate in Australia is more about when and where face coverings may legitimately be restricted.<ref name=Barker>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UWALawRw/2012/6.pdf The Full Face Covering Debate: An Australian Perspective] by Renae BARKER</ref> In a Western Australian case in July 2010, a woman sought to give evidence in court wearing a niqab. The request was refused on the basis that the jury needs to see the face of the person giving evidence.<ref name=Barker/>
-==Asian countries==
-===China===
-[[File:Uyghur woman Xinjiang.jpg|thumb|Uyghur woman with headscarf in [[Xinjiang]], China]]
-In 2017, China banned the burqa in the Islamic area of [[Xinjiang]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-burqa-abnormal-beards-ban-muslim-province-xinjiang-veils-province-extremism-crackdown-freedom-a7657826.html|title=China bans burqas and 'abnormal' beards in Muslim province|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|date=30 March 2017}}</ref> Photographer Fiona Reilly<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fiona Reilly|date=2014|title=Tea lover's guide to traveling in China|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/china-tea-travel/index.html|url-status=live|website=[[CNN]]|language=en}}</ref> documented her interactions in 2019 with headscarf-clad Uyghur women in [[Kashgar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fiona Reilly|date=October 30, 2019|title=Dispatches From the Silk Road: The Must-Try Uyghur Food of Kashgar|url=https://www.seriouseats.com/kashgar-uyghur-cuisine-silk-road-best-bites-travel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/P9BaC|archive-date=September 2021|website=[[Serious Eats]]|language=en}}</ref>
-===Myanmar===
-At a conference in [[Yangon]] held by the Organization for the Protection of Race and Religion on 21 June 2015, a group of monks locally called [[Ma Ba Tha]] declared that the headscarves "were not in line with school discipline", recommending the Burmese government to ban the wearing of ''hijabs'' by Muslim schoolgirls and to ban the butchering of animals on the Eid holiday.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Simon Lewis|date=2015-06-22|title=Buddhist monks seek to ban schoolgirls from wearing headscarves in Burma|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/22/buddhist-monks-seek-to-ban-schoolgirls-from-wearing-headscarves|url-status=live|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}</ref>
-==South Asia==
-===Sri Lanka===
-A Sri Lankan MP called for both [[burqa]] and [[Niqāb|niqab]] to be banned from the country in wake of the [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings|Easter terror attack]] which happened on 21 April 2019 during a local parliamentary session.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-bombing-burqa-ban-isis-islam-ashu-marasinghe-a8883801.html|title=Sri Lankan MP wants to ban the burqa in the wake of the Easter massacre|date=24 April 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-attacks-burqa-ban-muslims-terrorism-bombings-a8885056.html|title=Fear of retaliation against Sri Lankan Muslims grows as MP calls for burqa ban|date=24 April 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/04/24/local/183684/ban-%E2%80%98niqab-burqa%E2%80%99-prof-ashu|title=Ban 'niqab, burqa' – Prof. Ashu|last=Range|first=Irangika|website=Daily News|access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>
-The Sri Lankan government banned all types of clothing covering the face, including the burqa and niqab, on 29 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covering the face banned from tomorrow |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking_news/Covering-the-face-banned-from-tomorrow/108-166091 |newspaper=Daily Mirror}}</ref>
-===India===
-In November 2017, a Catholic school in Uttar Pradesh's [[Barabanki district]] allegedly barred two Muslim students from wearing the headscarf inside the campus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-24|title=UP school stops two Muslim girls from wearing headscarf on campus|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/up-school-stops-two-muslim-girls-from-wearing-headscarf-on-campus/story-jS5nj2YHnGQf8jv4DT9pUP.html|url-status=live|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Girls in Kargil.jpg|thumb|Muslim girls in [[Kargil]]]]
-In April 2019, [[Shiv Sena]] party member [[Sanjay Raut]] called for the burka to be banned.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Reuters Staff|date=2019-05-01|title=Hardline Indian group allied with Modi calls for ban on the veil|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blasts-burqa-india-idUSKCN1S739A|access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=May 2|first1=Agencies / Updated|last2=2019|last3=Ist|first3=12:27|title=Shiv Sena calls for ban on burqa in public places {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shiv-sena-calls-for-ban-on-burqa-in-public-places/articleshow/69123648.cms|access-date=2020-10-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
-In May 2019, the [[Muslim Educational Society]] in [[Kerala]] banned its students from wearing face-covering attire.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 3, 2019|title=Kerala Muslim Education Group Bans Face Veils On Campuses|work=[[NDTV]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rA7dlL9SLkQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/rA7dlL9SLkQ |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
-In February 2020, Uttar Pradesh's labor minister [[Raghuraj Pratap Singh|Raghuraj Singh]] has called for an outright ban on women wearing burqas, suggesting that terrorists have been using them to elude authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UP BJP leader Raghuraj Singh seeks ban on burqa|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/feb/10/up-bjp-leader-raghuraj-singh-seeks-ban-on-burqa-2101580.html|access-date=2020-10-15|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
-*{{main|Karnataka hijab controversy}}
-In January 2022, a number of colleges in South-Indian state of [[Karnataka]] stopped female students wearing hijab from entering the campus. The issue has since then snow-balled into a major political controversy in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/karnatakas-hijab-row-fragile-regimes-latest-assault-right-choice-160646|title=Karnataka's hijab row: A fragile regime's latest assault on right to choice|website=The News Minute}}</ref> Clashes between hindu students wearing saffron shawls and muslim students protesting over hijab ban resulted in closure of all educational institutions in the state for three days and section 144 was declared near schools and colleges in [[Bengaluru]] city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/bengaluru/story/karnataka-hijab-row-sec-144-imposed-schools-colleges-bengaluru-till-feb-22-1910821-2022-02-09|title=Karnataka hijab row: section 144 imposed around schools and colleges in Bengaluru till February 22|website=India Today}}</ref>
-==North America==
-===Canada===
-{{See also|Islam in Canada|Hijab controversy in Quebec}}
-On 12 December 2011, the Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration issued a decree banning the ''[[niqab]]'' or any other face-covering garments for women swearing their oath of citizenship; the ''hijab'' was not affected.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2011/12/12/pol-kenney-citizenship-rules.html Face veils banned for citizenship oaths]. CBC. Published 12 December 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2011.</ref> This edict was later overturned by a Court of Appeal on the grounds of being unlawful.
-[[Mohamed Elmasry]], a [[Mohamed Elmasry#Opinions and Public Statements|controversial]] former president of the [[Canadian Islamic Congress]] (CIC), has claimed that only a small minority of Muslim Canadian women actually wear these types of clothing. He has also said that women should be free to choose, as a matter of culture and not religion, whether they wear it.<ref name="cbc-news">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/10/08/canada-muslim-burka-niqb-ban-government.html#ixzz0thJLvbvK|title=Muslim group calls for burka ban|date=8 October 2009|publisher=[[CBC News]]|access-date=14 July 2010}}</ref> The CIC criticized a proposed law that would have required voters to show their faces before being allowed to cast ballots. The group described the idea as unnecessary, arguing that it would only promote discrimination against Muslims and provide "political mileage among Islamophobes".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Bryden|last=Joan|title=New bill to ban veiled voters|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=27 October 2007}}</ref>
-In February 2007, soccer player Asmahan Mansour, part of the team Nepean U12 Hotspurs, was expelled from a Quebec tournament for wearing her headscarf. Quebec soccer referees also ejected an 11-year-old Ottawa girl while she was watching a match.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ontario-quebec-differ-over-soccer-head-scarf-ban-1.632266
-|title=Ontario, Quebec differ over soccer head scarf ban|date=26 February 2007|publisher=[[CBC News]]|access-date=14 July 2010}}</ref>
-In November 2013, a bill commonly referred to as the [[Quebec Charter of Values]] was introduced in the [[National Assembly of Quebec]] by the [[Parti Québécois]] that would ban overt religious symbols in the Quebec public service. Thus would include universities, hospitals, and public or publicly funded schools and [[daycare]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nosvaleurs.gouv.qc.ca/medias/pdf/Charter.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124205655/http://www.nosvaleurs.gouv.qc.ca/medias/pdf/Charter.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2014|date=24 January 2014|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> Criticism of this decision came from ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' newspaper, saying that such clothing, as worn by "2011 Nobel Peace Prize winner [[Tawakkul Karman]]", was "Good enough for Nobel, but not for Quebec".<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/good-enough-for-nobel-but-not-for-quebec/article14892866/ Good enough for Nobel, but not for Quebec, ''The Globe and Mail'']
-</ref> In 2014 however, the ruling Parti Québécois was defeated by the [[Liberal Party of Quebec]] and no legislation was enacted regarding religious symbols.
-In October 2017, Bill 62, a [[Quebec ban on face covering]], made headlines. {{As of|2018|July}}, the ban has been suspended by at least two judges for violating the ''[[Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms]]''. It was first suspended in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-religion-quebec-lawsuit/canadian-judge-suspends-quebec-niqab-ban-idUSKBN1DW01B|title=Canadian judge suspends Quebec niqab ban|last=Paperny|first=Anna Mehler|work=U.S.|access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCAKBN1JO3CI-OCADN|title=Second Canadian judge suspends Quebec niqab ban|last=Paperny|first=Anna Mehler|work=CA|access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-bill-62-face-covering-july1-1.4724863|title=Judge suspends Quebec face-covering ban, says it appears to violate charter {{!}} CBC News|work=CBC|access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref>
-With regards to public opinion, a 27 October 2017 [[Ipsos]] poll found that 76% of Quebecers backed Bill 62, with 24% opposing it. The same survey found the 68% of Canadians in general supported a law similar to Bill 62 in their part of Canada.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Abedi|first1=Maham|title=68% of Canadians want Quebec's face-coverings ban in their province|url=https://globalnews.ca/video/3828903/new-ipsos-poll-reveals-cross-canada-sentiment-about-quebecs-bill-62-face-veil-ban|website=[[Global News]]|access-date=28 October 2017|date=27 October 2017}}</ref> A 27 October [[Angus Reid (market research)|Angus Reid Institute]] poll found that 70% Canadians outside of Quebec supported "legislation similar to Bill 62" where they lived in the country, with 30% opposing it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Four-in-ten outside Quebec would prohibit women wearing niqabs from receiving government services|url=http://angusreid.org/bill-62-face-covering/|website=[[Angus Reid (market research)|Angus Reid]]|access-date=28 October 2017|date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
-As of June 2019, wearing religious symbols is prohibited for all public servants in positions of authority in Québec: police, judges and teachers.
-People such as [[Tarek Fatah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/fatah-the-cross-vs-the-crescent-in-europe|title=FATAH: The Cross vs. the Crescent in Europe|date=12 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/national/memo-to-ford-tarek-fatah-wants-the-burqa-banned-forever/wcm/b05b2646-3baa-42fb-b925-4e8af17f7b75?video_autoplay=true|title=MEMO TO FORD: Tarek Fatah wants the burqa banned forever!|date=15 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://torontosun.com/news/national/memo-to-ford-tarek-fatah-wants-the-burqa-banned-forever|title=MEMO TO FORD: Tarek Fatah wants the burqa banned forever!|date=15 June 2018}}</ref> and [[Ensaf Haidar]]<ref>{{cite web|date=July 2018|title=Wife of jailed Saudi blogger Raif Badawi calls for burqa ban in Ontario|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4307779/raif-badawi-wife-ensaf-haidar-burqa-ban/|url-status=live|website=[[Global News]]}}</ref> have called on the burka to be banned.
-===Mexico===
-{{See also|Islam in Mexico}}
-{{Expand section|date=July 2011}}
-There is no ban on any Muslim clothing items. The first article of the [[Political Constitution of the United Mexican States]] protects people against discrimination based on several matters including religion, ethnic origin and national origin.<ref name="Mexconst">{{cite web|title=Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos|url=http://www.constitucion.gob.mx/|publisher=Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States|access-date=27 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722224817/http://www.constitucion.gob.mx/|archive-date=22 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Article 6 of the Constitution grants ''Libertad de Expresión'' (freedom of expression) to all Mexicans which includes the way people choose to dress.<ref name="Mexconst" />
-The Muslim community is a minority; according to the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life there were about 3,700 [[Islam in Mexico|Muslims in Mexico]] as of 2010, representing 0.003 percent of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population(18).aspx|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life|access-date=27 July 2011|date=7 October 2009}}</ref> There is an almost complete lack of knowledge of Islam in Mexico,{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} and any interest is more out of curiosity and tolerance than hatred or racism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webislam.com/?idn=11933|title=Los musulmanes de Monterrey (México) – Webislam|last=juntaislamica.com}}</ref> Some Muslims suggest that it is easier to fit in if they are lax with the rules of their religion, for example by wearing regular clothing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webislam.com/?idn=4163|title=Musulmanes de México – Webislam|last=juntaislamica.com}}</ref> Muslim women's clothing can vary from non-Muslim clothing to a ''hijab'' or a ''chador''.
-===United States===
-{{See also|Islam in the United States}}
-The majority of Muslim women in the United States wear hijab at least some of the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/religious-beliefs-and-practices/|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=8 December 2020|date=26 July 2017|title=American Muslims' religious beliefs and practices}}</ref> Contrary to popular theories about assimilation, this number is actually higher among native-born Muslim women compared to first-generation Muslim immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2011/08/30/section-2-religious-beliefs-and-practices/|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=8 December 2020|date=30 August 2011|title=Section 2: Religious Beliefs and Practices}}</ref>
-The people of the United States have a firm [[First Amendment to the Constitution|First Amendment protection]] of [[Freedom of Speech in the United States|freedom of speech]] from government interference that explicitly includes clothing items, as described by [[U.S. Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] cases such as ''[[Tinker v. Des Moines]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0393_0503_ZO.html|title=Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist.}}</ref> As such, a ban on Islamic clothing is considered presumptively invalid by U.S. socio-political commentators such as [[Mona Charen]] of ''[[National Review]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://article.nationalreview.com/399306/could-the-us-ban-the-burqa-too/mona-charen|title=Could the U.S. Ban the Burqa Too?|author=Mona Charen|magazine=[[National Review]]|access-date=14 July 2010|date=7 July 2009|author-link=Mona Charen}}</ref> Journalist Howard LaFranchi of ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' has referred to "the traditional American respect for different cultural communities and religions under the broad umbrella of universal freedoms" as forbidding the banning of Islamic dress. In his [[Barack Obama speech at Cairo University, 2009|prominent June 2009 speech to the Muslim World]] in [[Cairo]], [[POTUS|President]] [[Barack Obama]] called on [[Western World|the West]] "to avoid dictating what clothes a Muslim woman should wear" and elaborated that such rules involve "hostility" towards Muslims in "the pretense of [[liberalism]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2009/0623/p02s20-usfp.html|title=In battle of the burqa, Obama and Sarkozy differ|first=Howard|last=LaFranchi|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=23 June 2009|access-date=14 July 2010}}</ref>
-Most gyms, fitness clubs, and other workout facilities in the United States are mixed-sex, so [[exercise]] without a ''hijab'' or ''burqa'' can be difficult for some observant Muslim women. Maria Omar, director of media relations for the Islamic Food and Nutrition Council of America (IFANCA), has advised Muslim women to avoid these complexes entirely. Some women decide to wear something [[colloquially]] known as the "sports ''hijab''". Similarly, Muslim women may feel uncomfortable around other women with traditionally revealing American outfits, especially during the summer "[[bikini]] season". An outfit colloquially known as the ''[[burqini]]'' allows Muslim women to swim without displaying any significant amount of skin.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Paris pool bans Muslim woman in 'burqini'|url=https://vancouversun.com/story_print.html?id=1885657&sponsor=|access-date=13 August 2010|newspaper=Agence France-Presse|date=12 August 2009}}</ref>
-Compared to Western Europe, there have been relatively few controversies surrounding the ''hijab'' in everyday life, a product of "pro-religious freedom" laws allowing for a wide range of religious accommodations, and also due to greater support for multiculturalism. One exception is the case of [[Sultaana Freeman]], a Florida woman who had her driver's license cancelled due to her wearing of the ''niqab'' in her identification photo. She sued the state of Florida for religious discrimination, though her case was eventually thrown out.
-Hijabs were not commonly seen in the United States during the 1990s.<ref name=ODonnellHarvard/>
-In January 2017, the [[New Jersey Superior Court, Appellate Division]] in [[Camden County, New Jersey|Camden County]] dismissed two suits filed by Linda Tisby in summer 2015 against her former employer, the county's Department of Corrections. The court decided that a [[New Jersey Superior Court]] was right to rule that it would have been an "undue hardship" for the agency to accommodate her religious beliefs "because of overriding safety concerns, the potential for concealment of contraband, and the importance of uniform neutrality".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/camden/index.ssf/2017/01/former_jail_employee_fired_for_wearing_headscarf_l.html|title=Muslim jail employee fired for wearing headscarf loses appeal|website=NJ.com|access-date=26 October 2017|date=19 January 2017}}</ref>
-==Burka/niqab ban chronology==
-The table below lists in chronological order states, that are either UN members or have UN observer status, that have completely banned the [[burqa]] or [[niqab]].
-{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
-|-
-! style="width:1em;" | Year abolished
-! style="width:10em;"| Countries
-! style="width:1em;" | Countries per year
-! style="width:1em;" | Cumulative countries
-|-
-| 2010 || style=text-align:left | {{flag|France}} || 1 || 1
-|-
-| 2011 || style=text-align:left | {{flag|Belgium}} || 1 || 2
-|-
-| 2015 || style=text-align:left | {{flag|Bulgaria}} {{flag|Chad}} {{flag|Congo}} {{flag|Gabon}} || 4 || 6
-|-
-| 2017 || style=text-align:left | {{flag|Austria}} || 1 || 7
-|-
-| 2018 || style=text-align:left | {{flag|Denmark}} || 1 || 8
-|-
-| 2019 || style=text-align:left | {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || 1 || 9
-|-
-| 2021 || style=text-align:left | {{flag|Switzerland}} || 1 || 10
-|}
-==See also==
-* [[Women in Islam]]
-*[[Anti-Arabism]]
-*[[Islamophobia]]
-* [[Islam in Europe]]
-* [[Islamic dress in Europe]]
-* [[Clothing laws by country]]
-* [[Multiculturalism]]
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==Sources==
-* Scott, Joan Wallach (2007). "The Politics of the Veil". Princeton University Press.
-==External links==
-{{Commons category-inline|Hijabs by country}}
-{{external links|date=October 2017}}
-* [http://twocircles.net/2010aug17/burqa_ban_what_it_means_west.html Burqa ban: What it means for the West] – TCN News
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707130810/http://www.univie.ac.at/veil/Home3/index.htm VEIL Project] – Values, Equality and Differences in Liberal Democracies. Debates about Muslim Headscarves in Europe ([[University of Vienna]])
-* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3328277.stm Q&A: Muslim headscarves] from [[BBC News]]
-* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4832072.stm Shabina Begum case: School wins Muslim dress appeal] (22 March 2006)
-* [https://ssrn.com/abstract=940025 The Veil and the British Male Elite]
-* [https://watanchat.com/afghan-hijab Afghan Hijab]
-[[Category:History of Asian clothing]]
-[[Category:Hijab]]

Hijab by country: Difference between revisions

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