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{{short description|Land warfare branch of Oman's military}}
{{short description|Land warfare branch of Oman's military}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox military unit
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= Royal Army of Oman
|unit_name= Royal Army of Oman
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|type= [[Army|Land force]]
|type= [[Army|Land force]]
|role= [[Land warfare]]
|role= [[Land warfare]]
|size= 100,000
|size= 25,000 (2024)<ref name="IISS" />
|command_structure=
|command_structure=
|garrison= Muaskar al Murtafaa
|garrison= Muaskar al Murtafaa
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|battle_honours=
|battle_honours=
<!-- Commanders -->
<!-- Commanders -->
|current_commander= Major General Matar bin Salim bin Rashid al Balushi<ref>{{cite web|title=Passing out of Regimental Commanders Course and Junior Command and Staff Course|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/2014/Passing_out_of_Regiments_Commanders_Course_and%20Junior_Command_and_Staff_Course.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|publisher=MOD Oman|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806220922/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/2014/Passing_out_of_Regiments_Commanders_Course_and%20Junior_Command_and_Staff_Course.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commander received at RAO|url=https://omaninfo.om/english/module.php?module=topics-showtopic&CatID=4&ID=553|website=omaninfo.om|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref>
| commander1 = [[List of rulers of Oman|Sultan]] [[Haitham bin Tariq]]
|current_commander_label=  
| commander1_label = [[Commander-in-Chief|Supreme Commander]]
| commander2 = [[Shihab bin Tariq Al Said]]
| commander2_label = [[Ministry of Defence (Oman)|Minister of Defense]]
| commander3 = Vice Adm. Abdullah bin Khamis bin Abdullah Al Raisi
| commander3_label = [[Chief of Staff of the Sultan's Armed Forces|Armed Forces Chief of Staff]]
| commander4 = Major Gen. Matar bin Salim bin Rashid al Balushi<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAO Commander receives Saudi delegation |date=20 May 2025 |access-date=23 March 2026 |work=Oman Observer |url=https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1170847/oman/rao-commander-receives-saudi-delegation }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Passing out of Regimental Commanders Course and Junior Command and Staff Course|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/2014/Passing_out_of_Regiments_Commanders_Course_and%20Junior_Command_and_Staff_Course.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|publisher=MOD Oman|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806220922/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/2014/Passing_out_of_Regiments_Commanders_Course_and%20Junior_Command_and_Staff_Course.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commander received at RAO|url=https://omaninfo.om/english/module.php?module=topics-showtopic&CatID=4&ID=553|website=omaninfo.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201051457/https://omaninfo.om/english/module.php?module=topics-showtopic&CatID=4&ID=553|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| commander4_label = Commander of the RAO
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|colonel_of_the_regiment_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment_label=
|notable_commanders=[[Sultan bin Saif]]<br />[[Saif bin Sultan]]<br />[[Nasir bin Murshid]]<br />[[Said bin Sultan]]<br />[[Abushiri]]
<!-- Insignia -->
<!-- Insignia -->
|identification_symbol=  
|identification_symbol=  
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|identification_symbol_2_label= Flag of Royal Army of Oman
|identification_symbol_2_label= Flag of Royal Army of Oman
|website =[http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/about-us.aspx Royal Army of Oman]}}
|website =[http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/about-us.aspx Royal Army of Oman]}}
The '''Royal Army of Oman''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: الجيش العماني, [[Romanization of Arabic|transliterated]]: ''al-Jaīsh al-'Umānī'') is the ground forces component of the [[Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces]]. It was founded in 1907 as the Muscat Garrison.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Royal Army of Oman / Royal Oman Land Forces (ROLF)|url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/oman-army.htm|website = www.globalsecurity.org|accessdate = 2016-01-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202521/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/oman-army.htm|archive-date = 2016-03-03|url-status = live}}</ref> It has a current strength of 35,000 personnel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Royal Army of Oman - Equipment|url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/oman-army-equip.htm|website = www.globalsecurity.org|accessdate = 2016-01-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305081712/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/oman-army-equip.htm|archive-date = 2016-03-05|url-status = live}}</ref>
The '''Royal Army of Oman''' ({{Langx|ar|الجيش العماني|al-Jaīsh al-'Umānī}}) is the ground forces component of the [[Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces]]. It was founded in 1907 as the Muscat Garrison.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Royal Army of Oman / Royal Oman Land Forces (ROLF)|url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/oman-army.htm|website = www.globalsecurity.org|accessdate = 2016-01-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202521/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/oman-army.htm|archive-date = 2016-03-03|url-status = live}}</ref> It has a current strength of up to 25,000 active personnel.<ref name="IISS">{{Cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |date=2024 |title=The Military Balance 2024 |pages=376–377 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-032-78004-7 }}</ref>


==History==
==History==
Oman has a military history which dates back to the seventh century, when troops from the Alozd tribe were strong enough to help [[Abu Bakr]], companion of the Islamic prophet Mohammed. At the beginning of the seventeenth century there were local forces associated with [[Yaruba dynasty|Ya'ariba dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Al'Yaruba State|url=https://www.mofa.gov.om/?p=760&lang=en|website=www.mofa.gov.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060343/https://www.mofa.gov.om/?p=760&lang=en|archive-date=2017-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> It was this dynasty, which forced the [[Sultan bin Saif#War with the Portuguese|expulsion of Portuguese from the country in 1650]]. The Ya'ariba dynasty were responsible for most of the fortified site across what is now th Sultanate of Oman from [[Musandam Governorate|Musandam]] in the north to the southern province of [[Dhofar]].
Oman has a military history which dates back to the seventh century, when troops from the Alozd tribe were strong enough to help [[Abu Bakr]], companion of the Islamic prophet Mohammed. At the beginning of the seventeenth century there were local forces associated with [[Yaruba dynasty|Ya'ariba dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Al'Yaruba State|url=https://www.mofa.gov.om/?p=760&lang=en|website=www.mofa.gov.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309060343/https://www.mofa.gov.om/?p=760&lang=en|archive-date=2017-03-09|url-status=live}}</ref> It was this dynasty, which forced the [[Sultan bin Saif#War with the Portuguese|expulsion of Portuguese from the country in 1650]]. The Ya'ariba dynasty were responsible for most of the fortified site across what is now the Sultanate of Oman from [[Musandam Governorate|Musandam]] in the north to the southern province of [[Dhofar]].


The Royal Army of Oman officially traces its origins back to the formation of the Muscat Garrison in 1907,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peterson|first1=J. E.|title=Oman in the Twentieth Century: Political Foundations of an Emerging State|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317291732|pages=72–75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NH2PCwAAQBAJ&q=Muscat+Garrison+1907&pg=PA73|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806223003/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NH2PCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=Muscat+Garrison+1907&source=bl&ots=jQmd1d4G_e&sig=YwPeBvYxbaVnfAhmfcZoW_SJvIM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0wobhmMPVAhWjKsAKHXNSDT4Q6AEIVzAI#v=onepage&q=Muscat%20Garrison%201907&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref> this local garrison force was developed and became the Muscat Infantry in 1921.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Royal Army of Oman (RAO)|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/about-us.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805220532/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/about-us.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-05|url-status=live}}</ref> An agreement between the Omani and the British governments in 1958 led to the creation of the Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF) and the creation of formally structured Omani army units. At the same time the United Kingdom promised to provide direct assistance in the development of the SAF and its land forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Persian Gulf States - Oman - Regional and National Security Considerations|url=http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/102.htm|website=countrystudies.us|publisher=US Government|accessdate=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012129/http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/102.htm|archive-date=2016-11-03|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 1960 and 1970s, army units fought in the [[Dhofar Rebellion]] alongside British units and<ref name=":0" /> it relied on embedded unit-level British military advisors, who saw combat alongside the units they were very much part of.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peck|first1=Malcolm C.|title=The A to Z of the Gulf Arab States|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810876361|pages=21–22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUiazV0SVaQC&q=SOLF+RAO+Oman&pg=PA21|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806223559/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PUiazV0SVaQC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=SOLF+RAO+Oman&source=bl&ots=MVIe2efD8Y&sig=HMWKH9OHW5uvXb_f-GmKYbvv3Ho&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7k__Fl8PVAhUJIMAKHYyTANYQ6AEIQTAD#v=onepage&q=SOLF%20RAO%20Oman&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of the Dhofar Rebellion the Omani army became an independent service known as the Sultan of Oman Land Forces in 1976. In 1990, Sultan [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]] renamed his land forces the Royal Army of Oman (RAO).<ref>{{Cite web|title = Royal Army of Oman - About Royal Army of Oman (RAO)|url = http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/about-us.aspx|website = www.mod.gov.om|accessdate = 2016-01-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151217043506/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/rao/pages/about-us.aspx|archive-date = 2015-12-17|url-status = live}}</ref> The RAO frequently exercises with the armed forces of fellow [[Peninsula Shield Force|Gulf Cooperation Council]] nations and other strategic defense partners such as the [[Oman–United States relations|US]] and [[Saif Sareea II|UK]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arab|first1=The New|title=Oman and UK to hold military exercise next year|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/5/17/oman-and-uk-to-hold-military-exercise-next-year|website=alaraby|accessdate=7 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152519/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/5/17/oman-and-uk-to-hold-military-exercise-next-year|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Royal Army of Oman officially traces its origins back to the formation of the Muscat Garrison in 1907,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peterson|first1=J. E.|title=Oman in the Twentieth Century: Political Foundations of an Emerging State|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317291732|pages=72–75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NH2PCwAAQBAJ&q=Muscat+Garrison+1907&pg=PA73|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806223003/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NH2PCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73&dq=Muscat+Garrison+1907&source=bl&ots=jQmd1d4G_e&sig=YwPeBvYxbaVnfAhmfcZoW_SJvIM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0wobhmMPVAhWjKsAKHXNSDT4Q6AEIVzAI#v=onepage&q=Muscat%20Garrison%201907&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref> this local garrison force was developed and became the Muscat Infantry in 1921.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Royal Army of Oman (RAO)|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/about-us.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805220532/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/about-us.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-05|url-status=live}}</ref> An agreement between the Omani and the British governments in 1958 led to the creation of the Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF) and the creation of formally structured Omani army units. At the same time the United Kingdom promised to provide direct assistance in the development of the SAF and its land forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Persian Gulf States - Oman - Regional and National Security Considerations|url=http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/102.htm|website=countrystudies.us|publisher=US Government|accessdate=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103012129/http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/102.htm|archive-date=2016-11-03|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 1960 and 1970s, army units fought in the [[Dhofar Rebellion]] alongside British units and<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Royal Army of Oman - Equipment|url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/oman-army-equip.htm|website = www.globalsecurity.org|accessdate = 2016-01-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305081712/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/oman-army-equip.htm|archive-date = 2016-03-05|url-status = live}}</ref> it relied on embedded unit-level British military advisors, who saw combat alongside the units they were very much part of.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peck|first1=Malcolm C.|title=The A to Z of the Gulf Arab States|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810876361|pages=21–22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUiazV0SVaQC&q=SOLF+RAO+Oman&pg=PA21|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806223559/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PUiazV0SVaQC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=SOLF+RAO+Oman&source=bl&ots=MVIe2efD8Y&sig=HMWKH9OHW5uvXb_f-GmKYbvv3Ho&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7k__Fl8PVAhUJIMAKHYyTANYQ6AEIQTAD#v=onepage&q=SOLF%20RAO%20Oman&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of the Dhofar Rebellion the Omani army became an independent service known as the Sultan of Oman Land Forces in 1976. In 1990, Sultan [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]] renamed his land forces the Royal Army of Oman (RAO).<ref>{{Cite web|title = Royal Army of Oman - About Royal Army of Oman (RAO)|url = http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/Pages/about-us.aspx|website = www.mod.gov.om|accessdate = 2016-01-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151217043506/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/rao/pages/about-us.aspx|archive-date = 2015-12-17|url-status = live}}</ref> The RAO frequently exercises with the armed forces of fellow [[Peninsula Shield Force|Gulf Cooperation Council]] nations and other strategic defense partners such as the [[Oman–United States relations|US]] and [[Saif Sareea II|UK]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arab|first1=The New|title=Oman and UK to hold military exercise next year|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/5/17/oman-and-uk-to-hold-military-exercise-next-year|website=alaraby|accessdate=7 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152519/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2017/5/17/oman-and-uk-to-hold-military-exercise-next-year|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Ground Forces Organisation==
==Ground Forces Organisation==
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[[File:Sultan Qaboos 1980.jpg|thumb|Sultan Qaboos in the field observing an army exercise in 1980]]
[[File:Sultan Qaboos 1980.jpg|thumb|Sultan Qaboos in the field observing an army exercise in 1980]]
[[File:Oman. Dhofar 1972 (8620570923).jpg|thumb|Omani Army positions at Sarfayt in 1972, during the Dhofar Rebellion]]
[[File:Oman. Dhofar 1972 (8620570923).jpg|thumb|Omani Army positions at Sarfayt in 1972, during the Dhofar Rebellion]]
[[File:Oman 1980 (3098765076).jpg|thumb|A British military advisor and his Omani Junood in 1980]]
[[File:Oman 1980 (3098765076).jpg|thumb|A British military advisor with Omani soldiers in 1980]]
[[File:US National Guard trains with Oman Army.jpg|thumb|right|Oregon National Guard Training in Oman alongside the Omani Army (U.S. Army Photo by Spc. Cory Grogan, Oregon Military Department Public Affairs)]]
[[File:US National Guard trains with Oman Army.jpg|thumb|right|Oregon National Guard Training in Oman alongside the Omani Army (U.S. Army Photo by Spc. Cory Grogan, Oregon Military Department Public Affairs)]]
[[File:Good to Go (33170447126).jpg|thumb|Omani soldiers and US Marines exercising in 2017]]
[[File:Good to Go (33170447126).jpg|thumb|Omani soldiers and US Marines exercising in 2017]]
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**Oman Reconnaissance Regiment based in [[Dhofar]]
**Oman Reconnaissance Regiment based in [[Dhofar]]
*Border and Local Security Forces (light infantry role)
*Border and Local Security Forces (light infantry role)
**Western Border Security Force based at [[Al Qabil]]
**Western Border Security Force based at [[Al Qabil, Al Buraimi|Al Qabil]]
**Coastal Security Force based at [[Sur, Oman|Sur]]
**Coastal Security Force based at [[Sur, Oman|Sur]]
**Musandam Security Force (MSF) based at [[Bukha]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Skeet|first1=I.|title=Oman: Politics and Development|date=1992|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230376922|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUiBDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Security+Force%22+Bukha&pg=PA12|accessdate=8 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154643/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CUiBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=%22Security+Force%22+Bukha&source=bl&ots=76UCX_9-9j&sig=nyEuZkWL6aOAM1EeUA75G1LhY1E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd6_iKy8fVAhUoKsAKHSVpBqYQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22Security%20Force%22%20Bukha&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Musandam Security Force (MSF) based at [[Bukha]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Skeet|first1=I.|title=Oman: Politics and Development|date=1992|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230376922|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUiBDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Security+Force%22+Bukha&pg=PA12|accessdate=8 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154643/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CUiBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=%22Security+Force%22+Bukha&source=bl&ots=76UCX_9-9j&sig=nyEuZkWL6aOAM1EeUA75G1LhY1E&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd6_iKy8fVAhUoKsAKHSVpBqYQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22Security%20Force%22%20Bukha&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref>
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**National Defence College Bayt al Falaj, Ruwi, Muscat<ref>{{cite web|title=National Defense College About US|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/ndc/pages/about-us.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807071911/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/ndc/pages/about-us.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
**National Defence College Bayt al Falaj, Ruwi, Muscat<ref>{{cite web|title=National Defense College About US|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/ndc/pages/about-us.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807071911/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/ndc/pages/about-us.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Military Technical College near Seeb Airport<ref>{{cite web|title=Sayyid Fahd inaugurates Oman's Military Technical College|url=http://timesofoman.com/article/48386/Oman/Sayyid-Fahd-inaugurates-Oman's-Military-Technical-College|website=Times of Oman|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref>
**Military Technical College near Seeb Airport<ref>{{cite web|title=Sayyid Fahd inaugurates Oman's Military Technical College|url=http://timesofoman.com/article/48386/Oman/Sayyid-Fahd-inaugurates-Oman's-Military-Technical-College|website=Times of Oman|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref>
**Sultan Qaboos Military College (KSQA) including the RAO Officer Training School based at Aydem in Dhofar<ref>{{cite web|title=Sultan Qaboos Military College|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/SultanQaboosMilitaryCollege/pages/about-us.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806220926/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/SultanQaboosMilitaryCollege/pages/about-us.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref>
**[[Sultan Qaboos Military College]] (KSQA) including the RAO Officer Training School based at Aydem in Dhofar<ref>{{cite web|title=Sultan Qaboos Military College|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/SultanQaboosMilitaryCollege/pages/about-us.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|accessdate=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806220926/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/RAO/SultanQaboosMilitaryCollege/pages/about-us.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-06|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Sultan Armed Forces Training Regiment<ref>{{cite web|title=RAO celebrates graduation of new recruits|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/COSSAF/MoralGuidance/Pages/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/RAO-celebrates-graduation-of-new-recruits.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|accessdate=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152128/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/COSSAF/MoralGuidance/Pages/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/RAO-celebrates-graduation-of-new-recruits.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Sultan Armed Forces Training Regiment<ref>{{cite web|title=RAO celebrates graduation of new recruits|url=http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/COSSAF/MoralGuidance/Pages/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/RAO-celebrates-graduation-of-new-recruits.aspx|website=www.mod.gov.om|accessdate=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152128/http://www.mod.gov.om/en-US/COSSAF/MoralGuidance/Pages/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/RAO-celebrates-graduation-of-new-recruits.aspx|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Battle Training Centre - [[Saiq]], Jebel al Akhdhar<ref>{{cite book|last1=Searle|first1=Pauline|title=Dawn Over Oman -Chapter 7, The Mountains|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317242093|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6k77CwAAQBAJ&q=military+camp+saiq+Jebel+Akhdar+oman&pg=PT75|accessdate=7 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153454/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6k77CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT75&lpg=PT75&dq=military+camp+saiq+Jebel+Akhdar+oman&source=bl&ots=8smRd2Iq7L&sig=A3H81AIi35oKQNCJhSCiH9Zn8eo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji68Tb8cTVAhWBSCYKHbhMABwQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=military%20camp%20saiq%20Jebel%20Akhdar%20oman&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Battle Training Centre - [[Saiq]], Jebel al Akhdhar<ref>{{cite book|last1=Searle|first1=Pauline|title=Dawn Over Oman -Chapter 7, The Mountains|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317242093|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6k77CwAAQBAJ&q=military+camp+saiq+Jebel+Akhdar+oman&pg=PT75|accessdate=7 August 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807153454/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6k77CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT75&lpg=PT75&dq=military+camp+saiq+Jebel+Akhdar+oman&source=bl&ots=8smRd2Iq7L&sig=A3H81AIi35oKQNCJhSCiH9Zn8eo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji68Tb8cTVAhWBSCYKHbhMABwQ6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=military%20camp%20saiq%20Jebel%20Akhdar%20oman&f=false|archive-date=2017-08-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 247: Line 251:
|Dhofar
|Dhofar
|Infantry unit location
|Infantry unit location
|Unidentified
|Southern Border Security Force
|16.697399N 53.103528E
|16.697399N 53.103528E
|-
|-
Line 315: Line 319:


==Equipment==
==Equipment==
[[File:Challenger 2s Advancing on Exercise in Oman MOD 45140648.jpg|thumb|Challenger 2 Main Battle Tanks in the deserts of Oman]]
[[File:M60, Oman 1981.jpg|thumb|M-60 Main Battle Tanks on parade in 1981]]
[[File:Rapier and Land Rover.jpg|thumb|Anti-aircraft missiles of the Oman Artillery (Land Rovers towing Rapier missile wheeled launchers)]]
[[File:L118 howitzers, Oman 1981.jpg|thumb|105mm Light Guns on parade in 1981]]


In 2020 Oman spent 11% of GDP on military expenditures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIPRI Military Expenditure Database {{!}} SIPRI|url=https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.sipri.org}}</ref>
In 2020, Oman spent 11% of GDP on military expenditures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIPRI Military Expenditure Database {{!}} SIPRI|url=https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.sipri.org}}</ref>


Oman has one armored brigade (MSO) equipped with the [[Challenger 2]] and the [[M60 Patton|M60A1 and M60A3 Patton]] tanks.
Oman has one armored brigade (MSO) equipped with the [[Challenger 2]] and the [[M60 tank|M60A1 and M60A3]] tanks.


Between 2001 and 2004 Oman received 174 amphibious light armored vehicles and more than 80 armored VBL from France.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arms Trade Registers|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|website=armstrade.sipri.org|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|archive-date=2010-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
Between 2001 and 2004 Oman received 174 amphibious light armored vehicles and more than 80 armored VBL from France.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arms Trade Registers|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|website=armstrade.sipri.org|accessdate=6 August 2017|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|archive-date=2010-04-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2010, Oman started using the INSAS rifles as the official standard rifle, as per a defence agreement signed in 2003 between India and Oman. These rifles have since been replaced and kept in storage.


In May 2013 the United States announced a deal with Oman valued at $2.1 billion to supply a ground-based air defense system.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Joint Statement by the United States and the Government of the Sultanate of Oman|url = http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/145236/us-announces-oman-air_defense-deal.html|website = www.defense-aerospace.com|accessdate = 2016-01-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033442/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/145236/us-announces-oman-air_defense-deal.html|archive-date = 2015-11-17|url-status = live}}</ref>
In May 2013 the United States announced a deal with Oman valued at $2.1 billion to supply a ground-based air defense system.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Joint Statement by the United States and the Government of the Sultanate of Oman|url = http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/145236/us-announces-oman-air_defense-deal.html|website = www.defense-aerospace.com|accessdate = 2016-01-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033442/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/145236/us-announces-oman-air_defense-deal.html|archive-date = 2015-11-17|url-status = live}}</ref>


172 [[FNSS Pars]] [[Armoured combat vehicle]] ordered for delivery from 2017, total cost $500m
172 [[FNSS Pars]] [[armoured fighting vehicle|armoured combat vehicle]] were ordered for delivery from 2017, with the total amount reaching $500 million.


Oman looks to acquire K2 main battle tanks from South Korea. South Korean Defense Company Hyundai Rotem Co. could sell 76 K2 Black Panther Main Battle Tanks to Oman, a deal that could reach an amount up to $884.6 million.{{cn|date=February 2021}}
Oman was reportedly looking to acquire K2 main battle tanks from South Korea. South Korean Defense Company Hyundai Rotem Co. could sell 76 K2 Black Panther Main Battle Tanks to Oman, a deal that could reach an amount up to $884.6 million.


===Armoured vehicles===
===Small arms===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|+
|-
!Name
! width=16%| Name
!Origin
! width=10%| Image
!Quantity
! width=15%| Caliber
!Notes
! width=12%| Type
! width=10%| Origin
! width=28%| Notes
|-
! colspan="6"| Pistol
|-
| [[Browning Hi-Power]]<ref name="jones2009">Jones, Richard D. ''Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010''. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). {{ISBN|978-0-7106-2869-5}}.</ref>
| [[File:FN Hi Power.jpg|150px]]
| [[9×19mm]]
| [[Semi-automatic pistol]]
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
|
|-
! colspan="6"| Submachine guns
|-
| [[Sterling submachine gun|Sterling L2A3]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:Sterling SMG.JPG|150px]]
| [[9×19mm]]
| [[Submachine gun]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|
|-
| [[Heckler & Koch MP7]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:HK MP7 Bundeswehr noBG.png|150px]]
| [[4.6×30mm]]
| [[Submachine gun]]
| {{Flag|Germany}}
|
|-
! colspan="6"| Rifles
|-
| [[M16 rifle|M16A1]]<ref name="ewen2005">Jane's Special Forces Recognition Guide, Ewen Southby-Tailyour (2005) p. 446.</ref>
| [[File:M16A1 brimob.jpg|150px]]
| [[5.56×45 mm]]
| [[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
| [[M4 carbine|M4]]
| [[File:PEO M4 Carbine RAS M68 CCO.png|150px]]
| [[5.56×45mm]]
| [[Carbine]]<br>[[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
| [[Carbon 15]]
| [[File:Bushmaster Carbon-15 SBR.png|150px]]
| [[5.56×45mm]]
| [[Carbine]]<br>[[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
| [[SIG Sauer SIGM400]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/ultimate-ar-15-rifle-all-time-67792/|title=Is This the Ultimate AR-15 Rifle of All Time?|date=20 November 2022}}</ref>
| [[File:Sig Sauer M400 rifle.jpg|150px]]
| [[5.56×45mm]]
| [[Semi-automatic rifle]]<br>[[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
| [[Steyr AUG]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:Steyr AUG 5,56 mm noBG.png|150px]]
| [[5.56×45mm]]
| [[Bullpup]]<br>[[Assault rifle]]
| {{Flag|Austria}}
|
|-
| [[FN FAL]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:FN-FAL belgian noBG.png|150px]]
| [[7.62×51mm]]
| [[Battle rifle]]
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
|
|-
| [[SIG SG 540]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
| [[File:SG 540 Manurhin noBG.png|150px]]
| [[7.62×51mm]]
| [[Battle rifle]]
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
|
|-
| [[SKS]]<ref name="miller2001">Miller, David (2001). ''The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns''. Salamander Books Ltd. {{ISBN|1-84065-245-4}}.</ref>
| [[File:Simonov-SKS-45.JPG|150px]]
| [[7.62×39mm]]
| [[Semi-automatic rifle]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
| Mostly limited to use as a [[ceremonial weapon]]
|-
| [[Lee-Enfield]]
| [[File:SMLE-No4-Mk1.png|150px]]
| [[.303 British]]
| [[Bolt-action rifle]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| Mostly limited to use as a [[ceremonial weapon]]
|-
|-
|[[Challenger 2]]
! colspan="6"| Sniper and anti-materiel rifles
|{{GBR}}
|38
|[[main battle tank]]
|-
|-
|[[Challenger 2]]
| [[Barrett M82]]<ref name="Gander">{{cite book |editor-last=Gander |editor-first=Terry |title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2006–2007 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=London, UK |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7106-2755-1 |page=22}}</ref>
|{{GBR}}
| [[File:Barrett-M82A1-Independence-Day-2017-IZE-048-white.jpg|150px]]
|4
| [[.50 BMG]]
|armored recovery and repair vehicle
| [[Anti-materiel rifle]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|  
|-
|-
|M60A1
! colspan="6"| Machine guns
|{{USA}}
|6
|
|-
|-
|M60A3
| [[FN MAG]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
|{{USA}}
| [[File:IDF-FN-MAG.png|150px]]
|73
| [[7.62×51mm]]
|
| [[General-purpose machine gun]]
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
|  
|-
|-
|[[M88 Recovery Vehicle|M88A1]]
| [[Browning M2]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
|{{USA}}
| [[File:PEO Browning M2E2 QCB (c1).jpg|150px]]
|1
| [[.50 BMG]]
|recovery
| [[Heavy machine gun]]
| {{Flag|United States|1912}}
|  
|-
|-
|[[M728]]
! colspan="6"| Rocket propelled grenade launchers
|{{USA}}
|31
|recovery
|-
|-
|[[B1 Centauro]]
| [[LAW 80]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
|{{ITA}}
| [[File:DM-SD-07-17341 (LAW 80 crop).jpg|150px]]
|9
| 94mm
|with 120mm gun (Hitfact)
| [[Rocket-propelled grenade]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|  
|-
|-
|[[Mowag Piranha|BAE Piranha II]]
! colspan="6"| Grenade launchers
|{{CHE}}
|175
|8x8 [[Light armoured vehicle|LAV]]s
|-
|-
|[[Panhard VBL]]
| [[M203 grenade launcher|M203]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
|{{FRA}}
| [[File:PEO M203A2 Grenade Launcher.png|150px]]
|132
| [[40mm grenade#40×46mm SR|40×46mm SR]]
|8 equipped with BGM-71 TOW ATGM missile launchers
| [[Grenade launcher]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|  
|-
|-
|Panhard [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]]
| [[M79 grenade launcher|M79]]<ref name="jones2009"/>
|{{FRA}}
| [[File:M79 Grenade Launcher (7414625716).jpg|150px]]
|56
| [[40mm grenade|40×46mm]]
|4x4 & 6x6 versions. 6 with 2RM 120mm heavy mortar, 6 VAB-VCI, and 8 VAB-VTT
| [[Grenade launcher]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|  
|}
 
===Anti-tank weapons===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
|-
|[[Fahd APC]]
! width=16%| Name
|{{EGY}}
! width=21%| Image
|31-100
! width=15%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Caliber
! width=26%| Notes
|-
| [[MILAN]]<ref name="Military Balance 2020">{{cite book |author=<!-- human name --> |others=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |year=2020 |title=The Military Balance |volume=120 |publisher=Routledge |pages=257–504 |isbn=978-0-367-46639-8 |ref={{sfnref|The Military Balance|2020}} }}</ref>
| [[File:Tag der Bundeswehr Jagel 2019 HJL 13 noBG.png|150px]]
| [[Anti-tank missile]]
| {{Flag|France}}<br>{{Flag|West Germany|name=Germany}}
|  
| 370 in service
|-
| [[BGM-71 TOW]]<ref name="OmanTaiwanTOWArmyRecognition">{{cite web|title=Taiwan and Oman order Raytheon's TOW anti-tank guided missile|url=http://armyrecognition.com/may_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/taiwan_and_oman_order_raytheon_s_tow_anti-tank_guided_missile.html|website=Army Recognition|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504163907/http://armyrecognition.com/may_2018_global_defense_security_army_news_industry/taiwan_and_oman_order_raytheon_s_tow_anti-tank_guided_missile.html|archive-date=4 May 2018|date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
| [[File:Hires 090509-A-4842R-001a.jpg|150px]]
| [[Anti-tank missile]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|
| 44 in service
|-
|-
|[[WZ-551|WZ-551B]]
| [[FGM-148 Javelin]]<ref name="WD Almanac 2010">{{cite book |title=The World Defence Almanac 2010 |publisher=Monch Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=9781612000565 |location=Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, US |pages=136, 174, 184, 286, 298, 418, 423 |issn=0722-3226 |oclc=751805929}}</ref>
|{{CHN}}
| [[File:FGM-148 Javelin (5160721562).jpg|150px]]
|50
| [[Anti-tank missile]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
|
|
| 30 in service
|}
=== Vehicles ===
====Tanks====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
|-
|[[HMMWV]]
! width=14%| Name
|{{USA}}
! width=20%| Image
|
! width=14%| Type
|
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
|-
|[[Cadillac Gage Commando|Commando V100]]
| [[Challenger 2]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance |date=2018 |volume=118 |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781857439557 |page=354}}</ref>
|{{USA}}
| [[File:Challenger 2s Advancing on Exercise in Oman MOD 45140648.jpg|150px]]
|15
| [[Main battle tank]]
|4x4
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 38
|  
|-
|-
|[[FV101 Scorpion]]
| [[Chieftain (tank)|FV4201 Chieftain]]<ref>{{citation |title=Trade Register |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |publisher=[[SIPRI]] |access-date=31 December 2009 |archive-date=14 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |url-status=dead }}, (Search UK to Oman, 1950–2008)</ref>
|{{GBR}}
| [[File:Chieftain Main Battle Tanks, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
|37
| [[Main battle tank]]
|
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 27
| Delivered by United Kingdom from 1981 to 1985 
|-
|-
|[[FV103 Spartan]]
| [[M60 tank|M60A1/A3]]<ref>The Military Balance, 2023, p.346</ref>
|{{GBR}}
| [[File:M60, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
|34
| [[Main battle tank]]
|
| {{Flag|United States|1959}}
| 79
|  
*6 M60A1
*73 M60A3
|-
|-
|[[FV105 Sultan]]
| [[FV101 Scorpion]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance |date=2009 |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415498463 |page=260}}</ref>
|{{GBR}}
| [[File:Alvis Scorpion Light Tank.jpg|150px]]
|31
| [[Light tank]]
|
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 120
| 
|}
 
====Reconnaissance====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
|-
|[[FV106 Samson]]
! width=14%| Name
|{{GBR}}
! width=20%| Image
|30
! width=14%| Type
|
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
|-
|[[Alvis Stormer]]
| [[B1 Centauro]]<ref name="trade">{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=Trade Registers |publisher=Armstrade.sipri.org |access-date=2016-06-20}}</ref>
|{{GBR}}
| [[File:Centauro01.JPEG|150px]]
|10
| [[Tank destroyer]]
|
| {{Flag|Italy}}
| 9
| With 120mm gun
|}
 
====Reconnaissance====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
|-
|[[Saxon (vehicle)|Saxon]]
! width=14%| Name
|
! width=20%| Image
|22
! width=14%| Type
|
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
|-
|[[Cadillac Gage Commando]]
| [[FNSS Pars]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://savunmaveteknoloji.com/fnss-ummana-ilk-parsi-teslim-etti/|title=FNSS Umman'a ilk PARS'ı teslim etti|work=SVT {{!}} Savunma ve Teknoloji|access-date=2017-07-12|language=tr-TR|archive-date=2017-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715083320/http://savunmaveteknoloji.com/fnss-ummana-ilk-parsi-teslim-etti/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Binnie|first1=Jeremy|title=Oman receives First Pars III IFVs|url=http://www.janes.com/article/72246|website=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170714121809/http://www.janes.com/article/72246/oman-receives-first-pars-iii-ifvs|archive-date=14 July 2017|date=12 July 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|
| [[File:ParsScout6x6 (1).jpg|150px]]
|20
| [[Armored car (military)|Armoured combat vehicle]]
|
| {{Flag|Turkey}}
| 172
| Delivered by Turkey from 2017 to 2020
|-
|-
|[[BTR-80]]
| [[MOWAG Piranha|Mowag Piranha II]]
|{{RUS}}
| [[File:Rad Pz 8x8 - Schweizer Armee - Steel Parade 2006.jpg|150px]]
|
| [[Armored car (military)|Armoured fighting vehicle]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}<br>{{Flag|Switzerland}}
| 174
|
|
|-
|-
|[[URO VAMTAC]]
|}
|{{ESP}}
 
|
====Scout cars====
|
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
|-
|[[VBC-90]]
! width=14%| Name
|{{FRA}}
! width=20%| Image
|19
! width=14%| Type
|
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
|-
|[[FNSS PARS III 8x8]]
| [[Véhicule Blindé Léger|Panhard VBL]]<ref name="trade"/>
|{{TUR}}
| [[File:VBL, nouvelles couleurs Armée de Terre (14 juillet 2021) (1).jpg|150px]]
|172
| [[Scout car]]
|
| {{Flag|France}}
| 124
| 8 equipped with [[BGM-71 TOW]]
|}
|}


===Trucks===
====Armored personnel carriers====
* [[Man Group|MAN]] TGA heavy trucks {{GER}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
* [[ACMAT VLRA]] 6x6 {{FRA}}
|-
* [[ACMAT VLRA]] 4x4 {{FRA}}
! width=14%| Name
* [[Landrover]] 4x4 {{GBR}}
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
| [[Cadillac Gage Commando|Cadillac V-100]]<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |title=SIPRI arms transfer database |website=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |access-date=17 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |archive-date=14 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[File:Cadillac Gage Commando.JPEG|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| 15
|
|-
| [[Fahd (armored personnel carrier)|Fahd]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1188476121.pdf |publisher=INSS |title=Oman |access-date=2009-02-07 |pages=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120125011/http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1188476121.pdf |archive-date=2008-11-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1188214448.pdf |publisher=INSS |title=Sudan |access-date=2009-02-07 |pages=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205080207/http://www.inss.org.il/upload/(FILE)1188214448.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| [[File:Mali Army APC in 1997.JPEG|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|Egypt}}
| 31
|
|-
| [[Saxon (vehicle)|AT105 Saxon]]<ref name="MT">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118061056/http://www.military-today.com/apc/saxon.htm|url=http://www.military-today.com/apc/saxon.htm|archive-date=2007-01-18|url-status=usurped|title=Saxon|publisher=Military Today}}</ref>
| [[File:Saxon Armoured Vehicle MOD 45143139.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 15
|
|-
| [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]]
| [[File:VAB, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|France}}
| 56
| 4x4 & 6x6 versions. 6 with 2RM 120mm heavy mortar, 6 VAB-VCI, and 8 VAB-VTT
|-
| [[WZ-551]]<ref name="trade"/>
| [[File:Sri Lanka Military 0233.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|China}}
| 50
|
|-
| [[FV103 Spartan]]
| [[File:FV103 Spartan IFOR.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armored personnel carrier]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 34
|
|}


===Field artillery===
====Engineering vehicles====
*[[BM-21 Grad#People's Republic of China|Type-90A]] 122mm MRLs (12)
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
*[[G6 howitzer]]s (24)
|-
*[[M109 howitzer|M109A2 howitzer]]s (15) - status unknown
! width=14%| Name
*[[L118 Light Gun]]s (39)
! width=20%| Image
*[[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46 130mm gun]]s (15)
! width=14%| Type
*[[Type 59-1]] 130mm guns (12)
! width=12%| Origin
*[[FH70]] 155mm howitzers (12)
! width=10%| Quantity
*[[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)]] (30)
! width=24%| Notes
*[[L16 81mm Mortar]]s
|-
*[[M102 howitzer|M102]] 105mm howitzers (36)
| [[Challenger Armoured Repair and Recovery Vehicle|CRARRV]]
*[[Brandt (company)|Brandt]] 120mm mortars (12)
| [[File:Challenger Armoured Repair and Recovery Vehicle (CRARRV) (7527707880).jpg|150px]]
*2R2M 120mm (SP on [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB]]) mortar (14)
| [[Armoured Recovery Vehicle]]
*[[M30 107 mm Mortar|M30]] 107mm mortars (SP on M-106A-2 APCs) (12)
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
*[[BGM-71 TOW|BGM-71A/C improved TOW ATGM]]s (26 launchers, 220 missiles)
| 4
*[[BGM-71 TOW|BGM-71F TOW-2B ATGM]]s (18 launchers, 562 missiles)
|
*[[FGM-148]] ATGMs (30 launchers, 250 missiles)
|-
*[[MILAN]] ATGMs (32-50 launchers)
| [[M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle|M728 CEV]]<ref name="SIPRI"/>
*[[LAW 80]] light ATRLs
| [[File:M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle (CEV).jpg|150px]]
*[[RPG-7]]V light ATRLs
| [[Military engineering vehicle]]
| {{Flag|United States}}
| 3
|  
|-
| [[FV106 Samson]]
| [[File:Samson CVR(T) ARV.jpg|150px]]
| [[Armoured recovery vehicle]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 3
|
|}


===Air defense===
====Utility vehicles====
*[[Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon]]  GDF-007 (10)
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
*[[Skyguard radar|Skyguard]]-AD system ([[Aspide]] SAMs+[[Rheinmetall Air Defence|Oerlikon]] GDF-002 35mm twin AAGs){{Citation needed|reason=No records at sipri.org, no Aspide SAM contract has been announced publicly, and no Aspide missile launcher ever seen in any photo released in Oman army service|date=May 2014}}
|-
*[[Bofors 40mm gun]]
! width=14%| Name
*[[VDAA]] 2x20mm SP-AAGs (9)
! width=20%| Image
*[[ZU-23]] 2x23mm AAGs (4-5)
! width=14%| Type
*[[M167 Vulcan|M-167A2]] [[M163 VADS|VADS]] 20mm AAG{{Citation needed|reason=Never seen,no public info about it, please add reference or take it out|date=May 2014}}
! width=12%| Origin
*SHORAR radar system (2) - associated with Mistral SAM
! width=10%| Quantity
*[[Blindfire (radar)|Blindfire]] radar systems for [[Rapier]] missiles (18)
! width=24%| Notes
*[[Skyguard radar|Skyguard]]-radar systems for [[Skyguard (area defense system)|Skyguard]] A\D systems (5)
|-
*[[Cymbeline (radar)|Cymbeline]] artillery location radar (3)
| [[Humvee]]
*[[Crotale (missile)|Crotale]] NG SAM
| [[File:Hamer VS 1.jpg|150px]]
*[[AN/TWQ-1 Avenger|Avenger]] SP-air defense system-on order (18)
| [[Military light utility vehicle|LUV]]
*[[Rapier (missile)|Rapier]] MK-2\Jernas SAMs (5) launchers\600 Rapier-1+ 800 Rapier-2 missiles.
| {{Flag|United States}}
*[[Mistral (missile)|Mistral]] anti-aircraft missile (54) launchers\230 missiles.
| Unknown
*[[Blowpipe (missile)|Blowpipe]] MANPADs-200 missiles.
| Vehicles sold via the U.S. Foreign Military Sales program
*[[Javelin (surface-to-air missile)|Javelin]] MANPADs (30) launchers\280 missiles.
|-
*[[SA-7]] [[Grail]] MANPADs (34)
| [[URO VAMTAC]]
*[[NASAMS]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = Raytheon Secures Oman as New Customer for NASAMS|url = http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140124/DEFREG04/301240025/Raytheon-Secures-Oman-New-Customer-NASAMS|archive-url = https://archive.today/20140126110850/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140124/DEFREG04/301240025/Raytheon-Secures-Oman-New-Customer-NASAMS|url-status = dead|archive-date = January 26, 2014|website = Defense News|accessdate = 2016-01-10}}</ref>
| [[File:Uro Vamtac in display during 2022 MAF's open day in RMAF Kuantan.jpg|150px]]
*[[BAMSE]]
| [[Military light utility vehicle|LUV]]
*[[THAAD]] anti-missile system<ref>[http://www.armyrecognition.com/may_2013_news_defence_army_military_industry_uk/sultanate_of_oman_to_buy_the_air_defense_missile_system_thaad_from_united_states_2705134.html Oman to buy the air defense missile system THAAD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222816/http://www.armyrecognition.com/may_2013_news_defence_army_military_industry_uk/sultanate_of_oman_to_buy_the_air_defense_missile_system_thaad_from_united_states_2705134.html |date=2015-09-23 }} - Armyrecognition.com, May 27, 2013</ref>
| {{Flag|Spain}}
| Unknown
|
|-
| [[Land Rover Defender]]
| [[File:Rapier and Land Rover.jpg|150px]]
| [[Utility vehicle]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| Unknown
|  
|-
| [[Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer]]
| [[File:Anti-aircraft Guns, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
| [[Utility vehicle]]
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| Unknown
|  
|-
| [[KrAZ-255]]
| [[File:KrAZ trucks, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
| [[Utility vehicle|Utility truck]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
| Unknown
|  
|}


===Small arms===
===Artillery===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|+
|-
!Model
! width=14%| Name
!Image
! width=20%| Image
!Caliber
! width=14%| Type
!Type
! width=12%| Origin
!Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
!Details
! width=24%| Notes
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Pistols
! colspan="7"| [[Self-propelled artillery]]
|-
|-
|[[Browning Hi-Power]]
| [[G6 howitzer|G6 Rhino]]<ref name="ATp">{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/g6/|title=G6 155mm Self Propelled Howitzer, South Africa|publisher=army-technology.com|access-date=1 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212210736/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/g6/|archive-date=12 February 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
| [[File:Denel G6-45 Ysterplaat Airshow 2006.jpg|150px]]
|
| [[Self-propelled artillery]]
|Semi-automatic pistol
| {{Flag|South Africa|1982}}
|{{BEL}}
| 24
|
|  
|-
|-
|[[SIG Sauer P226]]
! colspan="7"| [[Field artillery]]
|
|
|Semi-automatic pisol
|{{CHE}}{{GER}}
|
|-
|-
|[[Smith & Wesson Bodyguard|S&W M38]]
| [[130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)|M-46]]<ref name="Military Balance 2020"/>
|
| [[File:M-46 Lutsk.jpg|150px]]
|
| [[Field gun]]
|
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}<br>{{Flag|China}}
|{{USA}}
| 24
|
|
*12 M-46
*12 Type 59–1
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Submachine guns
| [[L118 light gun|L118]]<ref>''The Military Balance 2018'' p354</ref>
| [[File:L118 howitzers, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
| [[Field gun]]
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
| 42
|
|-
|-
|[[Sterling submachine gun|Sterling MK-IV]] (L2A3)
| [[122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)|D-30]]{{sfn|The Military Balance|2020|p=369}}
|
| [[File:122- мм гаубица Д-30 (1).jpg|150px]]
|
| [[Howitzer]]
|Submachine gun
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|{{GBR}}
| 30
|
|  
|-
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MP5|H&K MP5A3]]
| [[FH70]]
|
| [[File:FH 70 155mm gun (6065127314).jpg|150px]]
|[[9×19mm NATO]]
| [[Howitzer]]
|Submachine gun
| {{Flag|Germany}}<br>{{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{FRG}}
| 12
|
|  
|-
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MP7|H&K MP7A1]]
| [[M102 howitzer|M102]]
|
| [[File:Gowen Field Military Heritage Museum, Gowen Field ANGB, Boise, Idaho 2018 (39863109573).jpg|150px]]
|[[HK 4.6×30mm|4.6×30mm]]  
| [[Howitzer]]
|Submachine gun
| {{Flag|United States}}
|{{GER}}
| 36
|
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Assault rifles
! colspan="7"| [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortars]]
|-
|-
|[[INSAS rifle]]
| [[L16 81mm mortar|L16]]<ref name="worldpolicy2000">{{cite web |url=https://worldpolicy.org/2009/11/13/report-profiling-the-small-arms-industry-world-policy-institute-research-project/ |title=Report: Profiling the Small Arms Industry - World Policy Institute - Research Project |date=November 2000 |first1=Frida |last1=Berrigan |first2=Michelle |last2=Ciarrocca |publisher=World Policy Institute |access-date=2018-08-29 |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823105944/https://worldpolicy.org/2009/11/13/report-profiling-the-small-arms-industry-world-policy-institute-research-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|
| [[File:81mmMORT L16.png|150px]]
|
| [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]
|
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{IND}}
| 69
|
|  
|-
|-
|[[Steyr AUG]]
| [[M30 mortar|M30]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance |date=2016 |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781857438352 |page=347}}</ref>
|
| [[File:M30 mortar at the War Remnants Museum.jpg|150px]]
|[[5.56×45mm NATO]]
| [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]
|Bullpup assault rifle
| {{Flag|United States|1924}}
|{{AUT}}
| 20
|
|  
|-
|-
|[[M16 rifle|M16A1]]
| [[Mortier 120 mm Rayé Tracté Modèle F1|Brandt АМ-50]]{{sfn|The Military Balance|2020|p=369}}
|
| [[File:Italian Army - 185th Paratroopers Artillery Regiment "Folgore" exercise Autumn Guardian 2018 02.jpg|150px]]
|[[5.56×45mm NATO]]
| [[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]
|Assault rifle
| {{Flag|France}}
|{{USA}}
| 12
|
|  
|-
|-
|[[M4 carbine]]
| [[2R2M mortar|2R2M]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thales to Supply Fire Support System to Sultanate of Oman |url=https://www.defencetalk.com/thales-to-supply-fire-support-system-to-sultanate-of-oman-14940/ |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=DefenceTalk |language=en-US}}</ref>
|
| [[File:Quartier Général Sabatier - Véhicule 5.JPG|150px]]
|[[5.56×45mm NATO]]
| [[Mortar (weapon)|Heavy Mortar]]
|Carbine
| {{Flag|France}}
|{{USA}}
| 6
|
| Based on [[Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé|VAB 6×6]]chassic
|}
 
=== Air defense ===
====Man-portable air-defense systems====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
|-
|[[Carbon 15]]
! width=14%| Name
|
! width=20%| Image
|[[5.56×45mm NATO]]
! width=14%| Type
|
! width=12%| Origin
|{{USA}}
! width=10%| Quantity
|
! width=24%| Notes
|-
|-
|[[L1A1]]
| [[9K32 Strela-2]]<ref name="2018b">{{cite journal| author=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)| author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies| title=The Military Balance 2018| journal=The Military Balance| volume=118| date=14 February 2018| language=en}}</ref>
|
| [[File:SA-7.jpg|150px]]
|[[7.62×51mm NATO]]
| [[MANPADS]]
|Battle rifle
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|{{GBR}}
|
|
|  
|-
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch G3|H&K G3]]
| [[Blowpipe (missile)|Blowpipe]]
|
| [[File:Blowpipe missile system being field-tested 1973.png|150px]]
|[[7.62×51mm NATO]]
| [[MANPADS]]
|Battle rifle
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{FRG}}
|
|
|  
|-
|-
|[[SIG SG 540]]
| [[Javelin (surface-to-air missile)|Javelin]]<ref>''The Military Balance 2010'' p267</ref>
|
| [[File:Een Britse militair met een Shorts Javelin manpad met drie surface to air missiles tijdens de NATO oefening Cold Grouse van de Multinationale Divisie Central (2107 95100701).jpg|150px]]
|
| [[MANPADS]]
|
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{CHE}}
| 34
|
| Delivered by United Kingdom from 1984
|}
 
====Towed anti-aircraft guns====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Machine guns
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
|-
|[[FN Minimi]]  
| [[ZU-23-2]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Military Balance |date=2017 |volume=117 |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781857439007 |page=397}}</ref>
|
| [[File:Anti-aircraft Guns, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
|[[5.56×45mm NATO]]
| [[Autocannon]]
|[[Squad automatic weapon|SAW]]
| {{Flag|Soviet Union}}
|{{BEL}}
| 4
|
|  
|-
|-
|[[FN MAG]]
| [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Bofors L/60]]{{sfn|The Military Balance|2020|p=369}}
|
| [[File:Ilmatorjuntamuseo 055 - (24696521428).jpg|150px]]
|[[7.62×51mm NATO]]
| [[Autocannon]]
|General-purpose machine gun
| {{Flag|Sweden}}
|{{BEL}}
| 12
|
|  
|-
|-
|[[M2 Browning]]
| [[Oerlikon GDF]]
|
| [[File:Japanese L90 or GDF-002 35 mm twin cannon.jpg|150px]]
|.50 BMG
| [[Autocannon]]
|Heavy machine gun
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
|{{USA}}
| 10
|
|
|}
 
====Surface-to-air missile systems====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Sniper rifles
! width=14%| Name
! width=20%| Image
! width=14%| Type
! width=12%| Origin
! width=10%| Quantity
! width=24%| Notes
|-
|-
|[[Accuracy International Arctic Warfare]]
| [[Rapier (missile)|Rapier]]
|
| [[File:Rapier SAM, Oman 1981.jpg|150px]]
|
| [[Surface-to-air missile]]
|
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{GBR}}
| 28
|
| 600 Rapier-1+ 800 Rapier-2 missiles
|-
|-
|[[Barrett M82]]
| [[Crotale (missile)|Crotale NG]]
|
| [[File:Crotale NG P1220851.jpg|150px]]
|
| [[Surface-to-air missile]]
|
| {{Flag|France}}
|{{USA}}
| Unknown
|
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="6" |Grenade launchers
| [[Mistral (missile)|Mistral]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SULTANATE OF OMAN AWARDED MBDA WITH A NEW CONTRACT |url=https://www.mbda-systems.com/press-releases/sultanate-of-oman-awarded-mbda-with-a-new-contract/ |website=MBDA |access-date=13 April 2022}}</ref>
| [[File:54RA-IMG 9142.jpg|150px]]
| [[Surface-to-air missile]]
| {{Flag|France}}
| 54
|  
|-
|-
|[[M203 grenade launcher|M203]]
| [[NASAMS]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Oman to spend more |url=http://www.janes.com/article/37408/oman-to-spend-more |website=janes.com |publisher=IHS Janes |access-date=30 July 2018 |date=5 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raytheon Receives Contract for Ground Based Air Defense System for Oman |url=http://investor.raytheon.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=84193&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1893112 |website=investor.raytheon.com |access-date=30 July 2018 |date=23 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NASAMS Air Defence System|url=https://www.kongsberg.com/globalassets/kongsberg-defence--aerospace/2.1.-products/defence-and-security/integrated-air-and-missile-defence/nasams-air-defence-system/NASAMS-Brochure.pdf |publisher=Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|
| [[File:Nasams launcher vliegbasis valkenburg NSS.jpg|150px]]
|40mm
| [[Surface-to-air missile]]
|Underslung grenade launcher
| {{Flag|Norway}}<br>{{Flag|United States}}
|{{USA}}
| Unknown
|
|  
|-
|-
|[[M79 grenade launcher|M79]]
| [[Alvis Stormer]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/22/Oman-buys-18-British-tanks/6661740721600/ | title=Oman buys 18 British tanks - UPI Archives }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/oman-buys-alvis-armoured-vehicles-1.434532 | title=Oman buys Alvis armoured vehicles | date=25 July 2019 }}</ref>
|
| [[File:Stormer HVM Starstreak Launcher vehicle pic4.JPG|150px]]
|40mm
| [[Surface-to-air missile]]
|
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{USA}}
| 4
|
|  
|}
|}
===Historical equipment===
====Rifles====
*{{Flag|India}}: [[INSAS rifle|INSAS]] (Former Standard Rifle)<ref name="oman">{{cite news|title=Oman army all set to use India's INSAS rifles|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/oman-army-all-set-to-use-india-s-insas-rifles/article1-534688.aspx|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=29 May 2014|date=22 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313070210/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/oman-army-all-set-to-use-india-s-insas-rifles/article1-534688.aspx|archive-date=13 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
====Tanks====
*{{Flag|Soviet Union}}: 4 [[T-72|T-72M1M]]
====Armored personnel carriers====
*{{Flag|UK}}: 38 [[Alvis Saladin]]
*{{Flag|UK}}: 17 [[FV105 Sultan]]
====Utility vehicles====
*{{Flag|Germany}}: [[Volkswagen Iltis]]
====Field artillery====
*{{Flag|US}}: [[M116 howitzer|M116]]{{sfn|Bidwell|1977|page=31}}
*{{Flag|UK}}: [[BL 5.5-inch medium gun|BL 5.5]]
*{{Flag|UK}}: 40 [[Ordnance QF 25-pounder|QF-25 Pounder]]{{sfn|Nyrop|2008|p=405}}
*{{Flag|USSR}}: 24 [[122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30)|M-30]]


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:49, 25 March 2026


Royal Army of Oman
قوات السلطان المسلحة
Founded1907
Country Oman
AllegianceSultan of Oman
TypeLand force
RoleLand warfare
Size25,000 (2024)[1]
Garrison/HQMuaskar al Murtafaa
WebsiteRoyal Army of Oman
Commanders
Supreme CommanderSultan Haitham bin Tariq
Minister of DefenseShihab bin Tariq Al Said
Armed Forces Chief of StaffVice Adm. Abdullah bin Khamis bin Abdullah Al Raisi
Commander of the RAOMajor Gen. Matar bin Salim bin Rashid al Balushi[2][3][4]
Insignia
Flag of Royal Army of Oman

The Royal Army of Oman (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) is the ground forces component of the Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces. It was founded in 1907 as the Muscat Garrison.[5] It has a current strength of up to 25,000 active personnel.[1]

History[edit | edit source]

Oman has a military history which dates back to the seventh century, when troops from the Alozd tribe were strong enough to help Abu Bakr, companion of the Islamic prophet Mohammed. At the beginning of the seventeenth century there were local forces associated with Ya'ariba dynasty.[6] It was this dynasty, which forced the expulsion of Portuguese from the country in 1650. The Ya'ariba dynasty were responsible for most of the fortified site across what is now the Sultanate of Oman from Musandam in the north to the southern province of Dhofar.

The Royal Army of Oman officially traces its origins back to the formation of the Muscat Garrison in 1907,[7] this local garrison force was developed and became the Muscat Infantry in 1921.[8] An agreement between the Omani and the British governments in 1958 led to the creation of the Sultan's Armed Forces (SAF) and the creation of formally structured Omani army units. At the same time the United Kingdom promised to provide direct assistance in the development of the SAF and its land forces.[9] During the 1960 and 1970s, army units fought in the Dhofar Rebellion alongside British units and[10] it relied on embedded unit-level British military advisors, who saw combat alongside the units they were very much part of.[11] At the end of the Dhofar Rebellion the Omani army became an independent service known as the Sultan of Oman Land Forces in 1976. In 1990, Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said renamed his land forces the Royal Army of Oman (RAO).[12] The RAO frequently exercises with the armed forces of fellow Gulf Cooperation Council nations and other strategic defense partners such as the US and UK.[13]

Ground Forces Organisation[edit | edit source]

According to the latest MoD Telephone Directory published by Omantel,[14] RAO is structured as follows:

Sultan Qaboos in the field observing an army exercise in 1980
Omani Army positions at Sarfayt in 1972, during the Dhofar Rebellion
A British military advisor with Omani soldiers in 1980
Oregon National Guard Training in Oman alongside the Omani Army (U.S. Army Photo by Spc. Cory Grogan, Oregon Military Department Public Affairs)
Omani soldiers and US Marines exercising in 2017
  • HQ RAO at Muaskar al Murtafa'a (MAM) near Seeb[15][16]
  • Two infantry brigades:[17]
    • 11 Brigade (the southern brigade) based in Salalah
    • 23 Brigade (the northern brigade) based at MAM
  • The Sultan's Armour Units (MSO) based at Sultan bin Safy Camp at Shafa, near Izki[18]
  • The Border Guard Brigade with a base in Haima in the Al Wusta Governate[19][20]
  • Infantry
  • Border and Local Security Forces (light infantry role)
    • Western Border Security Force based at Al Qabil
    • Coastal Security Force based at Sur
    • Musandam Security Force (MSF) based at Bukha[23]
    • Rural Security Forces based in Salalah (replaced Firqat Forces)
  • Sultan of Oman's Artillery
    • Northern artillery units based at Izki
    • Southern artillery units based at Thumrait in Dhofar
  • SAF Signals based in MAM (with units supporting 11 Brigade)
  • SAF Engineers based in MAM (with units supporting 11 Brigade)
  • SAF Transport based in Mabela (with units supporting 11 Brigade)
  • SAF Electrical & Mechanical Engineers based in MAM (with units supporting 11 Brigade)
  • SAF Ordnance based in MAM (with units supporting 11 Brigade)
  • SAF Medical Services main hospitals at Al Khoudh (north) and Umm al Ghawarif (south) and other base locations
  • Training Establishments
    • National Defence College Bayt al Falaj, Ruwi, Muscat[24]
    • Military Technical College near Seeb Airport[25]
    • Sultan Qaboos Military College (KSQA) including the RAO Officer Training School based at Aydem in Dhofar[26]
    • Sultan Armed Forces Training Regiment[27]
    • Battle Training Centre - Saiq, Jebel al Akhdhar[28]

Garrison locations[edit | edit source]

Based on locational evidence given in Omantel telephone directory listings (telephone number associations),[14][29] historical recollections of British servicemen[30] and analysis of Google Earth and Google Map imagery and cartographic data[31] the following RAO garrisons have been identified:

Name Wilayat Province Type Unit association Geographic coordinates (lat/long)
Headquarters locations
Muaskar Bayt al Falaj Bayt al Falaj Muscat Headquarters and unit accommodation Office of the Minister Responsible For Defense Affairs 23.610051N 58.544752E
Muaskar al Murtafa'a Al Seeb Muscat Headquarters and unit accommodation HQ COSSAF, HQ RAO, HQ 23 Brigade 23.572877N 58.250439E
Umm al Ghawarif Barracks Salalah Dhofar Headquarters and unit accommodation HQ 11 Brigade and Base Hospital 17.027473N 54.137078E
Haima Barracks Haima Al Wusta Headquarters and unit accommodation HQ Border Guard Force Brigade and force units 19.998067N 56.358130E
Combat unit locations
Shafa Barracks Shafa Al Dakhiliyah Multiple armoured units and support units Sultan of Oman's Armour 22.733322N 57.718340E
Izki Barracks Izki Al Dakhiliyah Multiple artillery units and support units Sultan of Oman's Artillery 22.954081N 57.775505E
Bukha Barracks Bukha Musandam Light infantry unit location Musandam Security Force 26.144753N 56.143521E
Rustaq Barracks Rustaq Al Batinah South Light infantry unit location Sultan of Oman's Parachute Regiment 23.411183N 57.429730E
Bidbid Barracks Bidbid Al Dakhiliyah Infantry unit location Muscat Regiment 23.438529N 58.126797E
Ibri Barracks Ibri Al Dhahirah Infantry unit location Northern Frontier Regiment 23.241060N 56.512264E
Buraimi Fort and Barracks Buraimi Buraimi Infantry unit location Northern Frontier Regiment 24.236837N 55.790218E
Al Qabil Barracks Al Qabil Buraimi Light infantry unit location Western Border Security Force 23.933569N 55.823533E
Nizwa Barracks Nizwa Al Dakhiliyah Infantry unit location Jebel Regiment 22.917048N 57.537668E
Ibra Barracks Ibra Al Sharqiyah North Infantry unit location Desert Regiment 22.738625N 58.505236E
Sur Barracks Sur Al Sharqiyah South Light infantry unit location Coastal Security Force 22.538349N 59.476562E
Bait al Maamoorah Palace Barracks Salalah Dhofar Infantry unit location Southern Oman Regiment 17.046984N 54.219079E
Raysut Barracks Salalah Dhofar Infantry unit location Oman Reconnaissance Regiment 16.946844N 53.995651E
Thumrait Barracks Thumrait Dhofar Infantry unit location Western Frontier Regiment 17.642156N 54.020499E
Mayzunah Barracks Mayzunah Dhofar Infantry unit location Western Frontier Regiment 17.856471N 52.692569E
Sarfayt Base Sarfayt Dhofar Infantry unit location Southern Border Security Force 16.697399N 53.103528E
Support unit locations
Mabela Camp Al Seeb Muscat Transport unit accommodation Sultan's Armed Forces Transport Regiment 23.666388N 58.140895E
Armed Forces Hospital Al Khoudh Muscat Base Hospital Sultan's Armed Forces Medical Services 23.574647N 58.207412E
Training locations
National Defense College Bayt al Falaj Muscat Higher Defense Staff College SAF training site 23.607289N 58.543684E
Aydem Camp Aydem Dhofar Sultan Qaboos Military College Officer and NCO Training Academy 16.990236N 53.358888E
Saiq Camp Saiq, Jebel Akhdar Al Dakhiliyah Infantry training Area RAO training site 23.074098N 57.639172E
Military Technical College Seeb Muscat Military College SAF training site 23.568452N 58.278716E
Cultural and welfare locations
Armed Forces Museum Bayt al Falaj Muscat Historic site and display of military artifacts Defense Museum 23.608479N 58.545949E
Armed Forces Beach Club Seeb Muscat Restaurants, vacation accommodation and function rooms SAF Welfare 23.605869N 58.330261E

Equipment[edit | edit source]

In 2020, Oman spent 11% of GDP on military expenditures.[32]

Oman has one armored brigade (MSO) equipped with the Challenger 2 and the M60A1 and M60A3 tanks.

Between 2001 and 2004 Oman received 174 amphibious light armored vehicles and more than 80 armored VBL from France.[33]

In 2010, Oman started using the INSAS rifles as the official standard rifle, as per a defence agreement signed in 2003 between India and Oman. These rifles have since been replaced and kept in storage.

In May 2013 the United States announced a deal with Oman valued at $2.1 billion to supply a ground-based air defense system.[34]

172 FNSS Pars armoured combat vehicle were ordered for delivery from 2017, with the total amount reaching $500 million.

Oman was reportedly looking to acquire K2 main battle tanks from South Korea. South Korean Defense Company Hyundai Rotem Co. could sell 76 K2 Black Panther Main Battle Tanks to Oman, a deal that could reach an amount up to $884.6 million.

Small arms[edit | edit source]

Name Image Caliber Type Origin Notes
Pistol
Browning Hi-Power[35] 9×19mm Semi-automatic pistol  Belgium
Submachine guns
Sterling L2A3[35] 9×19mm Submachine gun  United Kingdom
Heckler & Koch MP7[35] 4.6×30mm Submachine gun  Germany
Rifles
M16A1[36] 5.56×45 mm Assault rifle  United States
M4 5.56×45mm Carbine
Assault rifle 		 United States
Carbon 15 5.56×45mm Carbine
Assault rifle 		 United States
SIG Sauer SIGM400[37] 5.56×45mm Semi-automatic rifle
Assault rifle 		 United States
Steyr AUG[35] Error creating thumbnail: File with dimensions greater than 12.5 MP 5.56×45mm Bullpup
Assault rifle 		 Austria
FN FAL[35] 7.62×51mm Battle rifle  Belgium
SIG SG 540[35] 7.62×51mm Battle rifle   Switzerland
SKS[38] 7.62×39mm Semi-automatic rifle Template:Country data Soviet Union Mostly limited to use as a ceremonial weapon
Lee-Enfield .303 British Bolt-action rifle  United Kingdom Mostly limited to use as a ceremonial weapon
Sniper and anti-materiel rifles
Barrett M82[39] .50 BMG Anti-materiel rifle  United States
Machine guns
FN MAG[35] 7.62×51mm General-purpose machine gun  Belgium
Browning M2[35] .50 BMG Heavy machine gun  United States
Rocket propelled grenade launchers
LAW 80[35] 94mm Rocket-propelled grenade  United Kingdom
Grenade launchers
M203[35] 40×46mm SR Grenade launcher  United States
M79[35] 40×46mm Grenade launcher  United States

Anti-tank weapons[edit | edit source]

Name Image Type Origin Caliber Notes
MILAN[40] Anti-tank missile  France
 Germany 		370 in service
BGM-71 TOW[41] Anti-tank missile  United States 44 in service
FGM-148 Javelin[42] Anti-tank missile  United States 30 in service

Vehicles[edit | edit source]

Tanks[edit | edit source]

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
Challenger 2[43] Main battle tank  United Kingdom 38
FV4201 Chieftain[44] Main battle tank  United Kingdom 27 Delivered by United Kingdom from 1981 to 1985
M60A1/A3[45] Main battle tank  United States 79
  • 6 M60A1
  • 73 M60A3
FV101 Scorpion[46] Light tank  United Kingdom 120

Reconnaissance[edit | edit source]

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
B1 Centauro[47] Tank destroyer  Italy 9 With 120mm gun

Reconnaissance[edit | edit source]

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
FNSS Pars[48][49] Armoured combat vehicle  Turkey 172 Delivered by Turkey from 2017 to 2020
Mowag Piranha II Armoured fighting vehicle  United Kingdom
  Switzerland 		174

Scout cars[edit | edit source]

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
Panhard VBL[47] Scout car  France 124 8 equipped with BGM-71 TOW

Armored personnel carriers[edit | edit source]

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
Cadillac V-100[50] Armored personnel carrier  United States 15
Fahd[51][52] Armored personnel carrier  Egypt 31
AT105 Saxon[53] Armored personnel carrier  United Kingdom 15
VAB Armored personnel carrier  France 56 4x4 & 6x6 versions. 6 with 2RM 120mm heavy mortar, 6 VAB-VCI, and 8 VAB-VTT
WZ-551[47] Armored personnel carrier  China 50
FV103 Spartan Armored personnel carrier  United Kingdom 34

Engineering vehicles[edit | edit source]

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
CRARRV Armoured Recovery Vehicle  United Kingdom 4
M728 CEV[50] Military engineering vehicle  United States 3
FV106 Samson Armoured recovery vehicle  United Kingdom 3

Utility vehicles[edit | edit source]

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
Humvee LUV  United States Unknown Vehicles sold via the U.S. Foreign Military Sales program
URO VAMTAC LUV  Spain Unknown
Land Rover Defender Utility vehicle  United Kingdom Unknown
Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer Utility vehicle   Switzerland Unknown
KrAZ-255 Utility truck Template:Country data Soviet Union Unknown

Artillery[edit | edit source]

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
Self-propelled artillery
G6 Rhino[54] Self-propelled artillery File:Flag of South Africa (1982–1994).svg South Africa 24
Field artillery
M-46[40] Field gun Template:Country data Soviet Union
 China 		24
  • 12 M-46
  • 12 Type 59–1
L118[55] Field gun  United Kingdom 42
D-30[56] Howitzer Template:Country data Soviet Union 30
FH70 Howitzer  Germany
 United Kingdom 		12
M102 Howitzer  United States 36
Mortars
L16[57] Mortar  United Kingdom 69
M30[58] Mortar  United States 20
Brandt АМ-50[56] Mortar  France 12
2R2M[59] Heavy Mortar  France 6 Based on VAB 6×6chassic

Air defense[edit | edit source]

Man-portable air-defense systems[edit | edit source]

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
9K32 Strela-2[60] MANPADS Template:Country data Soviet Union
Blowpipe MANPADS  United Kingdom
Javelin[61] MANPADS  United Kingdom 34 Delivered by United Kingdom from 1984

Towed anti-aircraft guns[edit | edit source]

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
ZU-23-2[62] Autocannon Template:Country data Soviet Union 4
Bofors L/60[56] Autocannon  Sweden 12
Oerlikon GDF Autocannon   Switzerland 10

Surface-to-air missile systems[edit | edit source]

Name Image Type Origin Quantity Notes
Rapier Surface-to-air missile  United Kingdom 28 600 Rapier-1+ 800 Rapier-2 missiles
Crotale NG Surface-to-air missile  France Unknown
Mistral[63] Surface-to-air missile  France 54
NASAMS[64][65][66] Surface-to-air missile  Norway
 United States 		Unknown
Alvis Stormer[67][68] Surface-to-air missile  United Kingdom 4

Historical equipment[edit | edit source]

Rifles[edit | edit source]

Tanks[edit | edit source]

Armored personnel carriers[edit | edit source]

Utility vehicles[edit | edit source]

Field artillery[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 International Institute for Strategic Studies (2024). The Military Balance 2024. London: Routledge. pp. 376–377. ISBN 978-1-032-78004-7.
  2. ↑ "RAO Commander receives Saudi delegation". Oman Observer. 20 May 2025. Retrieved 23 March 2026.
  3. ↑ "Passing out of Regimental Commanders Course and Junior Command and Staff Course". www.mod.gov.om. MOD Oman. Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  4. ↑ "Commander received at RAO". omaninfo.om. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  5. ↑ "Royal Army of Oman / Royal Oman Land Forces (ROLF)". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  6. ↑ "Al'Yaruba State". www.mofa.gov.om. Archived from the original on 2017-03-09. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  7. ↑ Peterson, J. E. (2016). Oman in the Twentieth Century: Political Foundations of an Emerging State. Routledge. pp. 72–75. ISBN 9781317291732. Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  8. ↑ "About the Royal Army of Oman (RAO)". www.mod.gov.om. Archived from the original on 2017-08-05. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  9. ↑ "Persian Gulf States - Oman - Regional and National Security Considerations". countrystudies.us. US Government. Archived from the original on 2016-11-03. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  10. ↑ "Royal Army of Oman - Equipment". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  11. ↑ Peck, Malcolm C. (2010). The A to Z of the Gulf Arab States. Scarecrow Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9780810876361. Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  12. ↑ "Royal Army of Oman - About Royal Army of Oman (RAO)". www.mod.gov.om. Archived from the original on 2015-12-17. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  13. ↑ Arab, The New. "Oman and UK to hold military exercise next year". alaraby. Archived from the original on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Oman Yellow Pages - Ministry of Defence". www.omantel-yellowpages.com. Omantel. Archived from the original on 2017-08-05. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
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  16. ↑ "Page 4" (PDF). Oman Observer. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
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  18. ↑ Peterson, J. E. (2013). Oman's Insurgencies: The Sultanate's Struggle for Supremacy, Appendix 1. Saqi. ISBN 9780863567025. Archived from the original on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
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  20. ↑ Newspaper, Muscat Daily. "H E Nuamani inspects border guard brigade - Oman". Muscat Daily News. Archived from the original on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
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  24. ↑ "National Defense College About US". www.mod.gov.om. Archived from the original on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  25. ↑ "Sayyid Fahd inaugurates Oman's Military Technical College". Times of Oman. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  26. ↑ "Sultan Qaboos Military College". www.mod.gov.om. Archived from the original on 2017-08-06. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  27. ↑ "RAO celebrates graduation of new recruits". www.mod.gov.om. Archived from the original on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  28. ↑ Searle, Pauline (2016). Dawn Over Oman -Chapter 7, The Mountains. Routledge. ISBN 9781317242093. Archived from the original on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  29. ↑ "Ministry Of Defence Directory". www.directory-oman.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-21. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  30. ↑ Ranger Margaret. Dorrance Publishing. pp. 359–360. ISBN 9781434941213. Archived from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  31. ↑ "Latitude and Longitude Finder on Map Get Coordinates". www.latlong.net. Archived from the original on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  32. ↑ "SIPRI Military Expenditure Database | SIPRI". www.sipri.org. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  33. ↑ "Arms Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org. Archived from the original on 2010-04-14. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  34. ↑ "Joint Statement by the United States and the Government of the Sultanate of Oman". www.defense-aerospace.com. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
  35. ↑ 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  36. ↑ Jane's Special Forces Recognition Guide, Ewen Southby-Tailyour (2005) p. 446.
  37. ↑ "Is This the Ultimate AR-15 Rifle of All Time?". 20 November 2022.
  38. ↑ Miller, David (2001). The Illustrated Directory of 20th Century Guns. Salamander Books Ltd. ISBN 1-84065-245-4.
  39. ↑ Gander, Terry, ed. (2006). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2006–2007. London, UK: Jane's Information Group. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-7106-2755-1.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 The Military Balance. Vol. 120. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Routledge. 2020. pp. 257–504. ISBN 978-0-367-46639-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  41. ↑ "Taiwan and Oman order Raytheon's TOW anti-tank guided missile". Army Recognition. 4 May 2018. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  42. ↑ The World Defence Almanac 2010. Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, US: Monch Publishing Group. 2010. pp. 136, 174, 184, 286, 298, 418, 423. ISBN 9781612000565. ISSN 0722-3226. OCLC 751805929.
  43. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2018). The Military Balance. Vol. 118. Routledge. p. 354. ISBN 9781857439557.
  44. ↑ Trade Register, SIPRI, archived from the original on 14 April 2010, retrieved 31 December 2009, (Search UK to Oman, 1950–2008)
  45. ↑ The Military Balance, 2023, p.346
  46. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2009). The Military Balance. Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 9780415498463.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
  48. ↑ "FNSS Umman'a ilk PARS'ı teslim etti". SVT | Savunma ve Teknoloji (in Türkçe). Archived from the original on 2017-07-15. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
  49. ↑ Binnie, Jeremy (12 July 2017). "Oman receives First Pars III IFVs". IHS Jane's 360. Retrieved 14 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
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  51. ↑ "Oman" (PDF). INSS. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  52. ↑ "Sudan" (PDF). INSS. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-05. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
  53. ↑ "Saxon". Military Today. Archived from the original on 2007-01-18.
  54. ↑ "G6 155mm Self Propelled Howitzer, South Africa". army-technology.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  55. ↑ The Military Balance 2018 p354
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 The Military Balance 2020, p. 369.
  57. ↑ Berrigan, Frida; Ciarrocca, Michelle (November 2000). "Report: Profiling the Small Arms Industry - World Policy Institute - Research Project". World Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 2018-08-29.
  58. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2016). The Military Balance. Routledge. p. 347. ISBN 9781857438352.
  59. ↑ "Thales to Supply Fire Support System to Sultanate of Oman". DefenceTalk. Retrieved 2024-11-11.
  60. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (14 February 2018). "The Military Balance 2018". The Military Balance. 118.
  61. ↑ The Military Balance 2010 p267
  62. ↑ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2017). The Military Balance. Vol. 117. Routledge. p. 397. ISBN 9781857439007.
  63. ↑ "SULTANATE OF OMAN AWARDED MBDA WITH A NEW CONTRACT". MBDA. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  64. ↑ "Oman to spend more". janes.com. IHS Janes. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  65. ↑ "Raytheon Receives Contract for Ground Based Air Defense System for Oman". investor.raytheon.com. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  66. ↑ "NASAMS Air Defence System" (PDF). Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
  67. ↑ "Oman buys 18 British tanks - UPI Archives".
  68. ↑ "Oman buys Alvis armoured vehicles". 25 July 2019.
  69. ↑ "Oman army all set to use India's INSAS rifles". Hindustan Times. 22 April 2010. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
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  71. ↑ Nyrop 2008, p. 405.
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