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| {{short description|Conflicts mainly between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company (late 1700s)}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Anglo-Mysore wars]] |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
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| {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
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| {{Wars of Great Britain}}
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| The '''Anglo–Mysore Wars''' were a series of wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] on the one hand, and the British [[East India Company]] (represented chiefly by the [[Madras Presidency]]), [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] on the other. [[Hyder Ali]] and his successor [[Tipu Sultan]] fought a war on four fronts with the British attacking from the west, south and east, while the Nizam's forces attacked from the north.<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=172–181}}</ref> The [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|fourth war]] resulted in the overthrow of the house of Hyder Ali and Tipu (who was killed in the fourth war, in 1799), and the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which [[Company rule in India|took control]] of much of the Indian subcontinent.
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| [[File:Haidar Ali commandant en chef des Mahrattes gravure 1762.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Hyder Ali in 1762, incorrectly described as "Commander in Chief of the Marathas. At the head of his army in the war against the British in India". (French painting)]]
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| ==First Anglo-Mysore War==
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| The [[First Anglo-Mysore War]] (1767–69) saw Hyder Ali enjoy some measure of success against the British, almost capturing Madras. The British convinced the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] to attack Hyder. That was temporary, however, and the Nizam signed a new treaty with the British in February 1768. Hyder Ali had to contend with a British Bombay army attacking on the west and a Madras army attacking from the northeast. However, Hyder's attack towards Madras resulted in the Madras government suing for peace, and the resultant [[Treaty of Madras]].<ref name=Naravane/>
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| ==Second Anglo-Mysore War==
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| The [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] (1780–84) witnessed bloodier battles with fortunes fluctuating between the contesting powers. Tipu defeated Baillie at the [[Battle of Pollilur]] in Sept. 1780, and [[Sir John Braithwaite, 1st Baronet|Braithwaite]] at [[Kumbakonam]] in Feb. 1782, both of whom were taken prisoner to Seringapatam. This war saw the rise of [[Sir Eyre Coote]], the British commander who defeated Hyder Ali at the [[Battle of Porto Novo]] and Arni. Tipu continued the war following his father's death. Finally, the war ended with the signing of a treaty on 11 March 1784, the [[Treaty of Mangalore]], which restored the ''[[status quo ante bellum]]''. The Treaty of [[Gajendragarh|Gajendragad]] in April 1787 ended the conflict with the Marathas.<ref name=Naravane/>
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| ==Third Anglo-Mysore War==
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| In the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] (1790–92), Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore and an ally of France, invaded the nearby state of [[Travancore]] in 1789 which was a British ally. British forces were commanded by Governor-General Cornwallis himself. The resultant war lasted three years and was a resounding defeat for Mysore. The war ended after the 1792 [[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)|Siege of Seringapatam]] and the signing of the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]], according to which Tipu had to surrender half of his kingdom to the [[British East India Company]] and its allies.<ref name=Naravane/>
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| ==Fourth Anglo Mysore War==
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| The [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1798–99) saw the death of Tipu Sultan and further reductions in Mysorean territory.<ref name=Naravane/> Mysore's alliance with the French was seen as a threat to the East India Company and Mysore was attacked from all four sides. Tipu's army was outnumbered 4:1 in this war. Mysore had 35,000 soldiers, whereas the British commanded 60,000 troops. The Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas launched an invasion from the north. The British won a decisive victory at the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)]]. Tipu was killed during the defence of the city. Much of the remaining Mysorean territory was annexed by the British, the Nizam and the Marathas. The remaining core, around [[Mysore]] and [[Seringapatam]], was restored to the Indian prince belonging to the [[Wodeyar]] dynasty, whose forefathers had been the actual rulers before Hyder Ali became the de facto ruler. The Wodeyars ruled the remnant state of Mysore until 1947, when it joined the Union of India.
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| After the Battles of [[Battle of Plassey|Plassey (1757)]] and [[Battle of Buxar|Buxar (1764)]], which established British dominion over East India, the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1769), the [[Anglo–Maratha Wars]] (1775–1818), and finally the [[Anglo-Sikh Wars]] (1845–1849) consolidated the British claim over South Asia, resulting in the [[British Raj|British Empire in India]], though resistance among various groups such as the [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghans]] and the [[Burma|Burmese]] would last well into the 1880s.
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| ==Rockets==
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| {{main|Mysorean rockets}} | |
| The Mysorean rockets used by [[Tipu Sultan]] during the [[Battle of Pollilur]] were much more advanced than any that the [[British East India Company]] had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant. This enabled higher thrust and a longer range for the missile (up to {{convert|2|km}}). After [[Tipu Sultan]]'s eventual defeat in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] and the capture of a number of Mysorean iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development, inspiring the [[Congreve rocket]], which was soon put into use in the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>Roddam Narasimha (1985). [http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303205010/http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf |date=3 March 2012 }} National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science.</ref>
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| <gallery class="center">
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| Image:Anglo-Mysore War 1 and 2.png|The [[First Anglo-Mysore War|First]] and the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]].
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| Image:Anglo-Mysore War 3.png|The [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]
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| Image:Anglo-Mysore War 4.png|The [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]]
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| Image:1793 Faden Wall Map of India - Geographicus - India-faden-1793.jpg|1793 map
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| File:1800 Map of Peninsular India-1795.jpg |1800 map
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| </gallery>
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| * Brittlebank, Kate. ''Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy: Islam and Kingship in a Hindu Domain'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997)
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| * Cooper, Randolf GS. "Culture, Combat, and Colonialism in Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century India." ''International History Review'' (2005) 27#3 pp: 534-549.
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| * Jaim, HM Iftekhar, and Jasmine Jaim. "The Decisive Nature of the Indian War Rocket in the Anglo-Mysore Wars of the Eighteenth Century." ''Arms & Armour'' (2011) 8#2 pp: 131-138.
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| * Kaliamurthy, G. ''Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84)'' (Mittal Publications, 1987)
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| * Roy, Kaushik. ''War, culture and society in early modern South Asia, 1740–1849'' (Taylor & Francis, 2011)
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| ==Popular culture==
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| * * Regan S. Gidwani, ''The Sword of Tipu Sultan'' (2014), a novel linked to TV series
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| {{Mysore}}
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Mysore invasion of Kerala]]
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| * [[Regiment de Meuron]]
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| * [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)]]
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| * [[Garrison Cemetery, Seringapatam]]
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| {{Indian Independence Movement}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Mysore War 00}}
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| [[Category:18th-century conflicts]]
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| [[Category:Military history of British India]]
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| [[Category:History of Karnataka]]
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| [[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]
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| [[Category:Wars involving Great Britain]]
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| [[Category:18th century in India]]
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| [[Category:History of Kerala]]
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| [[Category:Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
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