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{{See also|Chintamani Taluk|Chintamani (1937 film)|Chintamani (1956 film)}} | |||
{{copy edit|date=December 2025}} | |||
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}} | {{Use British English|date=March 2012}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | |||
| name = | | name = Chintamani | ||
| native_name_lang = Kannada | | native_name_lang = Kannada | ||
| other_name = | | other_name = | ||
| Line 17: | Line 19: | ||
| subdivision_type = Country | | subdivision_type = Country | ||
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | ||
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and | | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]] | ||
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]] | | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]] | ||
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]] | | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]] | ||
| Line 31: | Line 33: | ||
| leader_name1 = B.Mahesh Kumar | | leader_name1 = B.Mahesh Kumar | ||
| leader_title1 = Municipal Commissioner | | leader_title1 = Municipal Commissioner | ||
| leader_name2 = | | leader_name2 = Dr. M C. Sudhakar | ||
| leader_title2 = MLA (Current) | | leader_title2 = MLA (Current) | ||
| leader_title3 = MLA (Preceding) | | leader_title3 = MLA (Preceding) | ||
| Line 53: | Line 55: | ||
| demographics_type2 = Temperature | | demographics_type2 = Temperature | ||
| demographics2_title1 = Summer | | demographics2_title1 = Summer | ||
| demographics2_info1 = | | demographics2_info1 = 28 °C to 34 °C | ||
| demographics2_title2 = Winter | | demographics2_title2 = Winter | ||
| demographics2_info2 = | | demographics2_info2 = 20 °C to 25 °C | ||
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | ||
| postal_code = 563 125 | | postal_code = 563 125 | ||
| Line 63: | Line 65: | ||
| footnotes = | | footnotes = | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Chintamani''' is a Taluk Headquarters in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]] | [[File:Chinthamani Taluk COVID Map.pdf|thumb|Chintamani Taluk Map]] | ||
'''Chintamani''' is a Taluk Headquarters in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]], located on the [[Deccan Plateau]] in the south-eastern part of the state. Chintamani is one of the well-planned and developed Towns in the [[District of Kolar]] (before splitting) and presently [[Chikkaballapur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/chintamani-averse-to-joining-new-chickballapur-district/article1867196.ece|title = Chintamani averse to joining new Chickballapur district|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 6 July 2007}}</ref> Chintamani is known for its silk and tomato production and their largest markets in Karnataka. | |||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
Word Chintamani refers to a precious stone or gem that | Word Chintamani refers to a precious stone or gem that has been documented since centuries in the Hindu Scriptures and Literature. However the naming of the town as 'Chintamani' doesn't have any relevance or relation with this gem. It is said that the town is named after a Maratha chieftain Chintamani Rao. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Before 19th Century=== | ===Before 19th Century=== | ||
The Town of Chintamani along with the District of Kolar has been part of the continuous rule of numerous kingdoms and rulers that include [[Cholas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire]], [[Gangas]], [[Wadiyar dynasty|Mysore Wodeyars]], Palegaras, [[Tippu Sultan]], [[British people|British]] and many local chieftains. This area during the 12th Century was under the rule of [[Vikrama Chola|Kōpparakēsarivarman Vikrama Chola]] of the [[Chola]] dynasty.<ref name="Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 270">''Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10</ref> | The Town of Chintamani along with the District of Kolar has been part of the continuous rule of numerous kingdoms and rulers that include [[Cholas]], [[Vijayanagar Empire]], [[Gangas]], [[Wadiyar dynasty|Mysore Wodeyars]], Palegaras, [[Tippu Sultan]], [[British people|British]] and many local chieftains. This area during the 12th Century was under the rule of [[Vikrama Chola|Kōpparakēsarivarman Vikrama Chola]] of the [[Chola]] dynasty.<ref name="Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 270">''Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10''</ref> | ||
During the reign of British, the Town was called by name CHINTOMNIPETT. The document ''A Gazetteer of the Territories Under The Government of India'' on document page no. 204 reads... | During the reign of British, the Town was called by name CHINTOMNIPETT. The document ''A Gazetteer of the Territories Under The Government of India'' on document page no. 204 reads... | ||
{{cquote| | {{cquote|{{center|''CHINTOMNIPETT. – A town in Mysore, distant N.E. from Bangalore 43 miles. Lat. 13° 23″, long. 78° 6″<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=55BbvGEV5uAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=78&f=false|A Gazetteer of the Territories Under The Government of India Page 204 of Book and Page 215 on electronic document]</ref>''}}}} | ||
'''CHINTOMNIPETT''' in British accent could have been '''CHINTAMANIPETE''' (ಚಿಂತಾಮಣಿ ಪೇಟೆ), in local Indian accent. | '''CHINTOMNIPETT''' in British accent could have been '''CHINTAMANIPETE''' (ಚಿಂತಾಮಣಿ ಪೇಟೆ), in local Indian accent. | ||
However, as per the known history, the Maratha Chieftain Chintamani Rao was last in line to rule the locality of Chintamani. It | However, as per the known history, the Maratha Chieftain Chintamani Rao was last in line to rule the locality of Chintamani. It is said that the Town has been named after the Chieftain.<ref>[http://www.chintamanicity.gov.in/ The Origin of name] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030030142/http://www.chintamanicity.gov.in/ |date=30 October 2005 }}</ref> Apart from this nothing much is known either about this person or his achievements. | ||
There are a few buildings and monuments available which stand as an evidence of the history of the place. There is no valid information available about these. Some of them include - | There are a few buildings and monuments available which stand as an evidence of the history of the place. There is no valid information available about these. Some of them include - | ||
[[File:CMY Kalyani 1.jpg|thumb|Kalyani Near Railway Station]] | |||
[[File:CMY Inscription 2.jpg|thumb|Inscription at Vasavi Temple on Ganigara Veedi]] | |||
[[File:CMY Inscription 1.jpg|thumb|Inscription at Vasavi Temple on Ganigara Veedi]] | |||
#The Fort like construction and watch tower on Anjanadri Hill | #The Fort like construction and watch tower on Anjanadri Hill | ||
#Forts on the hill tops at Ambajidurga and Kaiwara and other villages nearby | #Forts on the hill tops at Ambajidurga and Kaiwara and other villages nearby | ||
#Inscription at Vasavi Kanyakaparameshwari Temple on Ganigara Veedhi | #Inscription at Vasavi Kanyakaparameshwari Temple on Ganigara Veedhi | ||
#Architecture and Construction features of some temples | #Architecture and Construction features of some temples – Naganatheshwara Temple, Vasavi Kanyaparameshwari Temple | ||
#The old temple at Alambagiri and writings found there. | #The old temple at Alambagiri and writings found there. | ||
#Street Lamps at Azad Chowk belonging to the time of British (Currently only one of them can be seen in front of Hurigadale Shop) | #Street Lamps at Azad Chowk belonging to the time of British (Currently only one of them can be seen in front of Hurigadale Shop) | ||
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#The Drinking Water Fountain at Bangalore Circle in front of the Guru Bhavana | #The Drinking Water Fountain at Bangalore Circle in front of the Guru Bhavana | ||
#Kalyanis at Ramakunte and near Railway Station | #Kalyanis at Ramakunte and near Railway Station | ||
#Some identification names in use. Example : The name | #Some identification names in use. Example : The name Ambajidurga. Ambaji is a Maratha name while durga is a common Kannada word used for hills as-in Chitradurga. | ||
Below are a list of some citations that are available in some literature and research documents. | Below are a list of some citations that are available in some literature and research documents. | ||
{{cquote| | {{cquote|{{center|'''''At Chintamani (Andhra) in 1231, the Devanga 'ten thousand' in the presence of their deity Ramayadeva and goddess......'''''}}}} | ||
from the Textiles and weavers in medieval South India by Vijaya Ramaswamy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Textiles and Weavers in South India |first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=58–59 |edition=2nd |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-567633-4}}</ref> | from the Textiles and weavers in medieval South India by Vijaya Ramaswamy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Textiles and Weavers in South India |first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=58–59 |edition=2nd |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-567633-4}}</ref> It is to be noted that Chintamani shares the border with Andhra Pradesh. | ||
===Post 19th Century=== | ===Post 19th Century=== | ||
Most of the temples currently seen and being offered worship, have been built mostly during the 19th Century. List below are the few monuments that narrate the history of the place. | Most of the temples currently seen and being offered worship, have been built mostly during the 19th Century. List below are the few monuments that narrate the history of the place. | ||
# Sri Hari Hareshwara Temple, Azad Chowk | # Sri Hari Hareshwara Temple, Azad Chowk – This temple was built around the 19th century by Sri Karupakula Subbarayappa. The temple later received restoration and alteration works by the family members. The temple spans over an area of around 25000 square feet (160 ft x 150 ft). The temple is surrounded by a commercial complex on its East Side, while the other sides are bounded by a high wall. Within the temple complex are the temples dedicated to the Hindu deities Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu. Most of the Sabarimala Trips originate at this temple by offering the various rituals and attaining the pence (diksha). | ||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
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Chintamani lies in the southeast of the [[South India]]n state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the [[Mysore Plateau]] at an average elevation of {{convert|865|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}. The Taluk geographically lies between {{Coord|78|12|36|N|13|16|38|E}} and {{Coord|77|51|39|N|13|42|00|E}}. The Chintamani Town lies between {{Coord|13.40|N|78.06|E}}. | Chintamani lies in the southeast of the [[South India]]n state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the [[Mysore Plateau]] at an average elevation of {{convert|865|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}. The Taluk geographically lies between {{Coord|78|12|36|N|13|16|38|E}} and {{Coord|77|51|39|N|13|42|00|E}}. The Chintamani Town lies between {{Coord|13.40|N|78.06|E}}. | ||
Chintamani was originally a part of [[Kolar]] | Chintamani was originally a part of [[Kolar District]] since the Formation of State of Karnataka in 1950 until on 23 August 2007, when the [[Government of Karnataka]] carved out the new district of [[Chikkaballapur]] from the old Kolar district. Chintamani was then included into the new district of [[Chikkaballapur]]. Chintamani is one among the 6 Taluks of [[Chikkaballapur]] District. The Taluk Headquarters which is Chintamani Town is 36 km from the District Headquarters [[Chikkaballapur]] and about 74 km from State Capital [[Karnataka]]. The Taluk is bound by [[Sidlaghatta]] on West, [[Bagepalli]] on North-West, [[Kolar taluk|Kolar]] on South-West, [[Srinivaspur]] on South-East and [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] on East. | ||
===Span=== | ===Span=== | ||
The Taluk covers an area of 892 | The Taluk covers an area of 892 km<sup>2</sup>; the Town or the Chintamani Hobbli constitutes 15.208 km<sup>2</sup> (5.872 mi<sup>2</sup>) of the total area. | ||
===Climate and Rainfall=== | ===Climate and Rainfall=== | ||
Chintamani falls in the [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical Semi-Arid (Steppe)]] Type of climatic region of India. The climate here is moderately hot and dry. The months of March to May of the summer season are very hot with temperatures of around 38 °C. The region receives very | Chintamani falls in the [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical Semi-Arid (Steppe)]] Type of climatic region of India. The climate here is moderately hot and dry. The months of March to May of the summer season are very hot with temperatures of around 38 °C. The region receives very little rainfall of about 40 to 75 cm annually. The area receives rainfall during both South West Monsoon and North East Monsoon Season.<ref>{{cite book |title=CLIMATE PROFILE OF INDIA|first=S.D.Attri|last= Ajit TyagiVijaya|publisher=India Meteorological Department |page=6 |year=2010 }}</ref> | ||
{{Weather box | |||
| location = Chintamani (1991–2020) | |||
| metric first = yes | |||
| single line = yes | |||
| width = auto | |||
| Jan record high C = 33.0 | |||
| Feb record high C = 34.9 | |||
| Mar record high C = 38.0 | |||
| Apr record high C = 40.0 | |||
| May record high C = 39.3 | |||
| Jun record high C = 38.0 | |||
| Jul record high C = 33.7 | |||
| Aug record high C = 32.5 | |||
| Sep record high C = 35.6 | |||
| Oct record high C = 33.6 | |||
| Nov record high C = 31.3 | |||
| Dec record high C = 30.9 | |||
|year record high C = 40.0 | |||
| Jan high C = 28.3 | |||
| Feb high C = 30.6 | |||
| Mar high C = 33.4 | |||
| Apr high C = 35.2 | |||
| May high C = 34.7 | |||
| Jun high C = 31.6 | |||
| Jul high C = 30.0 | |||
| Aug high C = 29.5 | |||
| Sep high C = 29.4 | |||
| Oct high C = 29.1 | |||
| Nov high C = 27.4 | |||
| Dec high C = 26.8 | |||
|year high C = 30.4 | |||
| Jan low C = 14.4 | |||
| Feb low C = 15.6 | |||
| Mar low C = 18.5 | |||
| Apr low C = 20.8 | |||
| May low C = 21.5 | |||
| Jun low C = 20.8 | |||
| Jul low C = 20.4 | |||
| Aug low C = 20.3 | |||
| Sep low C = 20.0 | |||
| Oct low C = 19.2 | |||
| Nov low C = 17.1 | |||
| Dec low C = 15.1 | |||
|year low C = 18.6 | |||
| Jan record low C = 5.3 | |||
| Feb record low C = 7.0 | |||
| Mar record low C = 10.2 | |||
| Apr record low C = 13.5 | |||
| May record low C = 16.9 | |||
| Jun record low C = 17.5 | |||
| Jul record low C = 18.6 | |||
| Aug record low C = 18.2 | |||
| Sep record low C = 16.5 | |||
| Oct record low C = 11.8 | |||
| Nov record low C = 7.4 | |||
| Dec record low C = 7.5 | |||
|year record low C = 5.3 | |||
| rain colour = green | |||
| Jan rain mm = 1.2 | |||
| Feb rain mm = 2.6 | |||
| Mar rain mm = 13.7 | |||
| Apr rain mm = 36.0 | |||
| May rain mm = 94.4 | |||
| Jun rain mm = 63.6 | |||
| Jul rain mm = 82.1 | |||
| Aug rain mm = 114.0 | |||
| Sep rain mm = 150.7 | |||
| Oct rain mm = 170.4 | |||
| Nov rain mm = 66.3 | |||
| Dec rain mm = 15.7 | |||
|year rain mm = 810.7 | |||
| Jan rain days = 0.2 | |||
| Feb rain days = 0.3 | |||
| Mar rain days = 1.0 | |||
| Apr rain days = 2.1 | |||
| May rain days = 5.2 | |||
| Jun rain days = 4.2 | |||
| Jul rain days = 5.9 | |||
| Aug rain days = 6.2 | |||
| Sep rain days = 6.8 | |||
| Oct rain days = 7.5 | |||
| Nov rain days = 4.2 | |||
| Dec rain days = 1.4 | |||
|year rain days = 45.1 | |||
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | |||
| Jan humidity = 46 | |||
| Feb humidity = 38 | |||
| Mar humidity = 38 | |||
| Apr humidity = 37 | |||
| May humidity = 48 | |||
| Jun humidity = 58 | |||
| Jul humidity = 61 | |||
| Aug humidity = 65 | |||
| Sep humidity = 64 | |||
| Oct humidity = 65 | |||
| Nov humidity = 65 | |||
| Dec humidity = 60 | |||
|year humidity = 54 | |||
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web | |||
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf | |||
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]] | |||
| access-date = April 8, 2024 | |||
}}</ref>}} | |||
===Soil=== | ===Soil=== | ||
Taluk mostly consists of [[Loam|Clayey-Loam]] Soil. This soil has moisture-retention capacity and allows deep furrowing and is suitable for cultivation of cereals, | Taluk mostly consists of [[Loam|Clayey-Loam]] Soil. This soil has moisture-retention capacity and allows deep furrowing and is suitable for cultivation of cereals, vegetables and pulses. | ||
===Rivers=== | ===Rivers=== | ||
The Taluk | The Taluk does not have any perennial rivers. River [[Papagni]] has got its catchment basin on the hills of Ambajidurga. The basin over the years has got completely ruined with no vegetation and with soil erosion. Recently, under NREGA guidelines about 73,111 plants are planted and being nurtured to improve the conditions at the catchment basin and inflow of the once existing river. | ||
===Water Resources=== | ===Water Resources=== | ||
Chintamani has a few large lakes that take care of the Town's thirst for water. Kanampalli Lake is the main water reservoir for the Town. Besides other lakes include | Chintamani has a few large lakes that take care of the Town's thirst for water. Kanampalli Lake is the main water reservoir for the Town. Besides other lakes include – Ambajidurga Lake, Gopasandra Lake, Malapalli Lake, Nekkundipete Lake. Under the 100 [[Crore]] Grant Scheme, these lakes are being rejuvenated and storage is being upgraded with modern facilities. | ||
==Civic Administration== | ==Civic Administration== | ||
The Taluk falls under Bangalore Division and Chikkaballapur Sub-Division. The Taluk consists of 6 hobblies | The Taluk falls under [[Bangalore division|Bangalore Division]] and Chikkaballapur Sub-Division. The Taluk consists of 6 hobblies – Chintamani, Ambajidurga, Kaivara, Muragamalla, Munganahalli and Chilakalanerpu. Of these, Chintamani Hobbli forms the Chintamani Town. The 6 hobblies together have around 339 villages.<ref>[http://www.karnatakaindustry.gov.in/Kolar.html#Chintamani|Karnataka Industrial Development Board]{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | ||
The Taluk Administration lies with the Taluk Panchayat, which will be in-charge of the implementation and progress of the developmental activities and schemes. Executive Officer, Taluk Panchayat looks after the administration. Who in turn | The Taluk Administration lies with the Taluk Panchayat, which will be in-charge of the implementation and progress of the developmental activities and schemes. Executive Officer, Taluk Panchayat looks after the administration. Who in turn chief executive officer, Zilla Panchayat. | ||
The Chintamani Municipality was constituted on 28 November 1938. In the year 1995, it was reconstituted to form City Municipal Council. The City Council currently contains 31 wards each represented by a Councillor. | The Chintamani Municipality was constituted on 28 November 1938. In the year 1995, it was reconstituted to form City Municipal Council. The City Council currently contains 31 wards each represented by a Councillor. | ||
'''Ward List''' | '''Ward List''' | ||
, Abbagundu, Anjani Extension, Bamboo Bazaar, Chowda reddy Palya, Halepete, Huvina Pete, JJ Colony, Kanampalli, Kolar Cross, Kolar Road, KR Extension, Malapalli, Mehaboob Nagar, Narashimha Pete, Nekundhipete, NNT Temple Behind, NR Extension, Patalamma Temple Road, Shanti | , Abbagundu, Anjani Extension, Bamboo Bazaar, Chowda reddy Palya, Halepete, Huvina Pete, JJ Colony, Kanampalli, Kolar Cross, Kolar Road, KR Extension, Malapalli, Mehaboob Nagar, Narashimha Pete, Nekundhipete, NNT Temple Behind, NR Extension, Patalamma Temple Road, Shanti Nagar, Sri Rama Nagar, Sonashetty Halli, Tank Bund Road, Tank Bund Road East, Thimmasandra, Tippu Nagar, Venkatagiri Kote 1, Venkatagiri Kote 2, Venkatagiri Kote 3, Venkateshwara Extension, Vinoba Colony, KGN colony, Nakundi pete | ||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
The economy is agriculture based. Chintamani is famous for its succulent Tomatoes, Groundnuts, Mangoes, Bananas and Silk Production. Chintamani is also famous for snacks such as chakli, nippat, groundnuts and others. The Chintamani Tomato Market is one of the biggest in Karnataka. It is also famous for some drinks like nannari. Chintamani plays its role even in the production and export of Agarbatti. It is also famous for its | The economy is agriculture based. Chintamani is famous for its succulent Tomatoes, Groundnuts, Mangoes, Bananas and Silk Production. Chintamani is also famous for snacks such as chakli, nippat, groundnuts and others. The Chintamani Tomato Market is one of the biggest in Karnataka. It is also famous for some drinks like nannari. Chintamani plays its role even in the production and export of Agarbatti. It is also famous for its silk industry and dairy milk farms and it is also famous for onions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://chikballapur.nic.in/dhistory.htm |title=Chickballapur District Website |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808194813/http://chikballapur.nic.in/dhistory.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ||
==Transport== | ==Transport== | ||
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===Bus Service=== | ===Bus Service=== | ||
The town falls under the [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] wing of the State Transport Department. Chintamani has an excellent and state of the art [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] Bus Service. Since few decades there has been a large Bus Depot and Bus Terminus in the town, well located, maintained and periodically upgraded/developed by the authorities. All the routes operational from the town have a computerized ticketing system in place since last few years. Proposals for the GPS Tracking are under consideration and due implementation shortly. Additional to that private buses have added to the efficiency of road transport in Chintamani. | |||
The town is catered mostly through the Suvarna Karnataka Sarige type of [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] Buses. The mostly catered route outside the district is Chintamani | The town is catered mostly through the Suvarna Karnataka Sarige type of [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] Buses. The mostly catered route outside the district is Chintamani – Bangalore. Apart from this there are a numerous routes that cater to many of the important Towns & Cities around that include – Mysore, Chitradurga, Shimoga, Tirupati, Hindupur, Gowribidanur etc. There are number of routes that connect the town with the adjacent town of the Chikkaballapur and Kolar Districts. | ||
The KSRTC has provided its employees with a Residential Quarters and required amenities at a prominent location in the town. As well the Town has one of the main depots in the region. | The KSRTC has provided its employees with a Residential Quarters and required amenities at a prominent location in the town. As well the Town has one of the main depots in the region. | ||
In the recent years, there has been a greater involvement by the authorities in the up gradation of the Transport Facilities. As part of this, the main Bus Terminus on the Chelur Road has been modified in phase manners to include | In the recent years, there has been a greater involvement by the authorities in the up gradation of the Transport Facilities. As part of this, the main Bus Terminus on the Chelur Road has been modified in phase manners to include – RCC Flooring, Improved Bus Shelters, Public Toilets, Commercial Shops, Signage and Information Systems. As well there have been Bus Stops constructed at every village and town on the route between Chintamani – Bangalore as part of this project. And local bus service is in its way of implementation with the goal to cater the local villages and nearby places of importance on the lines of BMTC | ||
Apart from State Transport Corporation, the area has a number of private players, who cover many of the routes as well along with some of those that are not covered by the KSRTC. | Apart from State Transport Corporation, the area has a number of private players, who cover many of the routes as well along with some of those that are not covered by the KSRTC. | ||
| Line 206: | Line 313: | ||
By 2013 November, the New Station at the Chintamani Town were in final stages of completion, whereas the track work between Chintamani-Srinivaspur was under testing. The services were started in the month of November 2013. | By 2013 November, the New Station at the Chintamani Town were in final stages of completion, whereas the track work between Chintamani-Srinivaspur was under testing. The services were started in the month of November 2013. | ||
The Chintamani Station is abbreviated as CMY on the | The Chintamani Station is abbreviated as CMY on the railway station index. The Train Services is called Demu with six coaches being operational. | ||
The Train Services is called Demu with six coaches being operational. | |||
The | The train departs from Bangalore City Railway Station at 8:30 am and reaches Chintamani via Chickballapur and Shidlaghatta en route to Kolar by noon. On the reverse trip the train departs from Kolar by 2:00 pm and comes to Chintamani by 2:40 pm. It departs by 2:45 pm and reaches Bangalore City Railway Station by 5.30 pm. | ||
There is a demand that one more train should be introduced in this route with early morning departure from Kolar around 6 am and come to Chintamani around 7 am and reaching Bangalore city around 9:30 am to serve commuters from Chintamani to Bangalore. | |||
===Airways=== | ===Airways=== | ||
The town | The town does not have any airports or helipads at present. The nearest airport is the [[Bengaluru International Airport]], [[Devanahalli]], 62 km away. | ||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
| Line 542: | Line 648: | ||
*[[Kaivara]] kshetra, South Westerly | *[[Kaivara]] kshetra, South Westerly | ||
*Kailasagiri and Ambaji Durga cave temple, South Westerly | *Kailasagiri and Ambaji Durga cave temple, South Westerly | ||
*Lakshmi Venkataramana temple, Alamgiri, Southerly <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/389565/a-vijayanagar-relic-alambagiri.html|title=A Vijayanagar relic in Alambagiri|date=3 March 2014}}</ref> | *Lakshmi Venkataramana temple, Alamgiri, Southerly<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/389565/a-vijayanagar-relic-alambagiri.html|title=A Vijayanagar relic in Alambagiri|date=3 March 2014}}</ref> | ||
*Murugamulla: Fakhi Shah Wali Dargah and Muktheshwara swami temple, Easterly | *Murugamulla: Fakhi Shah Wali Dargah and Muktheshwara swami temple, Easterly | ||
*Lakshmi Venkateshwara Temple, Konakuntlu. | *Lakshmi Venkateshwara Temple, Konakuntlu. | ||
*Sri Vasavi Temple, doddapet Chintamani (biggest vasavi temple in karnataka) | *Sri Vasavi Temple, doddapet Chintamani (biggest vasavi temple in karnataka) | ||
*Sri Brahmachaithanya Sri Rama Mandir,<ref>{{Citation |title=Gondavalekar Maharaj |date=2023-07-03 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gondavalekar_Maharaj&oldid=1163175962 |work=Wikipedia |access-date=2023-08-22 |language=en}}</ref> N R Extension, Chintamani Town | |||
*Sri Kambalapalli '''SeethaRama sametha Anjaneya Swamy''' - '''Kambalapalli''' | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 553: | Line 661: | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
[[Category:Cities and towns in | [[Category:Cities and towns in Chikkaballapura district]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:47, 10 March 2026
 | This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (December 2025) |
Chintamani | |
|---|---|
  Chintamani Location in Karnataka, India | |
| Coordinates: 13°24′00″N 78°03′58″E / 13.400°N 78.066°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Karnataka |
| District | Chikkaballapur |
| Taluk | Chintamani |
| Municipality Established | 28 November 1938 |
| Founded by | Chintamani Rao |
| Named for | Gold & Silver Trade, Tomatoes, Mangoes, Snacks, Ground nut |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal Council |
| • Body | City Municipal Council |
| • Municipal Commissioner | B.Mahesh Kumar |
| • MLA (Current) | Dr. M C. Sudhakar |
| Area of 867 km2 | |
| • Total | 15.208 km2 (5.872 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 865 m (2,838 ft) |
| Population (As per 2011 Census) | |
| • Total | 76,068 |
| • Density | 5,001.84/km2 (12,954.7/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Kannada |
| Temperature | |
| • Summer | 28 °C to 34 °C |
| • Winter | 20 °C to 25 °C |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 563 125 |
| STD Code | 08154-25xxxx |
| Vehicle registration | KA-67 |
Chintamani is a Taluk Headquarters in the Indian state of Karnataka, located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of the state. Chintamani is one of the well-planned and developed Towns in the District of Kolar (before splitting) and presently Chikkaballapur.[1] Chintamani is known for its silk and tomato production and their largest markets in Karnataka.
Etymology[edit | edit source]
Word Chintamani refers to a precious stone or gem that has been documented since centuries in the Hindu Scriptures and Literature. However the naming of the town as 'Chintamani' doesn't have any relevance or relation with this gem. It is said that the town is named after a Maratha chieftain Chintamani Rao.
History[edit | edit source]
Before 19th Century[edit | edit source]
The Town of Chintamani along with the District of Kolar has been part of the continuous rule of numerous kingdoms and rulers that include Cholas, Vijayanagar Empire, Gangas, Mysore Wodeyars, Palegaras, Tippu Sultan, British and many local chieftains. This area during the 12th Century was under the rule of Kōpparakēsarivarman Vikrama Chola of the Chola dynasty.[2]
During the reign of British, the Town was called by name CHINTOMNIPETT. The document A Gazetteer of the Territories Under The Government of India on document page no. 204 reads...
CHINTOMNIPETT. – A town in Mysore, distant N.E. from Bangalore 43 miles. Lat. 13° 23″, long. 78° 6″[3]
CHINTOMNIPETT in British accent could have been CHINTAMANIPETE (ಚಿಂತಾಮಣಿ ಪೇಟೆ), in local Indian accent.
However, as per the known history, the Maratha Chieftain Chintamani Rao was last in line to rule the locality of Chintamani. It is said that the Town has been named after the Chieftain.[4] Apart from this nothing much is known either about this person or his achievements.
There are a few buildings and monuments available which stand as an evidence of the history of the place. There is no valid information available about these. Some of them include -
- The Fort like construction and watch tower on Anjanadri Hill
- Forts on the hill tops at Ambajidurga and Kaiwara and other villages nearby
- Inscription at Vasavi Kanyakaparameshwari Temple on Ganigara Veedhi
- Architecture and Construction features of some temples – Naganatheshwara Temple, Vasavi Kanyaparameshwari Temple
- The old temple at Alambagiri and writings found there.
- Street Lamps at Azad Chowk belonging to the time of British (Currently only one of them can be seen in front of Hurigadale Shop)
- The Chintamani Cooperative Society Building on Double Road built around 1930's built during British
- The Drinking Water Fountain at Bangalore Circle in front of the Guru Bhavana
- Kalyanis at Ramakunte and near Railway Station
- Some identification names in use. Example : The name Ambajidurga. Ambaji is a Maratha name while durga is a common Kannada word used for hills as-in Chitradurga.
Below are a list of some citations that are available in some literature and research documents.
At Chintamani (Andhra) in 1231, the Devanga 'ten thousand' in the presence of their deity Ramayadeva and goddess......
from the Textiles and weavers in medieval South India by Vijaya Ramaswamy.[5] It is to be noted that Chintamani shares the border with Andhra Pradesh.
Post 19th Century[edit | edit source]
Most of the temples currently seen and being offered worship, have been built mostly during the 19th Century. List below are the few monuments that narrate the history of the place.
- Sri Hari Hareshwara Temple, Azad Chowk – This temple was built around the 19th century by Sri Karupakula Subbarayappa. The temple later received restoration and alteration works by the family members. The temple spans over an area of around 25000 square feet (160 ft x 150 ft). The temple is surrounded by a commercial complex on its East Side, while the other sides are bounded by a high wall. Within the temple complex are the temples dedicated to the Hindu deities Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu. Most of the Sabarimala Trips originate at this temple by offering the various rituals and attaining the pence (diksha).
Geography[edit | edit source]
Geographical Location[edit | edit source]
Chintamani lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau at an average elevation of 865 m (2,838 ft). The Taluk geographically lies between 78°12′36″N 13°16′38″E / 78.21000°N 13.27722°E and 77°51′39″N 13°42′00″E / 77.86083°N 13.70000°E. The Chintamani Town lies between 13°24′N 78°04′E / 13.40°N 78.06°E.
Chintamani was originally a part of Kolar District since the Formation of State of Karnataka in 1950 until on 23 August 2007, when the Government of Karnataka carved out the new district of Chikkaballapur from the old Kolar district. Chintamani was then included into the new district of Chikkaballapur. Chintamani is one among the 6 Taluks of Chikkaballapur District. The Taluk Headquarters which is Chintamani Town is 36 km from the District Headquarters Chikkaballapur and about 74 km from State Capital Karnataka. The Taluk is bound by Sidlaghatta on West, Bagepalli on North-West, Kolar on South-West, Srinivaspur on South-East and Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh on East.
Span[edit | edit source]
The Taluk covers an area of 892 km2; the Town or the Chintamani Hobbli constitutes 15.208 km2 (5.872 mi2) of the total area.
Climate and Rainfall[edit | edit source]
Chintamani falls in the Tropical Semi-Arid (Steppe) Type of climatic region of India. The climate here is moderately hot and dry. The months of March to May of the summer season are very hot with temperatures of around 38 °C. The region receives very little rainfall of about 40 to 75 cm annually. The area receives rainfall during both South West Monsoon and North East Monsoon Season.[6]
| Climate data for Chintamani (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 33.0 (91.4) |
34.9 (94.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
40.0 (104.0) |
39.3 (102.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
33.7 (92.7) |
32.5 (90.5) |
35.6 (96.1) |
33.6 (92.5) |
31.3 (88.3) |
30.9 (87.6) |
40.0 (104.0) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28.3 (82.9) |
30.6 (87.1) |
33.4 (92.1) |
35.2 (95.4) |
34.7 (94.5) |
31.6 (88.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
29.5 (85.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
29.1 (84.4) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.8 (80.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.3 (68.5) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.2 (66.6) |
17.1 (62.8) |
15.1 (59.2) |
18.6 (65.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.5 (56.3) |
16.9 (62.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
18.6 (65.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
16.5 (61.7) |
11.8 (53.2) |
7.4 (45.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
5.3 (41.5) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 1.2 (0.05) |
2.6 (0.10) |
13.7 (0.54) |
36.0 (1.42) |
94.4 (3.72) |
63.6 (2.50) |
82.1 (3.23) |
114.0 (4.49) |
150.7 (5.93) |
170.4 (6.71) |
66.3 (2.61) |
15.7 (0.62) |
810.7 (31.92) |
| Average rainy days | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 7.5 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 45.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 46 | 38 | 38 | 37 | 48 | 58 | 61 | 65 | 64 | 65 | 65 | 60 | 54 |
| Source: India Meteorological Department[7] | |||||||||||||
Soil[edit | edit source]
Taluk mostly consists of Clayey-Loam Soil. This soil has moisture-retention capacity and allows deep furrowing and is suitable for cultivation of cereals, vegetables and pulses.
Rivers[edit | edit source]
The Taluk does not have any perennial rivers. River Papagni has got its catchment basin on the hills of Ambajidurga. The basin over the years has got completely ruined with no vegetation and with soil erosion. Recently, under NREGA guidelines about 73,111 plants are planted and being nurtured to improve the conditions at the catchment basin and inflow of the once existing river.
Water Resources[edit | edit source]
Chintamani has a few large lakes that take care of the Town's thirst for water. Kanampalli Lake is the main water reservoir for the Town. Besides other lakes include – Ambajidurga Lake, Gopasandra Lake, Malapalli Lake, Nekkundipete Lake. Under the 100 Crore Grant Scheme, these lakes are being rejuvenated and storage is being upgraded with modern facilities.
Civic Administration[edit | edit source]
The Taluk falls under Bangalore Division and Chikkaballapur Sub-Division. The Taluk consists of 6 hobblies – Chintamani, Ambajidurga, Kaivara, Muragamalla, Munganahalli and Chilakalanerpu. Of these, Chintamani Hobbli forms the Chintamani Town. The 6 hobblies together have around 339 villages.[8]
The Taluk Administration lies with the Taluk Panchayat, which will be in-charge of the implementation and progress of the developmental activities and schemes. Executive Officer, Taluk Panchayat looks after the administration. Who in turn chief executive officer, Zilla Panchayat.
The Chintamani Municipality was constituted on 28 November 1938. In the year 1995, it was reconstituted to form City Municipal Council. The City Council currently contains 31 wards each represented by a Councillor.
Ward List , Abbagundu, Anjani Extension, Bamboo Bazaar, Chowda reddy Palya, Halepete, Huvina Pete, JJ Colony, Kanampalli, Kolar Cross, Kolar Road, KR Extension, Malapalli, Mehaboob Nagar, Narashimha Pete, Nekundhipete, NNT Temple Behind, NR Extension, Patalamma Temple Road, Shanti Nagar, Sri Rama Nagar, Sonashetty Halli, Tank Bund Road, Tank Bund Road East, Thimmasandra, Tippu Nagar, Venkatagiri Kote 1, Venkatagiri Kote 2, Venkatagiri Kote 3, Venkateshwara Extension, Vinoba Colony, KGN colony, Nakundi pete
Economy[edit | edit source]
The economy is agriculture based. Chintamani is famous for its succulent Tomatoes, Groundnuts, Mangoes, Bananas and Silk Production. Chintamani is also famous for snacks such as chakli, nippat, groundnuts and others. The Chintamani Tomato Market is one of the biggest in Karnataka. It is also famous for some drinks like nannari. Chintamani plays its role even in the production and export of Agarbatti. It is also famous for its silk industry and dairy milk farms and it is also famous for onions.[9]
Transport[edit | edit source]
Bus Service[edit | edit source]
The town falls under the KSRTC wing of the State Transport Department. Chintamani has an excellent and state of the art KSRTC Bus Service. Since few decades there has been a large Bus Depot and Bus Terminus in the town, well located, maintained and periodically upgraded/developed by the authorities. All the routes operational from the town have a computerized ticketing system in place since last few years. Proposals for the GPS Tracking are under consideration and due implementation shortly. Additional to that private buses have added to the efficiency of road transport in Chintamani.
The town is catered mostly through the Suvarna Karnataka Sarige type of KSRTC Buses. The mostly catered route outside the district is Chintamani – Bangalore. Apart from this there are a numerous routes that cater to many of the important Towns & Cities around that include – Mysore, Chitradurga, Shimoga, Tirupati, Hindupur, Gowribidanur etc. There are number of routes that connect the town with the adjacent town of the Chikkaballapur and Kolar Districts.
The KSRTC has provided its employees with a Residential Quarters and required amenities at a prominent location in the town. As well the Town has one of the main depots in the region.
In the recent years, there has been a greater involvement by the authorities in the up gradation of the Transport Facilities. As part of this, the main Bus Terminus on the Chelur Road has been modified in phase manners to include – RCC Flooring, Improved Bus Shelters, Public Toilets, Commercial Shops, Signage and Information Systems. As well there have been Bus Stops constructed at every village and town on the route between Chintamani – Bangalore as part of this project. And local bus service is in its way of implementation with the goal to cater the local villages and nearby places of importance on the lines of BMTC
Apart from State Transport Corporation, the area has a number of private players, who cover many of the routes as well along with some of those that are not covered by the KSRTC.
The KSRTC Bus Depot is located on the Bangalore Road and that of the Bus Terminus near the Chelur Circle. The KSRTC Residential Quarters are located adjacent to the KSRTC Bus Depot.
Railways[edit | edit source]
 Railway Station Construction View | |
| Overview | |
|---|---|
| Owner | India Railways |
| Locale | Chintamani, Karnataka |
| Number of lines | 3 |
| Number of stations | 1 |
| Operation | |
| Operation will start | November 2013 |
| Operator(s) | South western Railways |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | Broad Gauge |
The Chintamani Railway Station which was once a busy terminal, before the advent of Bus Service, had been neglected during the course of time and the services were completely halted since last few decades.
Recently after due proposals and requests from general public, the Railway Authorities, decided to restart the service and the repair of the existing tracks and stations were taken up. Very soon, the Railways ordered the up gradation of the Narrow Gauge to Broad Gauge and the entire work soon took a sharp swing.
By 2013 November, the New Station at the Chintamani Town were in final stages of completion, whereas the track work between Chintamani-Srinivaspur was under testing. The services were started in the month of November 2013.
The Chintamani Station is abbreviated as CMY on the railway station index. The Train Services is called Demu with six coaches being operational.
The train departs from Bangalore City Railway Station at 8:30 am and reaches Chintamani via Chickballapur and Shidlaghatta en route to Kolar by noon. On the reverse trip the train departs from Kolar by 2:00 pm and comes to Chintamani by 2:40 pm. It departs by 2:45 pm and reaches Bangalore City Railway Station by 5.30 pm.
There is a demand that one more train should be introduced in this route with early morning departure from Kolar around 6 am and come to Chintamani around 7 am and reaching Bangalore city around 9:30 am to serve commuters from Chintamani to Bangalore.
Airways[edit | edit source]
The town does not have any airports or helipads at present. The nearest airport is the Bengaluru International Airport, Devanahalli, 62 km away.
Demographics[edit | edit source]
| Description | Total | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 2,71,284 | 1,38,311 | 1,32,973 |
| Villages | 2,05,791 | 1,04,466 | 1,01,325 |
| Chintamani City | 65,493 | 33,845 | 31,648 |
Culture[edit | edit source]
Since the place is surrounded by 2 different states, the culture here is majorly Kannada influenced by Telugu (Rayalaseema) culture. chinthamani is also famous for the evening snacks, specially roasted pea nuts, variety of sweets.
Education[edit | edit source]
As per the latest reports of the Department of Public Instruction of Karnataka, the [Chintamani Taluk|Taluk of Chintamani] a total of 420 registered schools, of which 222 are Lower Primary Schools and rest 198 are Higher Primary Schools. This list is inclusive of all the schools run by Education Department, Social Welfare Boards, Local Bodies, Aided, Un Aided, Central, Others.[10]
Below is the list of schools located in the City of Chintamani
| Sl | Name | Trust Incharge | Location | Lower & Higher Primary School | High School |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kishora Vidya Bhavana | Chintamani Educational Trust | Bangalore Road | * | * |
| 2 | Jyothi English Medium School | Madikere | * | * | |
| 3 | Anantha Vidhayala Samsthe | * | |||
| 4 | Chethana Vidya Samathe | * | * | ||
| 5 | Diligence Composite High School | Chelur road | * | * | |
| 6 | Dolphins Delhi Public School | * | |||
| 7 | Kempe Gowda School | * | * | ||
| 8 | Kinder Garten School | Anjani Extension | * | ||
| 9 | Kittur Rani Channamma School | * | |||
| 10 | Little Lords School | * | |||
| 11 | LPS | * | |||
| 12 | Mathrushri Primary School | * | |||
| 13 | MKB Public School | * | * | ||
| 14 | MWA School | Muslim Welfare Association | KR Extension | * | * |
| 15 | Nalanda | Bangalore Road | * | ||
| 16 | Naveen Vidya Samsthe | * | |||
| 17 | New Modern School | * | |||
| 18 | New Public School | Bangalore Road | * | ||
| 19 | Pavan School | * | |||
| 20 | Pragathi Vidya Mandira | Sree Vinayaka Educational Trust | MG Road | * | * |
| 21 | Royal Convent | Royal Educational Trust | Anjani Extension | * | * |
| 22 | Sarvodaya English School | * | |||
| 23 | SFS School | * | * | ||
| 24 | Shanthi Nikethana | Bangalore Road | * | ||
| 25 | Shilpa School | * | * | ||
| 26 | SRET School | Bagepalli Road | * | * | |
| 27 | Sri Jain Public School | Malapalli | * | ||
| 28 | Sri Lal Bahadoor Memorial School | * | |||
| 29 | Sri Vani English Convent | Vani Education Trust | Tank Bund Road | * | * |
| 30 | Sri Vishwa Bharathi | * | |||
| 31 | Swathi Vidya Samsthe | * | |||
| 32 | The Horizon School | * | * | ||
| 33 | The Preethi Public School | MG Road | * | * | |
| 34 | Uday HPS | * | |||
| 35 | Vani (Kannada) School | Vani Education Trust | Tank Bund Road | * | * |
| 36 | Vasavi Vidyanikethana | Vasavi Educational Trust | Diamond Taxies Road | * | |
| 37 | Vikram Composite High School | Sri Lakshmi Educational Society (R) | Chelur Road | * | |
| 38 | Adarsh Vidyalaya RMSA | * | |||
| 39 | The Toddlers Montessori School | Anjani Extension | * |
Religious Tourism[edit | edit source]
- Kaivara kshetra, South Westerly
- Kailasagiri and Ambaji Durga cave temple, South Westerly
- Lakshmi Venkataramana temple, Alamgiri, Southerly[11]
- Murugamulla: Fakhi Shah Wali Dargah and Muktheshwara swami temple, Easterly
- Lakshmi Venkateshwara Temple, Konakuntlu.
- Sri Vasavi Temple, doddapet Chintamani (biggest vasavi temple in karnataka)
- Sri Brahmachaithanya Sri Rama Mandir,[12] N R Extension, Chintamani Town
- Sri Kambalapalli SeethaRama sametha Anjaneya Swamy - Kambalapalli
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Chintamani averse to joining new Chickballapur district". The Hindu. 6 July 2007.
- ↑ Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10
- ↑ Gazetteer of the Territories Under The Government of India Page 204 of Book and Page 215 on electronic document
- ↑ The Origin of name Archived 30 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2006). Textiles and Weavers in South India (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-19-567633-4.
- ↑ Ajit TyagiVijaya, S.D.Attri (2010). CLIMATE PROFILE OF INDIA. India Meteorological Department. p. 6.
- ↑ "Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ↑ Industrial Development Board[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "Chickballapur District Website". Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
- ↑ Page No 1, Sl. No 16
- ↑ "A Vijayanagar relic in Alambagiri". 3 March 2014.
- ↑ "Gondavalekar Maharaj", Wikipedia, 3 July 2023, retrieved 22 August 2023