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{{short description|Character in the epic Mahabharata}}
{{short description|King of Madra in the Mahabharata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{For|the urban-type settlement in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia|Shalya (urban-type settlement)}}
{{For|the urban-type settlement in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia|Shalya (urban-type settlement)}}
{{Infobox character
{{Infobox character
| color = #FFC569
| info-hdr = Information
| info-hdr=Information
| image = File:Shalya in Kurukshetra (cropped).jpg  
| image = Shalya becomes commander in chief.jpg
| caption = Shalya driving the chariot of [[Karna]] (cropped), [[Pahari painting]], c. 1820
| caption = Shalya is appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army
| weapon = [[Spear]] and [[Gada (mace)|Gada]]
| weapon = [[Spear]] and [[Gada (mace)|Gada]]
| children = Rukmangada and Rukmaratha
| children= Rukmangada and Rukmaratha
| relatives = [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] (nephews), [[Pandu]] (brother in law)
| affiliation = Kauravas
| spouse =
| origin    = [[Madra]]
| family = [[Madri]] (younger sister)
| series      = [[Mahabharata]]
| family      = [[Madri]] (sister)
| relatives = [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] (nephews), [[Pandu]] (brother-in-law)
}}
}}


In the epic [[Mahabharata]], King shalya ({{lang-sa|शल्य}}, lit. ''pointed weapon'') was the brother of [[Madri]] (mother of [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]]), as well as the ruler of the Madra kingdom. Shalya, a powerful Spear and mace fighter and a formidable charioteer, was tricked by [[Duryodhana]] to fight the war on the side of the [[Kauravas]]. Shalya was an incredible calm and deliberate fighter, which is why he made a good [[Ratha|charioteer]] and why he could excel at Spear and mace-fighting despite his slight build.<ref name="Ganguly">{{cite web |last = Ganguly|first =Kisari|title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/index.htm}}</ref>
'''Shalya''' ({{langx|sa|शल्य}}, lit. ''[[Pike (weapon)|Pike]]'')<ref>{{Cite web | title=Sanskrit - Dictionary | url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=pike&dir=au | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517210100/https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=pike&dir=au | access-date=2025-01-02 | archive-date=2024-05-17}}</ref> is a major character in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', one of two Sanskrit epics of Ancient India. He was a powerful king from the [[Bahlikas|Bahlika]] clan, ruling over the [[Madra kingdom]] in the Northwest region of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Although he was the brother of [[Madri]], the wife of [[Pandu]], Shalya sided with the [[Kauravas]] in the [[Kurukshetra War]]. Despite his allegiance, he supported the [[Pandavas]] and wished for their victory. While he initially fought as a key warrior for the Kauravas, he was made [[Karna]]’s charioteer and, following Karna’s death, was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava forces. Shalya was killed by the eldest Pandava, [[Yudhishthira]].<ref name="Ganguly">{{cite web |last = Ganguly|first =Kisari|title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/index.htm}}</ref>


==Becoming Pandu's brother-in-law==
== Epithets ==
Shalya is referred to by various epithets, including:<ref name=":0" />


On his way to [[Hastinapur]], [[Pandu|King Pandu]] encountered Shalya's army. At parlay, Shalya and his general met with Pandu; Pandu was very impressed by Shalya's slight general and became friends. [[Bhishma]], head of Pandu's family, came to know about Shalya's beautiful sister, [[Mādrī]] and decided to arrange Pandu's second marriage with Madri. Shalya agreed and was gifted with golds and jewels from [[Hastinapur]].<ref name="Ganguly"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20143/05%20Panchkanya%2025-33%20%202-9.pdf|title=Kunti|access-date=10 January 2013|publisher=Manushi India Organization}}</ref><ref>Puranic Encyclopaedia by Vettam Mani</ref>
* Artayani
* Balhika Pungava
* Madradhipa
* Madraja
* Madrajanadhipa
* Madraka
* Madraraj
* Sauvira


===Attempting to make Nakula and Sahadeva his heirs===
== Early life and relations ==
Shalya was the ruler of the [[Madra]] kingdom and was renowned for his formidable skills as a warrior and his wisdom. His sister, [[Madri]], was married to [[Pandu]], King of [[Kuru kingdom]] at the request of [[Bhishma]], in exchange of heavy bride price consisting of gold and jewels from [[Hastinapur]]a.<ref name="Ganguly"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20143/05%20Panchkanya%2025-33%20%202-9.pdf|title=Kunti|access-date=10 January 2013|publisher=Manushi India Organization}}</ref><ref name=":0">[https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241911.html Puranic Encyclopaedia] by [[Vettam Mani]]</ref> (''Adi Parva'', Chapter 112).


Years after Madri had decided to go for sati, Shalya, each year, for a spell, brought his nephews Nakula and Sahadeva to Madra, and desired to make them his [[heirs]]. On their eighteenth birthday, Shalya revealed his intention to the twins. Shalya argued that Nakula could be a king one day, instead of fourth-in-line to the throne of Hastinapur...provided that [[Yudhishthira]] was named the [[crown prince]] in the first place. The wise Nakula pointed out that Shalya only wanted Nakula and Sahadeva as his heirs, because both were [[Divine filiation|children of God]]-in fact, Shalya was eschewing his own children with this gambit.<ref name="Ganguly">{{cite web |last = Ganguly|first =Kisari|title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/index.htm}}</ref> Nakula claimed that while he and Sahadeva staying with the Pandavas would give them no power, his brothers and [[Kunti]] genuinely loved him, and would never try to make Nakula and Sahadeva their pawns. Through some deliberation, Nakula is convinced that Shalya is being genuine. He and Sahadeva become the heirs to the throne, but Sahadeva told his uncle on one condition: they will always stay with the Pandavas.<ref>Rajagopalachari, C. (. (1970). Mahabharata (10th ed.). Bombay : Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</ref>
Shalya was present at the [[svayamvara]] of [[Draupadi]] alongside his sons, Rukmangada and Rukmaratha (''Adi Parva'', Chapter 185, Verse 18). However, he withdrew from the contest after failing to string the bow (''Adi Parva'', Chapter 186, Verse 28). [[Bhima]] later defeated him at the wedding (''Adi Parva'', Chapter 189, Verse 23).<ref name=":0" />


==Kurukshetra War==
During [[Nakula]]'s western conquests, Shalya befriended his nephew and was entertained by him (''Sabha Parva'', Chapter 32, Verse 14). He also attended [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] yajna (''Sabha Parva'', Chapter 34, Verse 7) and presented Yudhishthira with a sword and a golden jar at his coronation (''Sabha Parva'', Chapter 53, Verse 9).<ref name=":0" />
===Falling prey to Duryodhana's trick===
When Shalya heard of the impending [[Kurukshetra War]], he marched forth with his army to join his nephews. On the way, Shalya was tricked by [[Duryodhana]], who arranged a huge feast for Shalya and his men, entertaining him for hours. Impressed, Shalya is generous with his praise and asks to see [[Yudhishthira]], who Shalya thought was his host. When Duryodhana reveals the treachery, Shalya is astounded but is compelled to grant a boon due to the hospitality. Unable to turn down Duryodhana's request to join the [[Kauravas]], Shalya met the [[Pandavas]] and apologized for his mistake. [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] became enraged, saying that Shalya had truly proven that Nakula and Sahadeva weren't real brothers to the Pandavas, but only [[Stepfamily|step-brothers]]. Yudhishthira quickly stepped in and reprimanded the twins, commanding that they were never to again cheapen their relationship by saying they were "step" brothers. At this point, Shalya realised he had underestimated their brotherly bond. Yudhishthira promised to Shalya that he will kill him in war.


Prior to the start of the war, [[Yudhishthira]] met with his elders on the Kaurava side, asking for their blessings. Shalya readily gave his blessings to Yudhishthira, blessing him with victory.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menon|first=[translated by] Ramesh|title=The Mahabharata : a modern rendering|year=2006|publisher=iUniverse, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=9780595401888}}</ref><ref>Shalya giving boon to Yudhisthira http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06043.htm</ref>
== Allegiance to Duryodhana ==
The ''[[Udyoga Parva]]'' describes about the preparation of the Kurukshetra War and the formation of alliances. Though Shalya was related to the [[Pandavas]] and initially intended to fight for them, he was deceived by [[Duryodhana]]’s cunning. As he traveled to join the Pandavas, Duryodhana arranged an extravagant reception for him, ensuring that Shalya and his army received unparalleled hospitality. Assuming that the Pandavas were behind these arrangements, Shalya praised his hosts. However, when he discovered that it was actually Duryodhana who had extended this courtesy, he felt obligated by royal etiquette to grant him a boon. Seizing the opportunity, Duryodhana requested Shalya to fight for the Kauravas, and bound by his word, Shalya reluctantly agreed.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05008.htm | title=The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva: Section VIII }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Buitenen |first1=J. A. B. van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC&dq=salya&pg=PA138 |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 3: Book 4: The Book of the Virata; Book 5: The Book of the Effort |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=James L. |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-84665-1 |language=en}}</ref>


===War with Uttar Kumara===
Despite aligning with the Kauravas, Shalya secretly wished for the Pandavas' victory (''Bhishma Parva''). Prior to the start of the war, [[Yudhishthira]] met with his elders on the Kaurava side, seeking their blessings. Shalya readily offered his blessings to Yudhishthira, wishing him victory. Shalya was requested by Yudhishthira to heap praises of his brothers in order to infuriate Karna.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menon|first=[translated by] Ramesh|title=The Mahabharata : a modern rendering|year=2006|publisher=iUniverse, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=9780595401888}}</ref><ref>Shalya giving boon to Yudhisthira http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06043.htm</ref> He subtly worked against [[Karna]] during his battle with [[Arjuna]], using his position as Karna’s charioteer to demoralize him (''Karna Parva'').<ref name=":0" />


Though not spirited in his fight, Shalya confronted many great warriors during the war. Shalya killed [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttar Kumara]] on the first day of the war. Shalya killed the boy with his spear after a fantastic duel; Shalya saluted Uttar's brave death.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menon|first=[translated by] Ramesh|title=The Mahabharata : a modern rendering|year=2006|publisher=iUniverse, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=9780595401888|page=151}}</ref>
== Role in the Kurukshetra War ==
===Thirteenth day of battle===
[[File:Duryodhana and Salya (cropped).jpg|thumb|Duryodhan requests Shalya to become Karna's charioteer, an illustration from ''[[Razmnama]]'', the Persian translation of the ''Mahabharata'']]
On the 13th day, Shalya's sons Rukmangada and Rukmaratha were killed by [[Abhimanyu]].
=== Participation in the battle ===
Shalya engaged in multiple battles, displaying both valor and strategic acumen:<ref name=":0" />


===Fourteenth day of battle===
* On the first day of the war, he dueled with [[Yudhishthira]] (''Bhishma Parva'', Chapter 45, Verse 28).
* He killed [[Uttara (Mahabharata)|Uttara]], the prince of [[Virata]] (''Bhishma Parva'', Chapter 47, Verse 35).
* He defeated another prince of Virata, [[Shankha]] (''Bhishma Parva'', Chapter 49, Verse 35).
* He fought against [[Dhrishtadyumna]] (''Bhishma Parva'', Chapter 62) and was later defeated by [[Bhima]] (''Bhishma Parva'', Chapter 64, Verse 27).
* Clashed with multiple warriors including Yudhishthira, Nakula, [[Sahadeva]], [[Shikhandi]], and [[Arjuna]] throughout the war.
* Protected [[Jayadratha]] from Arjuna’s assault (''Drona Parva'', Chapter 145, Verse 9).


On the fourteenth day of battle, Shalya was charged with keeping [[Jayadratha]] away from [[Arjuna]]. Shalya attempted to check Arjuna's advance. Arjuna responded by tying Shalya to his chariot using his arrows, much in the same way Abhimanyu had done the day before.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}
=== Charioteer of Karna ===
Shalya was reluctantly made Karna’s charioteer at Duryodhana’s insistence (''Karna Parva'', Chapter 32). Despite this, he constantly undermined Karna’s confidence by praising Arjuna (''Karna Parva'', Chapter 37, Verse 33). Their tense relationship escalated when Karna threatened to kill him (''Karna Parva'', Chapter 40), but Shalya countered by narrating the tale of the swan and the crow, mocking Karna’s arrogance (''Karna Parva'', Chapter 41).<ref name=":0" />


===Karna's charioteer===
Shalya prevented Karna from killing Nakula, Sahadeva, and Yudhishthira (''Karna Parva'', Chapter 63, Verse 21) and later consoled him when he was intimidated by Bhima (''Karna Parva'', Chapter 84, Verse 8).<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Shalya insulting Karna by telling the story of a swan and crow.jpg|thumb|Shalya insulting Karna by telling the story of a swan and crow.]]


On 17th day of battle, Karna defeats but spares [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]], saying that they are younger and not his equals, therefore not deserving of death by his hands and proceeds to clash with Arjuna(he actually does this as he had promised Kunti that he would not kill any Pandava except Arjuna). Karna-Arjuna duel begins. In the course of the battle, Karna invites Ashwasena snake on his arrow and aims at [[Arjuna]]. Shalya interrupts, telling Karna to aim at Arjuna's chest. Disgusted at Shalya's constant praise of Arjuna, Karna thinks that advice must be inaccurate, and aims at Arjuna's head. [[Krishna]], knowing that Ashwasena is on arrow, pushes Arjuna's chariot into the ground; the arrow only takes off Arjuna's crown instead of his head. At last Arjuna kills Karna with [[Anjalikastra]] and Duryodhana names Shalya as the commander-in-chief.<ref>Meiland, J. (2005). Śalya ; Vol. 1. New York: New York Univ. Press.</ref>
=== Commander-in-chief and death ===
After Karna’s death, Shalya was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army on the eighteenth and final day of the war (''Shalya Parva'', Chapter 6, Verse 28). He led the army with great might but was ultimately defeated and killed by [[Yudhishthira]] in battle (''Shalya Parva'', Chapter 17, Verse 52).<ref name=":0" /> When Gandhari surveys the corpses on the Kurukshetra battlefield after the end of the war, she finds Shalya's tongue being eaten by birds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Gurcharan |title=The Difficulty of Being Good ON THE SUBTLE ART OF DHARMA |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780199754410 |edition=1 |location=New Delhi |pages=179}}</ref>


== Death ==
His soul was among those summoned during the [[Śrāddha|Shraddha]] rites at the [[Ganga River|Ganga]] (''Ashramavasika Parva'', Chapter 32, Verse 10).<ref name=":0" />


[[File:Yudhistira hits Shalya with arrow of Shakti.jpg|thumb|Yudhishthira kills Shalya with Shakti Spear of Shiva]]
== Previous birth ==
According to the ''Mahabharata'', Shalya was a reincarnation of Samhlada, the son of [[Hiranyakashipu]] and brother of [[Prahlada]] (''Adi Parva'', Chapter 67, Verse 6).<ref name=":0" />
After becoming commander-in-chief, Shalya, now impassioned to fight for the [[Kaurava]] cause. [[Krishna]] suggests that [[Yudhishthira]] should kill the powerful warrior because the eldest Pandava was not a man of aggression and could meet Shalya's calm demeanour, in battle. Shalya is killed by Yudhishthira in spear-combat. After Shalya, Nakula and Sahadeva became the kings of Madra kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|last=Srivastava|first=Vishnulok Bihari|title=Dictionary of Indology|year=2009|publisher=Hindoology Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788122310849}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 23:19, 27 January 2026


For the urban-type settlement in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, see Shalya (urban-type settlement).
Shalya
Mahabharata character
Shalya driving the chariot of Karna (cropped), Pahari painting, c. 1820
Information
AffiliationKauravas
WeaponSpear and Gada
FamilyMadri (sister)
ChildrenRukmangada and Rukmaratha
RelativesNakula and Sahadeva (nephews), Pandu (brother-in-law)
OriginMadra

Shalya (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., lit. Pike)[1] is a major character in the Mahabharata, one of two Sanskrit epics of Ancient India. He was a powerful king from the Bahlika clan, ruling over the Madra kingdom in the Northwest region of the Indian subcontinent. Although he was the brother of Madri, the wife of Pandu, Shalya sided with the Kauravas in the Kurukshetra War. Despite his allegiance, he supported the Pandavas and wished for their victory. While he initially fought as a key warrior for the Kauravas, he was made Karna’s charioteer and, following Karna’s death, was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava forces. Shalya was killed by the eldest Pandava, Yudhishthira.[2]

Epithets[edit | edit source]

Shalya is referred to by various epithets, including:[3]

  • Artayani
  • Balhika Pungava
  • Madradhipa
  • Madraja
  • Madrajanadhipa
  • Madraka
  • Madraraj
  • Sauvira

Early life and relations[edit | edit source]

Shalya was the ruler of the Madra kingdom and was renowned for his formidable skills as a warrior and his wisdom. His sister, Madri, was married to Pandu, King of Kuru kingdom at the request of Bhishma, in exchange of heavy bride price consisting of gold and jewels from Hastinapura.[2][4][3] (Adi Parva, Chapter 112).

Shalya was present at the svayamvara of Draupadi alongside his sons, Rukmangada and Rukmaratha (Adi Parva, Chapter 185, Verse 18). However, he withdrew from the contest after failing to string the bow (Adi Parva, Chapter 186, Verse 28). Bhima later defeated him at the wedding (Adi Parva, Chapter 189, Verse 23).[3]

During Nakula's western conquests, Shalya befriended his nephew and was entertained by him (Sabha Parva, Chapter 32, Verse 14). He also attended Yudhishthira's Rajasuya yajna (Sabha Parva, Chapter 34, Verse 7) and presented Yudhishthira with a sword and a golden jar at his coronation (Sabha Parva, Chapter 53, Verse 9).[3]

Allegiance to Duryodhana[edit | edit source]

The Udyoga Parva describes about the preparation of the Kurukshetra War and the formation of alliances. Though Shalya was related to the Pandavas and initially intended to fight for them, he was deceived by Duryodhana’s cunning. As he traveled to join the Pandavas, Duryodhana arranged an extravagant reception for him, ensuring that Shalya and his army received unparalleled hospitality. Assuming that the Pandavas were behind these arrangements, Shalya praised his hosts. However, when he discovered that it was actually Duryodhana who had extended this courtesy, he felt obligated by royal etiquette to grant him a boon. Seizing the opportunity, Duryodhana requested Shalya to fight for the Kauravas, and bound by his word, Shalya reluctantly agreed.[5][6]

Despite aligning with the Kauravas, Shalya secretly wished for the Pandavas' victory (Bhishma Parva). Prior to the start of the war, Yudhishthira met with his elders on the Kaurava side, seeking their blessings. Shalya readily offered his blessings to Yudhishthira, wishing him victory. Shalya was requested by Yudhishthira to heap praises of his brothers in order to infuriate Karna.[7][8] He subtly worked against Karna during his battle with Arjuna, using his position as Karna’s charioteer to demoralize him (Karna Parva).[3]

Role in the Kurukshetra War[edit | edit source]

Duryodhan requests Shalya to become Karna's charioteer, an illustration from Razmnama, the Persian translation of the Mahabharata

Participation in the battle[edit | edit source]

Shalya engaged in multiple battles, displaying both valor and strategic acumen:[3]

  • On the first day of the war, he dueled with Yudhishthira (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 45, Verse 28).
  • He killed Uttara, the prince of Virata (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 47, Verse 35).
  • He defeated another prince of Virata, Shankha (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 49, Verse 35).
  • He fought against Dhrishtadyumna (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 62) and was later defeated by Bhima (Bhishma Parva, Chapter 64, Verse 27).
  • Clashed with multiple warriors including Yudhishthira, Nakula, Sahadeva, Shikhandi, and Arjuna throughout the war.
  • Protected Jayadratha from Arjuna’s assault (Drona Parva, Chapter 145, Verse 9).

Charioteer of Karna[edit | edit source]

Shalya was reluctantly made Karna’s charioteer at Duryodhana’s insistence (Karna Parva, Chapter 32). Despite this, he constantly undermined Karna’s confidence by praising Arjuna (Karna Parva, Chapter 37, Verse 33). Their tense relationship escalated when Karna threatened to kill him (Karna Parva, Chapter 40), but Shalya countered by narrating the tale of the swan and the crow, mocking Karna’s arrogance (Karna Parva, Chapter 41).[3]

Shalya prevented Karna from killing Nakula, Sahadeva, and Yudhishthira (Karna Parva, Chapter 63, Verse 21) and later consoled him when he was intimidated by Bhima (Karna Parva, Chapter 84, Verse 8).[3]

Commander-in-chief and death[edit | edit source]

After Karna’s death, Shalya was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army on the eighteenth and final day of the war (Shalya Parva, Chapter 6, Verse 28). He led the army with great might but was ultimately defeated and killed by Yudhishthira in battle (Shalya Parva, Chapter 17, Verse 52).[3] When Gandhari surveys the corpses on the Kurukshetra battlefield after the end of the war, she finds Shalya's tongue being eaten by birds.[9]

His soul was among those summoned during the Shraddha rites at the Ganga (Ashramavasika Parva, Chapter 32, Verse 10).[3]

Previous birth[edit | edit source]

According to the Mahabharata, Shalya was a reincarnation of Samhlada, the son of Hiranyakashipu and brother of Prahlada (Adi Parva, Chapter 67, Verse 6).[3]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Sanskrit - Dictionary". Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ganguly, Kisari. "The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa".
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Puranic Encyclopaedia by Vettam Mani
  4. ↑ "Kunti" (PDF). Manushi India Organization. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  5. ↑ "The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva: Section VIII".
  6. ↑ Buitenen, J. A. B. van; Fitzgerald, James L. (1973). The Mahabharata, Volume 3: Book 4: The Book of the Virata; Book 5: The Book of the Effort. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-84665-1.
  7. ↑ Menon, [translated by] Ramesh (2006). The Mahabharata : a modern rendering. New York: iUniverse, Inc. ISBN 9780595401888.
  8. ↑ Shalya giving boon to Yudhisthira http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06043.htm
  9. ↑ Das, Gurcharan (2009). The Difficulty of Being Good ON THE SUBTLE ART OF DHARMA (1 ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780199754410.

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