Flora and fauna of Madhya Pradesh: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|none}} <!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! -->
[[Image:Forests of MP.JPG|thumb|300px|Forest in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Image:Forests of MP.JPG|thumb|300px|Forest in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Image:Hinglajgarh Forest.jpg|thumb|300px|Hinglaj Fort surrounded by Deep Mixed Forests in [[Mandsaur]]]]
[[Image:Hinglajgarh Forest.jpg|thumb|300px|Hinglaj Fort surrounded by deep mixed forests in [[Mandsaur]]]]
[[Madhya Pradesh]], often called the ''Heart of India'', is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in central [[India]]. Its capital is [[Bhopal]]. Madhya Pradesh was originally the largest state in India until November 1, 2000 when the state of [[Chhattisgarh]] was carved out. It borders the states [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]].
[[Madhya Pradesh]], often called the "Heart of India", is a [[States and territories of India|state]] in central [[India]]. Its capital is [[Bhopal]]. Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India until 1 November 2000 when the state of [[Chhattisgarh]] was carved out. It borders the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]].
 
== Forest statistics ==
Lying between latitude 55°04'N-26.87°N and longitude 74°02'-82°49' E, it is a reservoir of biodiversity. The geographical area of the state is 308,252&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> which constitutes 9.38% of the land area of the country. The forest area of the state is 95,221&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> constituting 30.71% of the geographical area of the state and 12.44% of the forest area of the country. Legally this area has been classified into "Reserved Forest, Protected Forest and Unclassified Forest", which constitute respectively51.7%, 37.4% and 0.9% of the forest area respectively. Per capita forest area is 2,400 m<sup>2</sup> as against the national average of 700 m<sup>2</sup>
 
As per the latest estimates of Forest Survey of India, published in the State of Forest Report (IFSR) 2017, the total forest cover of M.P. is 77,414&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>., which is 25.11% of the total land area .
 
Recorded forest area as per state records 2013 is 94,689.38&nbsp;km<sup>2 .</sup>
 
One third of the state is forested and offers an exciting panorama of wildlife. In the national parks of Kanha National Park|Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Shivpuri and many others, one has the rare opportunity to see the tiger, bison and a wide variety of deer and antelope in sylvan surroundings. There are ten national parks and twenty five wildlife sanctuaries.


== Forest composition ==
== Forest composition ==
Image:Amarkantak3.jpg|thumb|300px|Mixed forests at Amarkantak
[[Image:Amarkantak3.jpg|thumb|300px|Mixed forests at Amarkantak]]
Central, eastern and southern parts of the state are rich, whereas northern and western parts are deficient in forest.
Variability in climatic and edaphic conditions brings about significant difference in the forest types of the state. There are four important forest types: Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist, Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|tropical dry, tropical thorn and subtropical broadleaved hill forests
The forest area can also be classified based on the composition of forest and terrain of the area. Based on composition, there are three important forest formations: teak forest, Sal tree|sal forest, and miscellaneous forest. Bamboo bearing areas are widely distributed in the state. To obviate pressure on the natural forests, plantations have been undertaken in forest and non forest areas to supplement the availability of fuel wood, small timber, fodder etc. Madhya Pradesh lost a good amount of forest recently when Chhattisgarh was carved out of it, as that region was the richest in forest.
 
'''Teak''' - ''[[Tectona grandis]]'' (common teak) is by far the most important timber species, with a wide distribution in Madhya Pradesh. It is found in following districts, namely Indore, Khandwa, Harda, Dewas, Sehore, Bhopal, Raisen, Vidisha,
Betul, Hoshangaba, Chhindwara, Seoni, Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori, Shahdol, Umaria, Jabalpur, Damoh, Panna, Chhatarpur, Sagar, Satna, Rewa and Sidhi.
 
'''Sal''' - [[Sal tree|Sal]] or sakhu (''Shorea robusta'') is another important timber species in Madhya Pradesh. It is a large evergreen tree belonging to the family dipterocarpaceae. Sal forests of Madhya Pradesh are ecologically very important as they mark the termination of the great sal zone of the Central Indian Peninsula. Sal forests are located in the eastern part of the state while teak forests are localised in the western part. In between, there is a transition belt of mixed miscellaneous forests. There are also areas where teak and sal both species occur naturally mixed together forming unique ecosystem. Sal forests occupy an area of 7244&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, which is about 7.6% of the total forest area of the state. The sal forests are confined to the eastern part of the state in the districts Rewa, Sidhi, Umaria, Anuppur and southwards in districts Balaghat, Mandla, Dindori, and Jabalpur and occupy all ranges of Maikal and the highlands of Balaghat. Sal forests are also distributed in and around Pachmarhi in Hoshangabad and Chhindwara districts.<ref>A.P. Dwivedi: Sal Borer Calamity, a case of M.P. and Chhatisgarh, Sai Publication Bhopal, 2005. p.7</ref>
 
'''Mixed forests''' - The maximum forest cover in the state is that of [[mixed forests]], which includes teak (''[[Tectona grandis]]'') or [[Sal tree|sal]] (''Shorea robusta'') mixed with other species like saja (''[[Terminalia tomentosa]]''), bija (''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]''), [[lendia]] (''[[Lagerstroemia parviflora]]''), haldu (''[[Haldina cordifolia]]''), dhaora (''[[Anogeissus latifolia]]''), salai (''[[Boswellia serrata]]''), aonla (''[[Emblica officinalis]]''), amaltas (''[[Cassia fistula]]''), gamhar (''[[Gmelina arborea]]''), etc. Dazzling white kulu (''[[Sterculia urens]]'') trees scattered around stand out conspicuously among the various hues of green. The ground is covered with maze of [[grasses]], plants, bushes and saplings.[http://www.vijaysar.net Pterocarpus marsupium] is also used for control of blood sugar in Diabetes since ancient times in India.
 
'''Bamboo''' - [[Bamboo]] is also found at places in Madhya Pradesh forests. Normally ''[[Dendrocalamus strictus]]'' is the main bamboo species found overlapping with other species. It is distributed over Balaghat, Seoni, Chhindwara, Betul, Mandla and Shahdol districts.
 
'''Khair''' - Khair (''[[Acacia catechu]]'') trees are found in Jabalpur, Sagar, Damoh, Umaria, Hoshangabad, Guna, Shivpuri, Sheopur, Morena, Gwalior etc.  Khair trees are used as a raw material for preparation of [[catechu]] or kattha.
 
'''NWFP''' - There are many important non-wood forest products (NWFP) found in the forests e.g. tendu leaves or bidi leaves (''[[Diospyros melonoxylon]]''), sal seed (''[[Shorea robusta]]''), chebulic myrobolan or harra (''[[Terminalia chebula]]''), gum, chironji (''[[Buchanania lanzan]]''), flower and seeds of mahua (''[[Madhuca indica]]'') and flowers, seeds, bark and roots of various plant species. Tendu leaves, sal seed and gums are nationalised forest produce in Madhya Pradesh whereas the other NWFP are non-nationalised. These non-nationalised NWFP can be collected and traded freely. The collection and trade of nationalised forest produce is regulated by the state.


[[Shorea robusta|Sal]], [[bamboo]], [[Senegalia catechu|khair]].
[[File:Diospyros melanoxylon Tendu.jpg|thumb|Tendu patta (leaf) collection]]
[[File:Diospyros melanoxylon Tendu.jpg|thumb|Tendu patta (leaf) collection]]


'''Medicinal plants''' - Medicinal trees and plants of various kinds are found in abundance in the forests of Madhya Pradesh. Important ones are: ''[[Aegle marmelos]]'', ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'', ''[[Bixa orellana]]'', ''[[Butea monosperma]]'', ''[[Asparagus racemosus]]'', ''[[Argemone mexicana]]'', ''[[Buchanania lanzan]]'', ''[[Aloe barbadensis]]'', ''[[Acorus calamus]]'', ''[[Cassia tora]]'', ''[[Curculigo orchioides]]'', ''[[Curcuma longa]]'', ''[[Embelia ribes]]'', ''[[Clitoria ternatea]]'', ''[[Mangifera indica]]'', ''[[Cassia fistula]]'', ''[[Evolvulus alsinoides]]'', ''[[Commiphora mukul]]'', ''[[Helicteres isora]]'', ''[[Holorrhaena antidysenterica]]'', ''[[Glycyrrhiza glabra]]'', ''[[Woodfordia fruticosa]]'',. ''[[Dioscorea spp]]'', ''[[Plumbago zeylaniea]]'', ''[[Terminalia bellirica]]'', ''[[Tamarindus indica]]'', ''[[Mucuna pruriens]]'', ''[[Pongamia pinnata]]'', ''[[Terminalia bellirica]]'', ''[[Psoralea corylifolia]]'', ''[[Phyllanthus embilica]]'', ''[[Ocimum americanum]]'', ''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]'', ''[[Tinospora cardifolio]]'', ''[[Withania somnifera]]'', ''[[Swertia chirayita]]'', ''[[Tribulus terrestres]]'', ''[[Chlorophytum tuberosum]]'', ''[[Cyprus rotundus]]''.
===Medicinal plants===
Medicinal trees and plants are found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh. Important ones are: ''[[Aegle marmelos]]'', ''[[Azadirachta indica]]'', ''[[Bixa orellana]]'', ''[[Butea monosperma]]'', ''[[Asparagus racemosus]]'', ''[[Argemone mexicana]]'', ''[[Buchanania lanzan]]'', ''[[Aloe barbadensis]]'', ''[[Acorus calamus]]'', ''[[Cassia tora]]'', ''[[Curculigo orchioides]]'', ''[[Curcuma longa]]'', ''[[Embelia ribes]]'', ''[[Clitoria ternatea]]'', ''[[Mangifera indica]]'', ''[[Cassia fistula]]'', ''[[Evolvulus alsinoides]]'', ''[[Commiphora mukul]]'', ''[[Helicteres isora]]'', ''Holorrhaena antidysenterica'', ''[[Glycyrrhiza glabra]]'', ''[[Woodfordia fruticosa]]'',. ''[[Dioscorea spp]]'', ''Plumbago zeylaniea'', ''[[Terminalia bellirica]]'', ''[[Tamarindus indica]]'', ''[[Mucuna pruriens]]'', ''[[Pongamia pinnata]]'', ''[[Terminalia bellirica]]'', ''[[Psoralea corylifolia]]'', ''Phyllanthus embilica'', ''[[Ocimum americanum]]'', ''[[Rauvolfia serpentina]]'', ''Tinospora cardifolio'', ''[[Withania somnifera]]'', ''[[Swertia chirayita]]'', ''Tribulus terrestres'', ''[[Chlorophytum tuberosum]]'', and ''Cyprus rotundus''.


== Forest growing stock ==
== Forest growing stock ==
[[File:Fort Bandhavgarh National Park Madhya Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Bandhavgarh National Park]]]]
[[File:Fort Bandhavgarh National Park Madhya Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Bandhavgarh National Park]]]]
The total growing stock (volume of timber / wood) is 50,000,000 m<sup>3</sup> valued worth Rs 2.5 lakh Crores.
The total growing stock (volume of timber / wood) is 50,000,000 m<sup>3</sup> valued worth Rs 2.5 [[lakh]] [[crore]]s


== Protected areas ==
== Protected areas ==
Madhya Pradesh is home to 11 [[National parks of India|national parks]], including [[Bandhavgarh National Park]], [[Kanha National Park]], [[Satpura National Park]], [[Sanjay National Park]], [[Madhav National Park]], [[Van Vihar National Park]], [[Mandla Plant Fossils National Park]], [[Panna National Park]], [[Pench National Park]], [[Kuno National Park]] and dinosaur fossil National Park Madhya Pradesh.


Madhya Pradesh is home to 9 [[National parks of India|national parks]], including [[Bandhavgarh National Park]], [[Kanha National Park]], [[Satpura National Park]], [[Sanjay National Park]], [[Madhav National Park]], [[Van Vihar National Park]], [[Mandla Plant Fossils National Park]], [[Panna National Park]], and [[Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh]].
There are also a number of natural preserves, including [[Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve]], [[Patalkot, Madhya Pradesh|Patalkot]], [[Bagh Caves]], [[Bhedaghat]], [[Bori Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Ken Gharial Sanctuary]], [[Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Narwar]], [[National Chambal Sanctuary]], Kukdeshwar, Chidi Kho, [[Narsinghpur|Narsinghgarh]], [[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve]], Panpatha, Shikarganj, and Tamia.


There are also a number of natural preserves, including [[Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve]], [[Patalkot, Madhya Pradesh|Patalkot]], [[Bagh Caves]], [[Bhedaghat]], [[Bori Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Ken Gharial Sanctuary]], [[Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Narwar]], [[National Chambal Sanctuary]], [[Kukdeshwar]], [[Narsinghpur|Narsinghgarh]], [[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve]], Panpatha, Shikarganj, and Tamia.
== National parks and their fauna ==
There are 11 [[national parks]] and 24 [[sanctuaries]] spread over an area of 94,3489 km<sup>2</sup> constituting 12.27% of the total forest area and 3.52% of the geographical area of the state.


== National Parks and their Fauna ==
*[[Kanha National Park|Kanha]], [[Bandhavgarh National Park|Bandhavgarh]], [[Pench National Park|Pench]], [[Panna National Park|Panna]], and [[Satpura National Park]] are managed as [[Project Tiger]] areas.
There are 11 [[National Parks]] and 25 [[Sanctuaries]] spread over an area of 10,862&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> constituting 11.40% of the total forest area and 3.52% of the geographical area of the state. Efforts are under way to increase the Protected Area network to 15% of the forest or 5% of the geographical.
 
There is a network of Protected Areas representative of bio-geographical zones. Special efforts have been made towards conservation of highly endangered species in the following National Parks and sanctuaries:
 
*[[Kanha National Park|Kanha]], [[Bandhavgarh National Park|Bandhavgarh]], [[Pench National Park|Pench]], [[Panna National Park|Panna]], and [[Satpura National Park]] are managed as project tiger areas.
*Sardarpur sanctuary in [[Dhar]] and [[Sailana]] are managed for conservation of kharmore or [[lesser florican]].
*Sardarpur sanctuary in [[Dhar]] and [[Sailana]] are managed for conservation of kharmore or [[lesser florican]].
*Ghatigaon sanctuary is managed for [[great Indian bustard]] or Son Chiriya.
*Ghatigaon sanctuary is managed for [[great Indian bustard]] or son chiriya.
*[[National Chambal Sanctuary]] is managed for conservation of [[gharial]] and [[crocodile]], [[river dolphin]], [[smooth-coated otter]] and a number of [[turtle]] species.
*[[National Chambal Sanctuary]] is managed for conservation of [[gharial]] and [[crocodile]], [[river dolphin]], [[smooth-coated otter]] and a number of [[turtle]] species.
*Ken-gharial and Son-gharial sanctuaries are managed for conservation of [[gharial]] and mugger.
*Ken-gharial and Son-gharial sanctuaries are managed for conservation of [[gharial]] and mugger.
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{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Name of National Park !! Area !! Location !! Established !! Fauna
! Name of national park !! Area !! Location !! Established !! Fauna
|-
|-
| [[Kanha National Park]] || 940&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Mandla]] || 1955 || [[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[gaur]], [[chital]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[barking deer]], [[swamp deer]], ([[barasingha]]), [[wild boar]] and a variety of upland birds.
| [[Kanha National Park]] || 940&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Mandla]] || 1955 ||
[[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[gaur]], [[chital]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[barking deer]], [[swamp deer]], ([[barasingha]]), [[wild boar]] and a variety of upland birds.
|-
|-
| [[Bandhavgarh National Park]] || 437&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Umaria]] || 1968 ||
| [[Bandhavgarh National Park]] || 437&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Umaria]] || 1968 ||
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[[leopard|Panther]], [[chital]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[blackbuck]], [[chausingha]], [[wild boar]], [[crocodile]]s in lake, and a variety of upland birds.
[[leopard|Panther]], [[chital]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[blackbuck]], [[chausingha]], [[wild boar]], [[crocodile]]s in lake, and a variety of upland birds.
|-
|-
| [[Sanjay National Park]]|| 467&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Sidhi]] || - ||
| [[Sanjay National Park]]|| 467&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Sidhi]] || 1981 ||
[[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[chital]], [[gaur]], etc.
[[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[chital]], [[gaur]], etc.
|-
|-
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[[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[lion]], [[bear]], [[hyena]], etc.
[[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[lion]], [[bear]], [[hyena]], etc.
|-
|-
| [[Panna National Park]] || 543&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Panna, Madhya Pradesh|Panna]], [[Chhatarpur]] || - ||
| [[Panna National Park]] || 543&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Panna, Madhya Pradesh|Panna]], [[Chhatarpur]] || 1981 ||
[[Tiger]], [[chital]], [[chinkara]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]] and [[sloth bear]].
[[Tiger]], [[chital]], [[chinkara]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]] and [[sloth bear]].
|-
|-
| [[Satpura National Park]] || 524&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Pachmarhi]] || 1981 ||
| [[Satpura National Park]] || 524&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Pachmarhi]] || 1981 ||
[[Tiger]], [[leopard]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[chital]], [[bherki]], [[nilgai]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[chinkara]], [[bison]] (gour), [[wild boar]], [[dhole|wild dog]], [[bear]], [[blackbuck]], [[fox]], [[porcupine]], [[flying squirrel]], [[mouse deer]], [[Indian giant squirrel]], etc.
[[Tiger]], [[leopard]], [[sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[chital]], bherki, [[nilgai]], [[four-horned antelope]], [[chinkara]], [[bison]] (gour), [[wild boar]], [[dhole|wild dog]], [[bear]], [[blackbuck]], [[fox]], [[porcupine]], [[flying squirrel]], [[mouse deer]], [[Indian giant squirrel]], etc.
|-
|-
| [[Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh|Pench National Park]] ||293&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Seoni]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]||1983 ||
| [[Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh|Pench National Park]] ||293&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Seoni]], [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]||1975 ||
[[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[bison]], [[chital]], [[sambar (deer)|sambhar]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[barking deer]], [[chowsingha]], [[wild boar]] and a variety of upland birds.
[[Tiger]], [[leopard|panther]], [[bison]], [[chital]], [[sambar (deer)|sambhar]], [[nilgai]], [[chinkara]], [[barking deer]], [[chowsingha]], [[wild boar]] and a variety of upland birds.
|-
|-
| [[Mandla Plant Fossils National Park]] || 0.27&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Mandla]] || -  ||
| [[Ghughua Fossil Park|Ghughua Fossil National Park]]|| 0.27&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> || [[Dindori district|Dindori]]|| 1983 ||
Plant fossils
Plant fossils
|-
|Dinosaur Fossils National Park
|0.89 km<sup>2</sup>
|[[Dhar district, India|Dhar]]
|2011
|
|-
|[[Kuno National Park]]
|748.76 km<sup>2</sup>
|[[Sheopur district|Sheopur]]
|2018
|
|-
| Omkareshwar National Park
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
However, once upon a time Satpura region, now famous for numerous tiger reserves, was ruled by wild Indian elephant and lions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banglalive.com/News/SpecialNewsDetail/5966 |title=Though Kanha or Satpura region is famous as tiger reserve, once upon a time it used to be ruled by Elephants |accessdate=2013-08-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811081304/http://www.banglalive.com/News/SpecialNewsDetail/5966 |archivedate=2013-08-11 |lang=bn}}</ref>


== List of sanctuaries ==
== List of sanctuaries ==
There are 30 Wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh. They are the following:<ref>{{cite web
There are 30 wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://mpforest.org/wildlife.html
|url=http://mpforest.org/wildlife.html
|title=Wild Life
|title=Wild Life
Line 98: Line 90:
|accessdate=14 September 2016
|accessdate=14 September 2016
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
*[[Bori Wildlife Sanctuary]] {{convert|518.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Bori Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Narmadapuram) {{convert|518.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*Bagdara Sanctuary (Sidhi) {{convert|478.90|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Bagdara Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Singrauli) {{convert|478.90|km2|abbr=on}}
*Phen Sanctuary (Mandla) {{convert|110.74|km2|abbr=on}}
*Phen Sanctuary (Mandla) {{convert|110.74|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Ghatigaon Sanctuary]] (Gwalior) {{convert|512.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Ghatigaon Sanctuary]] (Gwalior) {{convert|512.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary]] (Mandsaur) {{convert|368.62|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary]] (Mandsaur, Neemuch) {{convert|368.62|km2|abbr=on}}
*Karera Sanctuary (Shivpuri) {{convert|202.21|km2|abbr=on}}
*Karera Sanctuary (Shivpuri) {{convert|202.21|km2|abbr=on}}
* [[Ken Gharial Sanctuary]] (Chhatarpur, Panna) {{convert|45.00|km2|abbr=on}}
* [[Ken Gharial Sanctuary]] (Chhatarpur, Panna) {{convert|45.00|km2|abbr=on}}
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*Narsingharh Sanctuary (Rajgarh) {{convert|57.19|km2|abbr=on}}
*Narsingharh Sanctuary (Rajgarh) {{convert|57.19|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[National Chambal Sanctuary]] (Morena) {{convert|320.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[National Chambal Sanctuary]] (Morena) {{convert|320.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Sagar) {{convert|1194.67|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Sagar, Damoh, Narsinghpur) {{convert|1194.67|km2|abbr=on}}
*Pachmarhi Sanctuary (Hoshangabad) {{convert|461.85|km2|abbr=on}}
*Pachmarhi Sanctuary (Narmadapuram) {{convert|461.85|km2|abbr=on}}
*Panpatha Sanctuary (Shahdol) {{convert|245.84|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Panpatha Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Umaria) {{convert|245.84|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Morena) {{convert|345.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Sheopur) {{convert|345.00|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Pench National Park]] (Seoni, Chhindwara) {{convert|449.39|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Pench National Park]] (Seoni) {{convert|449.39|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Ratapani Tiger Reserve]] (Raisen) {{convert|823.84|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Ratapani Tiger Reserve]] (Raisen, Sehore) {{convert|823.84|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Sanjay National Park#Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve|Sanjay-Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Sidhi) {{convert|364.69|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Sanjay National Park#Sanjay-Dubri Tiger Reserve|Sanjay-Dubri Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Sidhi) {{convert|364.69|km2|abbr=on}}
*Singhori Sanctuary (Raisen) {{convert|287.91|km2|abbr=on}}
*Singhori Sanctuary (Raisen) {{convert|287.91|km2|abbr=on}}
*Son Ghariyal Sanctuary (Sidhi) {{convert|41.80|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Son Gharial Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Sidhi) {{convert|41.80|km2|abbr=on}}
*Sardarpur Sanctuary (Dhar) {{convert|348.12|km2|abbr=on}}
*Sardarpur Sanctuary (Dhar) {{convert|348.12|km2|abbr=on}}
*Sailana Sanctuary (Ratlam) {{convert|12.96|km2|abbr=on}}
*Sailana Sanctuary (Ratlam) {{convert|12.96|km2|abbr=on}}
* [[Ralamandal Wildlife Sanctuary|Ralamandal wildlife Sanctuary]] (Indore) {{convert|5|km2|abbr=on}}
* [[Ralamandal Wildlife Sanctuary|Ralamandal wildlife Sanctuary]] (Indore) {{convert|5|km2|abbr=on}}
*Orchha Sanctuary (Tikamgarh) {{convert|46|km2|abbr=on}}
*[[Orchha Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Niwari) {{convert|46|km2|abbr=on}}
*Gangau Sanctuary, (Panna and Chhatarpur) {{convert|69|km2|abbr=on}}
*Gangau Sanctuary (Panna) {{convert|69|km2|abbr=on}}
*Veerangna Durgawati Sanctuary (Damoh){{convert|24|km2|abbr=on}}
*Veerangna Durgawati Sanctuary (Damoh) {{convert|24|km2|abbr=on}}


== Climate ==
== Climate ==
Madhya Pradesh has a subtropical climate. Like most of north India, it has a hot dry summer (April–June) followed by monsoon rains (July–September) and a cool and relatively dry winter. The average rainfall is about 1,370&nbsp;mm (53.9&nbsp;in). It decreases from east to west. The south-eastern districts have the heaviest rainfall, some places receiving as much as 2,150&nbsp;mm (84.6&nbsp;in), while the western and north-western districts receive 1,000&nbsp;mm (39.4&nbsp;in) or less.
Madhya Pradesh has a subtropical climate. Like most of north India, it has a hot, dry summer (April–June) followed by the monsoon rains (July–September), and a cool and relatively dry winter. The average rainfall is about 1,370&nbsp;mm (53.9&nbsp;in). It decreases from east to west. The south-eastern districts have the heaviest rainfall, some places receiving as much as 2,150&nbsp;mm (84.6&nbsp;in), while the western and north-western districts receive 1,000&nbsp;mm (39.4&nbsp;in) or less.


== The Tribals and Forests ==
== Tribals and forests ==
{{Main|Tribals in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Main|Tribals in Madhya Pradesh}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Jhabua tribe.jpg|thumb|300px|A [[Bhil]] tribe in Jhabua forests]] -->
The tribal population is an integral part of the biodiversity of the forests since ages. A large number of ethnic aboriginal tribes are there who live in and around forests in Madhya Pradesh. The main tribal groups are:
The tribal population is an integral part of the biodiversity of the forests since ages. A large number of ethnic aboriginal tribes are there who live in and around forests in Madhya Pradesh. The main tribal groups are:


Line 135: Line 126:
**[[Barela]]s
**[[Barela]]s
**[[Bhilala]]s
**[[Bhilala]]s
**[[Patliya]]
**Patliya
*[[Korku people|Korku]]
*[[Korku people|Korku]]
**[[Movasiruma]]
**Movasiruma
**[[Nahala people|Nahala]]
**Nahala
**[[Vavari]]
**Vavari
**[[Bodoya]]
**Bodoya
*[[Agaria]]
*[[Agaria]]
*[[Baiga (tribe)|Baiga]]
*[[Baiga (tribe)|Baiga]]
**[[Bijhwar]]
**Bijhwar
**[[Narotia]]
**Narotia
**[[Bharotiya]]
**Bharotiya
**[[Nahar people|Nahar]]
**Nahar
**[[Rai Bhaina]]
**Rai Bhaina
**[[Kadh Bhaina]]
**Kadh Bhaina
*[[Kaul]]
*[[Kaul]]
**[[Rohiya]]
**Rohiya
**[[Rauthail]]
**Rauthail
*[[Saharia]]
*[[Saharia]]
*[[Bharia people|Bharia]]
*[[Bharia people|Bharia]]
**[[Bhumiya]]
**[[Bhumiya]]
**[[Bhuihar]]
**Bhuihar
**[[Pando tribe|Pando]]
**Pando
*[[Gondi people|Gond]]
*[[Gondi people|Gond]]
**[[Pardhan people|Pardhan]]
**Pardhan
**[[Agariya people|Agariya]]
**[[Agariya people|Agariya]]
**[[Ojha]]
**[[Ojha]]
**[[Nagarchi]]
**Nagarchi
**[[Solha]]s
**Solhas
*[[Halba people|Halba]]
*[[Halba people|Halba]]
**Halbi
**Halbi
**[[Bastariya]]
**Bastariya
**[[Chhatisgarhiya]]
**Chhatisgarhiya
*[[Maria language (India)|Mariya]]
*[[Maria language (India)|Mariya]]
**[[Abujh Mariya]],
**Abujh Mariya,
**[[Dandami Mariya]],
**Dandami Mariya,
**[[Metakoitur]]
**Metakoitur


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 182: Line 173:
Image:Gamhar.jpg|''[[Gmelina arborea]]''
Image:Gamhar.jpg|''[[Gmelina arborea]]''
Image:Satpura1.jpg|[[Satpura Range]]
Image:Satpura1.jpg|[[Satpura Range]]
Image:Terpsiphone paradisi.jpg|[[Indian paradise flycatcher]]
Image:Terpsiphone paradisi.jpg|[[Indian paradise flycatcher]]
Image:Sonchiriya.jpg|[[Great Indian bustard]]
Image:Sonchiriya.jpg|[[Great Indian bustard]]
</gallery>
</gallery>
Line 192: Line 181:
* [http://www.forest.mp.gov.in/ Madhya Pradesh Forest Department]
* [http://www.forest.mp.gov.in/ Madhya Pradesh Forest Department]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070630102133/http://www.mfpfederation.com/content/about_us.html Minor Forest Produce Federation Madhya Pradesh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070630102133/http://www.mfpfederation.com/content/about_us.html Minor Forest Produce Federation Madhya Pradesh]
* Madhya Pradesh A to Z, Madhya Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation, Cross Section Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 1994
* ''Madhya Pradesh A to Z'', Madhya Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation, Cross Section Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 1994


[[Category:Flora of Madhya Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Flora of Madhya Pradesh| ]]

Latest revision as of 16:38, 22 November 2025


Forest in Madhya Pradesh
Hinglaj Fort surrounded by deep mixed forests in Mandsaur

Madhya Pradesh, often called the "Heart of India", is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal. Madhya Pradesh was the largest state in India until 1 November 2000 when the state of Chhattisgarh was carved out. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Forest composition[edit | edit source]

Mixed forests at Amarkantak

Sal, bamboo, khair.

Tendu patta (leaf) collection

Medicinal plants[edit | edit source]

Medicinal trees and plants are found in the forests of Madhya Pradesh. Important ones are: Aegle marmelos, Azadirachta indica, Bixa orellana, Butea monosperma, Asparagus racemosus, Argemone mexicana, Buchanania lanzan, Aloe barbadensis, Acorus calamus, Cassia tora, Curculigo orchioides, Curcuma longa, Embelia ribes, Clitoria ternatea, Mangifera indica, Cassia fistula, Evolvulus alsinoides, Commiphora mukul, Helicteres isora, Holorrhaena antidysenterica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Woodfordia fruticosa,. Dioscorea spp, Plumbago zeylaniea, Terminalia bellirica, Tamarindus indica, Mucuna pruriens, Pongamia pinnata, Terminalia bellirica, Psoralea corylifolia, Phyllanthus embilica, Ocimum americanum, Rauvolfia serpentina, Tinospora cardifolio, Withania somnifera, Swertia chirayita, Tribulus terrestres, Chlorophytum tuberosum, and Cyprus rotundus.

Forest growing stock[edit | edit source]

Bandhavgarh National Park

The total growing stock (volume of timber / wood) is 50,000,000 m3 valued worth Rs 2.5 lakh crores

Protected areas[edit | edit source]

Madhya Pradesh is home to 11 national parks, including Bandhavgarh National Park, Kanha National Park, Satpura National Park, Sanjay National Park, Madhav National Park, Van Vihar National Park, Mandla Plant Fossils National Park, Panna National Park, Pench National Park, Kuno National Park and dinosaur fossil National Park Madhya Pradesh.

There are also a number of natural preserves, including Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, Patalkot, Bagh Caves, Bhedaghat, Bori Wildlife Sanctuary, Ken Gharial Sanctuary, Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary, Kuno-Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary, Narwar, National Chambal Sanctuary, Kukdeshwar, Chidi Kho, Narsinghgarh, Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary, Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, Panpatha, Shikarganj, and Tamia.

National parks and their fauna[edit | edit source]

There are 11 national parks and 24 sanctuaries spread over an area of 94,3489 km2 constituting 12.27% of the total forest area and 3.52% of the geographical area of the state.

Name of national park Area Location Established Fauna
Kanha National Park 940 km2 Mandla 1955

Tiger, panther, gaur, chital, sambar, nilgai, chinkara, barking deer, swamp deer, (barasingha), wild boar and a variety of upland birds.

Bandhavgarh National Park 437 km2 Umaria 1968

Tiger, panther, gaur, chital, sambar, nilgai, chinkara, barking deer, wild boar and a variety of upland birds.

Madhav National Park 354 km2 Shivpuri 1959

Panther, chital, sambar, nilgai, chinkara, blackbuck, chausingha, wild boar, crocodiles in lake, and a variety of upland birds.

Sanjay National Park 467 km2 Sidhi 1981

Tiger, panther, sambar, chital, gaur, etc.

Van Vihar National Park 4.45 km2 Bhopal 1983

Tiger, panther, lion, bear, hyena, etc.

Panna National Park 543 km2 Panna, Chhatarpur 1981

Tiger, chital, chinkara, sambar and sloth bear.

Satpura National Park 524 km2 Pachmarhi 1981

Tiger, leopard, sambar, chital, bherki, nilgai, four-horned antelope, chinkara, bison (gour), wild boar, wild dog, bear, blackbuck, fox, porcupine, flying squirrel, mouse deer, Indian giant squirrel, etc.

Pench National Park 293 km2 Seoni, Chhindwara 1975

Tiger, panther, bison, chital, sambhar, nilgai, chinkara, barking deer, chowsingha, wild boar and a variety of upland birds.

Ghughua Fossil National Park 0.27 km2 Dindori 1983

Plant fossils

Dinosaur Fossils National Park 0.89 km2 Dhar 2011
Kuno National Park 748.76 km2 Sheopur 2018
Omkareshwar National Park

List of sanctuaries[edit | edit source]

There are 30 wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh:[1]

Climate[edit | edit source]

Madhya Pradesh has a subtropical climate. Like most of north India, it has a hot, dry summer (April–June) followed by the monsoon rains (July–September), and a cool and relatively dry winter. The average rainfall is about 1,370 mm (53.9 in). It decreases from east to west. The south-eastern districts have the heaviest rainfall, some places receiving as much as 2,150 mm (84.6 in), while the western and north-western districts receive 1,000 mm (39.4 in) or less.

Tribals and forests[edit | edit source]

Main article: Tribals in Madhya Pradesh

The tribal population is an integral part of the biodiversity of the forests since ages. A large number of ethnic aboriginal tribes are there who live in and around forests in Madhya Pradesh. The main tribal groups are:

See also[edit | edit source]

Gallery[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Wild Life". mpforest.org. Madhya Pradesh Forest Department. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
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