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| {{short description | Indus Valley Civilization era culture in Pakistan}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Amri-Nal culture]] |
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| '''Amri-Nal culture''' is attributed to Amri archaeological sites in [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] provinces of [[Pakistan]]. It flourished in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC. The dual [[typesite]]s are [[Amri, Sindh|Amri]] and [[Sohr Damb|Nal]].
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| ==Location==
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| Several settlements attributed to the Amri Culture have been discovered, mainly in lower [[Sindh]]. They are often distributed along the terraces of old and active river courses and consist of sites of different size and shape, which are sometimes stratified below settlements of later periods. Among these, that of the [[Tharro Hills]], near the town of [[Gujo]], is one of the most famous of lower Sindh.
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| ==Cultural context ==
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| {{see also | Archaeological culture | Chronological dating | l2= Archaeological cultural dating | Phase (archaeology) | l3= Phases in archaeology | Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent#Signifiance | l4= Tools and technology of archaeology | Pottery in the Indian subcontinent | l5= Pottery culture in Indian subcontinent }} | |
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| The earliest site of this culture is Kunal (4000 BCE)<ref name=asi1/> in Haryana which is older than Rehman Dheri (3300 BCE).<ref name=un1/> The ''type site'', the first excavated site of this type of culture is Kot Diji.<ref name=dd1/> Rehman Dheri, which was considered oldest example of this culture, is now the second oldest example of this culture after Kunal was excavated and found to be older than Rehman Dher with similar older cultural artifacts then the Rehman Dheri.<ref name=asi1/>
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| Kot Diji and Amri are close to each other in Sindh, they earlier developed indigenous culture which had common elements, later they came in contact with Harappan culture and fully developed into Harappan culture. Earliest examples of artifacts belonging to this culture were found at Rehman Dheri, however, later excavations found the oldest example of this culture at Kunal. These are cultural ancestor to site at [[Harappa]]. These sites have pre-Harappan indigenous cultural levels, distinct from the culture of Harappa, these are at Banawali (level I), Kot Diji (level 3A), Amri (level II}. Rehman Dheri also has a pre Kot Diji phase (RHD1 3300-28 BCE) which are not part of IVC culture. Kot Diji has two later phases that continue into and along side Mature Harappan Phase (RHDII and RHDII 2500-2100 BCE). Fortified towns found here are dated as follows.<ref name=dd1>Charles Keith Maisels, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216 ''Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China.''] Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1134837305}}</ref><ref name=asi1/><ref name="Higham2009">{{cite book|first=Charles |last=Higham|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=H1c1UIEVH9gC|page=9}}|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1|pages=9–}}</ref><ref name=dd2>Sigfried J. de Laet, Ahmad Hasan Dani, eds. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BnY0KYbJC6wC&pg=PA674 ''History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C.''] UNESCO, 1996 {{ISBN|9231028111}} p.674</ref><ref name=tej1>Tejas Garge (2010), [http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10203/ Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal.] Ancient Asia. 2, pp.15–40. {{DOI|10.5334/aa.10203}}</ref>
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| * Kunal (5000/4000 BCE- ),<ref name=asi1/> in [[Hisar district]] of [[Haryana]] in India is the earliest site found with layers in phase I dating back to 5000 BCE<ref name=hargazc1>[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/hr-gaz-ch-5.pdf Haryana Gazateer], Revennue Dept of Haryana, Capter-V.</ref> and 4000 BCE,<ref name=asi1/> site's culture is an older ancestry of the Pre-Harappan site of Rehman Dheri which was dated to 3300 BC. A button seal was discovered at Kunal during 1998-99 excavations by [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. The seal is similar to the Rehman Dheri examples. It contained a picture of two deer on one side, and geometrical pattern on other side. The similar specimen from Rehman-Dheri is datable to {{circa|4000 BCE}}, which makes Kunal site an older ancestor of Rehman Dheri.<ref name=asi1>{{cite journal|last=Archaeological Survey of|first=India|title=Excavations at Kunal,Haryana|journal=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 a Review|year=2004|pages=11–12|url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|access-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508064754/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201998-99%20A%20Review.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The second phase of Kunal corresponds to ''post-[[neolithic]] phase of Hakra culture' (also called [[Periodisation_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Early,_Mature_and_Late_Harappan|Early Harappan Phase, c.3300-2800 BCE or c.5000-2800 BCE]]) was also found.<ref name=ku1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/museum-at-pre-harappan-site-soon-188106 Museum at pre-Harappan site soon], The Tribune, 23 Dec 2020.</ref>
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| * [[Kot Diji]] (3300 BCE),<ref name=un1/> is the [[type site]], located in [[Sindh]] in Pakistan.
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| * [[Amri (Pre-Harappa)|Amri]] (3600–3300 BCE), also has non-Harappan phases daring 6000 BC to 4000 BC, and later Harappan Phses till 1300 BCE.
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| * [[Kalibangan]] (3500 BC – 2500 BC),<ref name=tej1/> in northwest Rajasthan in India on [[Hakra|Ghaggar]] River.
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| * [[Rehman Dheri]], 3300 BCE,<ref name=un1>[[UNESCO]] [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1877/ Karez System Cultural Landscape]</ref> near [[Dera Ismail Khan]] and close to [[Zhob River|River Zhob]] Valleyin [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in Pakistan.
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| == Amri-Nal cultural arfictas==
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| {{see also | Pottery#Archaeology | l1= Archaeological analysis of pottery | Pottery#Fabric | l2= Fabric analysis of pottery }}
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| ''Amri-Nal culture'': Based on the [[pottery]] found here, it is classified as a separate archaeological culture / subculture.<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref>
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| The Amri Culture is a characteristic Chalcolithic cultural aspect of Lower Sindh. It does not exist in Balochistan and also in the Las Bela province where, in contrast, are known many sites of the Nal Culture. Unfortunately both these two cultural aspects are very insufficiently radiocarbon dated, though we suggest that they flourished around the middle of the fourth millennium cal BC. Amri is a stratified mound located in Upper Sindh, alonb the right (western) bankof the Indus. The Amri sequence is quite thick here, so we can suggest that the site was settled for a few centuries.
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| The Amri Culture fine ware is light [[buff (color)|buff]] with linear geometric motifs painted in dark brown and black, while the coarse one, though not so coarse at all, is slipped in red (see Casal 1964). The knapped stone assemblage is also very typical and does not find paralleles in that of the following early Bronze Age Kot Diji aspect. It is characterised by a blade assemblage, with implements detached by pressute flaking, with semi-abrupt retouch. The most typical tool is atriangle retouched alont three sides, otherwise called "Amri Triangle" (see Biagi 2005). There are many sites of this cultural aspect in Sindh. The late Professor A.R. Khan discovered many, that are systematically wethered{{typo help inline|reason=similar to withered|date=July 2021}} and very often fortified, like the Tharro Hills or Kot Raja Manjera (see Khan 1979)
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
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| * [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
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| ** [[Bhirrana]], 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
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| ** [[Harappa]]
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| ** [[Kalibanga]], an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase
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| ** [[Kunal, Haryana]] pre harappan cultural ancestor of [[Rehman Dheri]]
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| ** [[Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjo Daro]]
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| ** [[Rakhigarhi]], one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
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| * [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
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| ** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
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| ** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]
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| * [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]
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| * [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]
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| ==References==
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| * Casal J.-M. 1964 - Fouilles d'Amri. Klincksieck, Paris (2 volumes)
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| * Biagi P. - The chipped stone assemblage of the Tharro Hills (Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan): a preliminary typological analysis. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche, Supplemento 1: 553-566. Florence
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| * Khan A. R. 1979 - Studies in Geomorphology and Prehistory of Sind. Grassroots III (2), Special Issue. Jamshoro, University of Sind, Pakistan Studies Centre.
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| {{reflist}}
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| {{Indus Valley Civilization}}
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| {{Tourism in India}}
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| {{Haryana}}
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| [[Category:Archaeological sites in Pakistan]]
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| [[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
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| [[Category:Former populated places in Pakistan]]
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| {{Asia-archaeology-stub}}
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| {{Pakistan-stub}}
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