List of time periods: Difference between revisions

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{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2013}}


The categorisation of the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time is called [[periodization]].<ref name="Rabinowtz">Adam Rabinowitz. And king''[https://www.academia.edu/6647852/Temporal_Divides_A_Critical_Review_of_the_Major_Schemes_of_Periodization_in_Indian_History It’s about time: historical periodization and Linked Ancient World Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425095901/https://www.academia.edu/6647852/Temporal_Divides_A_Critical_Review_of_the_Major_Schemes_of_Periodization_in_Indian_History |date=April 25, 2022 }}''. Study of the Ancient universe Papers, 2014.</ref> This is a list of such '''named time periods''' as defined in various fields of study.
The categorization of the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time is called [[periodization]].<ref name="Rabinowtz">Adam Rabinowitz. And king [https://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/isaw/isaw-papers/7/rabinowitz/ It’s about time: historical periodization and Linked Ancient World Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425095901/https://www.academia.edu/6647852/Temporal_Divides_A_Critical_Review_of_the_Major_Schemes_of_Periodization_in_Indian_History|date=April 25, 2022}}. Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, 2014.</ref> This is a list of such '''named time periods'''<!--'Time period' redirects here--> as defined in various fields of study.


These can be divided broadly into prehistorical periods and historical periods (when written records began to be kept).
These can be divided broadly into prehistoric periods and historical periods
(when written records began to be kept).  


In [[archaeology]] and [[anthropology]], [[prehistory]] is subdivided around the [[three-age system]], this list includes the use of the three-age system as well as a number of various designation used in reference to sub-ages within the traditional three.
In [[archaeology]] and [[anthropology]], [[prehistory]] is subdivided into the [[three-age system]]. This list includes the use of the three-age system as well as a number of various designations used in reference to sub-ages within the traditional three.


The dates for each age can vary by region. On the [[geologic time scale]], the [[Holocene]] epoch starts at the end of the [[last glacial period|last glacial period of the current ice age]] (c. 10,000 BCE) and continues to the present. The beginning of the Mesolithic is usually considered to correspond to the beginning of the [[Holocene]] epoch.
The dates for each age can vary by region. On the [[geologic time scale]], the [[Holocene]] epoch starts at the end of the [[last glacial period|last glacial period of the current ice age]] (c. 10,000 BC) and continues to the present. The beginning of the Mesolithic is usually considered to correspond to the beginning of the [[Holocene]] epoch.


==Prehistoric periods==
==Prehistoric periods==
===Common System===
===Era===
* '''[[Precambrian]]'''
* '''[[Precambrian]]'''
** [[Hadean]] (or hadaeozoic)
** [[Hadean]] (or hadaeozoic{{citation needed|date=October 2025}})
** [[Archean]] (or archaeozoic)
** [[Archean]] (or archaeozoic)
*** [[Eoarchean]]
*** [[Paleoarchean]]
*** [[Mesoarchean]]
*** [[Neoarchean]]
** [[Proterozoic]]
** [[Proterozoic]]
*** [[Paleoproterozoic]]
*** [[Paleoproterozoic]]
**** [[Siderian]]  
**** [[Siderian]]  
**** [[Rhyacian]]
**** [[Rhyacian]]
**** [[Orosirian]]
**** [[Statherian]]
**** [[Statherian]]
*** [[Mesoproterozoic]]
*** [[Mesoproterozoic]]
**** [[Calymmian]]
**** [[Ectasian]]
**** [[Stenian]]
**** [[Stenian]]
*** [[Neoproterozoic]]
*** [[Neoproterozoic]]
**** [[Tonian]]
**** [[Tonian]]
**** [[Cryogenian]]
**** [[Cryogenian]]
**** [[Ediacarian]]
**** [[Ediacaran]]
* '''[[Paleozoic]]'''
* '''[[Phanerozoic]]'''
** [[Cambrian]]
** [[Paleozoic]]
*** [[Cambrian Explosion]]
*** [[Cambrian]]
** [[Ordovician]]
**** [[Cambrian Explosion]]
** [[Silurian]]
*** [[Ordovician]]
** [[Devonian]]
*** [[Silurian]]
** [[Carboniferous]]
*** [[Devonian]]
** [[Permian]]
*** [[Carboniferous]]
* '''[[Mesozoic]]'''
*** [[Permian]]
** [[Triassic]]
** [[Mesozoic]]
** [[Jurassic]]
*** [[Triassic]]
** [[Cretaceous]]
*** [[Jurassic]]
* '''[[Cenozoic]]'''
*** [[Cretaceous]]
** [[Paleogene]]
** [[Cenozoic]]
*** [[Paleocene]]
*** [[Paleogene]]
*** [[Eocene]]
**** [[Paleocene]]
*** [[Oligocene]]
***** [[Danian]]
** [[Neogene]]
***** [[Selandian]]
*** [[Miocene]]
***** [[Thanetian]]
*** [[Pliocene]]
**** [[Eocene]]
** [[Quaternary]]
**** [[Oligocene]]
*** [[Pleistocene]]
*** [[Neogene]]
*** [[Holocene]]  
**** [[Miocene]]
**** [[Greenlandian]]
***** [[Aquitanian_(stage)|Aquitanian]]
**** [[Northgrippian]]
***** [[Burdigalian]]
**** [[Meghalayan]]
***** [[Langhian]]
*** [[Anthropocene]]
***** [[Serravallian]]
 
***** [[Tortonian]]
===Russian Prehistoric Periods===
***** [[Messinian]]
* [[Ediacarian|Vendian]]
**** [[Pliocene]]
***** [[Zanclean]]
***** [[Piacenzian]]
*** [[Quaternary]]
**** [[Pleistocene]]
***** [[Gelasian]]
***** [[Calabrian_(stage)|Calabrian]]
***** [[Chibanian]]
***** [[Late Pleistocene]]
**** [[Holocene]]  
***** [[Greenlandian]]
***** [[Northgrippian]]
***** [[Meghalayan]]
**** [[Anthropocene]] (rejected proposal)


==General periods==
==General periods==
{{Further|Human history}}
{{Further|Human history}}
* [[Geologic time scale|'''Geologic Time''']] – Period prior to humans. 4.6 billion to 3 million years ago. (See "prehistoric periods" for more detail into this.)
* [[Geologic time scale|'''Geologic Time''']] – Period prior to humans. 4.6 billion to 3 million years ago. (See "prehistoric periods" for more detail into this.)
* '''Primatomorphid Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Primatomorpha]]'', before this point, no even distantly human-like creatures would exist
* '''Primate Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Primate]]s''
* '''Simian Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Simiiformes]]''
* '''Hominoid Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Hominoidea]]''
* '''Hominid Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Hominidae]]''
**Distant signs of Human-like apes
* '''Homininaeid Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Homininae]]''
* '''Homininid Era''' – Period prior to the existence of ''[[Hominini]]''
* '''[[Prehistory]]''' – Period between the appearance of ''[[Homo]]'' ("humans"; [[Oldowan|first stone tools]] <abbr>c.</abbr> three million years ago) and the invention of writing systems (for the [[Ancient Near East]]: <abbr>c.</abbr> five thousand years ago).
* '''[[Prehistory]]''' – Period between the appearance of ''[[Homo]]'' ("humans"; [[Oldowan|first stone tools]] <abbr>c.</abbr> three million years ago) and the invention of writing systems (for the [[Ancient Near East]]: <abbr>c.</abbr> five thousand years ago).
** [[Paleolithic]] – the earliest period of the Stone Age  
** [[Paleolithic]] – the earliest period of the Stone Age  
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*** [[Upper Paleolithic]] – [[Early human migrations|worldwide expansion]] of anatomically modern humans, the disappearance of archaic humans by extinction or [[Archaic human admixture with modern humans|admixture]] with modern humans; earliest [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic|evidence for pictorial art]].
*** [[Upper Paleolithic]] – [[Early human migrations|worldwide expansion]] of anatomically modern humans, the disappearance of archaic humans by extinction or [[Archaic human admixture with modern humans|admixture]] with modern humans; earliest [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic|evidence for pictorial art]].
** [[Mesolithic]] ([[Epipaleolithic]]) – a period in the development of human technology between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods.
** [[Mesolithic]] ([[Epipaleolithic]]) – a period in the development of human technology between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods.
** [[Neolithic]] – a period of primitive [[technological]] and [[social]] development, beginning about 10,200 BCE in parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world.
** [[Neolithic]] – a period of primitive [[technological]] and [[social]] development, beginning about 10,200 BC in parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world.
** [[Chalcolithic]] (or "Eneolithic", "Copper Age") – still largely Neolithic in character, when early [[copper]] [[metallurgy]] appeared alongside the use of stone tools.
** [[Chalcolithic]] (or "Eneolithic", "Copper Age") – still largely Neolithic in character, when early [[copper]] [[metallurgy]] appeared alongside the use of stone tools.
** [[Bronze Age]] – not part of prehistory for all regions and civilizations who had adopted or developed a writing system.
** [[Bronze Age]] – not part of prehistory for all regions and civilizations who had adopted or developed a writing system.
*** [[History of Egypt|Ancient Egypt]]
** [[Iron Age]] – not part of prehistory for all civilizations who had introduced written records during the Bronze Age.
** [[Iron Age]] – not part of prehistory for all civilizations who had introduced written records during the Bronze Age.
* '''[[Ancient history]]''' – Aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the Postclassical Era. The span of [[recorded history]] is roughly five thousand years, beginning with the earliest linguistic records in the third millennium BCE in [[Sumer|Mesopotamia]] and [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Egypt]].
* '''[[Ancient history]]''' – Aggregate of past events from the beginning of recorded human history and extending as far as the Early Middle Ages or the Postclassical Era. The span of [[recorded history]] is roughly five thousand years, beginning with the earliest linguistic records in the third millennium BC in [[Sumer|Mesopotamia]] and [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Egypt]].
**'''[[Classical antiquity]]''' – Broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of [[ancient Greece]] and [[ancient Rome]], collectively known as the [[Greco-Roman world]]. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
**'''[[Classical antiquity]]''' – Broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of [[ancient Greece]] and [[ancient Rome]], collectively known as the [[Greco-Roman world]]. It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
* '''[[Post-classical history]]''' – Period of time that immediately followed ancient history. Depending on the continent, the era generally falls between the years CE 200–600 and CE 1200–1500. The major classical civilizations that the era follows are [[Han dynasty|Han China]] (ending in 220), the [[Western Roman Empire]] (in 476), the [[Gupta Empire]] (in the 550s), and the [[Sasanian Empire]] (in 651).  
* '''[[Post-classical history]]''' – Period of time that immediately followed ancient history. Depending on the continent, the era generally falls between the years AD 200–600 and AD 1200–1500. The major classical civilizations that the era follows are [[Han dynasty|Han China]] (ending in 220), the [[Western Roman Empire]] (in 476), the [[Gupta Empire]] (in the 550s), and the [[Sasanian Empire]] (in 651).  
** '''[[Middle Ages]]''' – Lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and is variously demarcated by historians as ending with the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, or the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, merging into the [[Renaissance]] and the [[Age of Discovery]].
** '''[[Middle Ages]]''' – Lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and is variously demarcated by historians as ending with the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, or the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, merging into the [[Renaissance]] and the [[Age of Discovery]].
*** [[Early Middle Ages]]
*** [[Early Middle Ages]]
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* '''[[Modern history]]''' – After the post-classical era
* '''[[Modern history]]''' – After the post-classical era
**'''[[Early modern period]]''' – The chronological limits of this period are open to debate. It emerges from the [[Late Middle Ages]] (c. 1500), demarcated by historians as beginning with the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, in forms such as the [[Italian Renaissance]] in the West, the [[Ming dynasty]] in the East, and the rise of the [[Aztecs]] in the New World. The period ends with the beginning of the [[Age of Revolutions]].
**'''[[Early modern period]]''' – The chronological limits of this period are open to debate. It emerges from the [[Late Middle Ages]] (c. 1500), demarcated by historians as beginning with the [[fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, in forms such as the [[Italian Renaissance]] in the West, the [[Ming dynasty]] in the East, and the rise of the [[Aztecs]] in the New World. The period ends with the beginning of the [[Age of Revolutions]].
** '''[[Late modern period]]''' – Began approximately in the mid-18th century; notable historical milestones included the [[French Revolution]], the [[American Revolution]], the [[Industrial Revolution]] and the [[Great Divergence]]
** '''[[Contemporary history]]''' – History within living memory. It shifts forward with the generations, and today is the span of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time.
** '''[[Contemporary history]]''' – History within living memory. It shifts forward with the generations, and today is the span of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time.


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** '''[[Information Age]]''' (1970–present)
** '''[[Information Age]]''' (1970–present)
*** [[Internet Age]] (1990–present)
*** [[Internet Age]] (1990–present)
== African periods ==
{{Further|History of Africa}}
=== Egyptian periods ===
{{Further|History of Egypt}}
'''[[Prehistoric Egypt]]''' (pre-3150 BC)
'''Dynastic Period'''
* [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Early Dynastic Period]] or Archaic Period (two dynasties) (3150 BC – 2686 BC)
* [[Old Kingdom]] (four dynasties) (2686 BC – 2181 BC)
* [[First Intermediate Period of Egypt|First Intermediate Period]] (four dynasties) (2181 BC – 2055 BC)
* [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] (three dynasties) (2055 BC – 1650 BC)
* [[Second Intermediate Period of Egypt|Second Intermediate Period]] (four dynasties) (1650 BC – 1550 BC)
* [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] (three dynasties) (1550 BC – 1069 BC)
* [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt|Third Intermediate Period]] (five dynasties) (1069 BC – 664 BC)
'''Antiquity'''
* [[Late Period of Egypt|Late Period of Ancient Egypt]] (six dynasties: of these six, two were Persian dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt) (664 BC – c. 332 BC)
* [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Argead and Ptolemaic dynasties]] (332 BC – 30 BC)
* [[Egypt (Roman province)|Aegyptus]] (fifteen Roman dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt) (30 BC – 641 AD)
** [[Sasanian Egypt]] (one dynasty) (619–629)
* [[Coptic period]] (300 AD – 900 AD)
'''Islamic Egypt'''
* Egypt under four foreign Arabic dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt.
** [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun Egypt]] (641–661)
** [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad Egypt]] (661–750)
** [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Egypt]] (750–868 and 905–935)
'''Medieval Egypt'''
* [[Tulunids|Tulunid dynasty]] (868–905)
* [[Ikhshidids|Ikhshidid dynasty]] (935–969)
* [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Dynasty]] (969–1171)
* [[Ayyubid Dynasty]] (1171–1250)
* [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk dynasties]] (1250–1517)
** [[Bahri dynasty]] (1250–1382)
** [[Burji dynasty]] (1382–1517)
'''Modern Egypt'''
* [[Egypt Eyalet|Ottoman Egypt]] (Turk dynasty that ruled from a capital distant from Egypt) (1517–1867)
* [[History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty|Muhammad Ali dynasty]] (1805–1953)
** [[Khedivate of Egypt]] (1867–1914)
** [[Sultanate of Egypt]] (1914–1922)
'''Contemporary Egypt'''
* [[Kingdom of Egypt]] (1922–1953)
* [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Republican Egypt]] (1953–present)
=== Libyan periods ===
'''Prehistoric Libya'''
* Prehistoric Libya (pre-600 BC)
'''Early Libya'''
* Carthaginian Libya (600 BC – 200 BC)
* Roman Libya (200 BC – 487 AD)
* Vandal Libya (487 AD – ≈600 AD)
* Islamic Libya (≈600 – ≈1200)
* Ottoman Libya (≈1600 – ≈1900)
'''Modern Libya'''
* Colonial Libya (≈1900 – ≈1950)
* Libya as an independent country
** Early Independent Era
** [[Libyan Arab Republic]] (September 1969–1977)
** [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]]
** Contemporary Libya (2011–present)


==American (continent) periods==
==American (continent) periods==
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* [[Spanish Empire|Spanish hegemony]] (Americas, 1492–1832)
* [[Spanish Empire|Spanish hegemony]] (Americas, 1492–1832)


==Australian periods==
=== Mexican periods ===
{{Further|History of Australia}}
'''Ancient and Pre-Columbian Mexico'''
* [[Olmecs]] (1500  BC- 400 BC)
* [[Maya civilization|Mayans]] (3000 BC – 600 AD)
* [[Teotihuacan]] (1 AD - 500 AD)
* [[Toltec|Toltecs]] (800 AD - 1000 AD)
* [[Aztec Empire|Aztecs]] (1000 AD – 1512 AD)
'''Colonial Mexico'''
* [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Spanish Conquest of Mexico]] (1519 – 1521)
*[[New Spain]] (1535 - 1821)
'''Independence Era'''
 
* [[Mexican War of Independence]] (1810 - 1821)
* [[First Mexican Empire]] (1821 -1823)
* [[First Mexican Republic]] (1824 - 1835)
* [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] (1835 - 1846)
 
'''Liberal Mexico'''
 
* [[Second Federal Republic of Mexico]] (1846 - 1863)
* [[Second Mexican Empire|Second French Mexican Empire]] (1864 - 1867)
* [[Restored Republic (Mexico)|Restored Republic]] (1867 - 1876)
* [[Porfiriato]] (1876 - 1911)
 
'''Modern Mexico'''
 
* [[Mexican Revolution|Revolutionary Mexico]] (1910 - 1917)
* [[Maximato]] (1928 - 1934)
* [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI One-Party State]] (1934 - 2000)
* Contemporary Mexico (2000 - Present)
 
=== United States historical periods ===
{{Further|History of the United States}}
 
'''Pre-Colonial era'''
* [[Lithic stage]]
* [[Archaic stage]]
* [[Formative stage]]
* [[Woodland period]]
* [[Classic stage]]
* [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian period]]
* [[Post-Classic stage]]
 
'''[[Thirteen Colonies|Thirteen British Colonies]] (1607–1775)'''
 
'''[[United Colonies]] (1775-1781)'''
* [[American Revolutionary War]]
 
'''[[Confederation period]] (1781-1789)'''
 
'''[[First Party System]] (1789–1824)'''
* [[Federalist Era]] (1789–1800)
* [[Jeffersonian democracy]] (1790s–1820s)
* [[Era of Good Feelings]] (1817–1825)
 
'''[[Second Party System]] (1824–1856)'''
* [[Jacksonian democracy]] (1825–1854)
* [[History of the United States (1849–1865)|Civil War Era]] (1849–1865)
 
'''[[Third Party System]] (1856–1896)'''
* [[History of the United States (1849–1865)|Civil War Era]] (1849–1865)
* [[Reconstruction era]] (1865–1877) (Some of this time period is known as the "[[Old West]]".)
* [[Gilded Age]] (1877–1896)
 
'''[[Fourth Party System]] (1896–1932)'''
* [[Progressive Era]] (1896–1917)
* [[United States in World War I]] (1917–1918)
* [[Roaring Twenties]] (1920–1929)
 
'''[[Fifth Party System]] (1932–1980)'''
* [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] (1929–1939)
* [[United States home front during World War II]] (1942–1945)
* [[History of the United States (1945–1964)|Post-World War II]] (1945–1964)
* [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]] (1954–1968)
* [[United States in the Vietnam War]] (1955–1973)


* [[Prehistory of Australia|Ancient Australia]], [[History of Indigenous Australians]] (between 65,000 and 50,000 BCE – 1788 CE)
'''[[Sixth Party System]] (1980–present)'''
* [[Age of Discovery]] [[European maritime exploration of Australia]] (1606–1802)
* [[Reagan Era]] (1980–1991)
* [[Convicts in Australia|Convict era]] (1788–1868)
* [[History of the United States (1991–2008)|Post-Cold War period]] (1991–2008)
* [[Victorian era]] (1837–1901)
* [[History of the United States (2008–present)|Contemporary United States]] (2008-present)
* [[Federation of Australia|Federation era]] (1890–1918)
* [[Military history of Australia during World War II|World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Second Elizabethan era]] (1952–2022)


==Southeast Asian periods==
== Asian periods ==
{{Further|History of Southeast Asia}}
{{Further|History of Asia}}
'''Archaic Southeast Asia'''
* [[Srivijaya]] ([[Indonesia]], 3rd – 14th centuries), [[Tarumanagara]] (358–723), [[Sailendra]] (8th and 9th centuries), [[Sunda Kingdom|Kingdom of Sunda]] (669–1579), [[Mataram Kingdom|Kingdom of Mataram]] (752–1045), [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]] (1045–1221), [[Singhasari]] (1222–1292), [[Majapahit]] (1293–1500)
'''Modern Southeast Asia'''
* [[Chenla]] ([[Cambodia]], 630 – 802) and [[Khmer Empire]] ([[Cambodia]], 802–1432)
* [[Lý Nam Đế|Anterior Lý dynasty]] and [[Triệu Việt Vương]], [[Third Chinese domination (History of Vietnam)|Third Chinese domination]], [[Khúc Family]], [[Dương Đình Nghệ]], [[Kiều Công Tiễn]], [[Ngô dynasty]], [[The 12 Lords Rebellion]], [[Đinh dynasty]], [[Anterior Lê dynasty|Prior Lê dynasty]], [[Lý dynasty]], [[Trần dynasty]], [[Hồ dynasty]], [[Fourth Chinese domination (History of Vietnam)|Fourth Chinese domination]] ([[Vietnam]], 544–1427)


==Chinese periods==
=== Chinese periods ===
{{Further|History of China}}
{{Further|History of China}}
'''Bronze Age China'''
'''Bronze Age China'''
prechaic china{{clarify|date=June 2023}}
 
* [[Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors]] (2852–2070 BCE)
earliest dynastic china
* [[Xia dynasty]] (2070–1600 BCE)
'''Archaic China'''
'''Archaic China'''
archaicic china{{clarify|date=June 2023}}
* [[Shang dynasty]] (1600–1046 BC)
* [[Shang dynasty]] (1600–1046 BCE)
* [[Zhou dynasty]] (1046–256 BC)
* [[Zhou dynasty]] (1046–221 BCE)
** [[Western Zhou]] (1046–771 BC)
** [[Western Zhou]] (1046–771 BCE)
** [[Eastern Zhou]] (771–256 BC)
** [[Eastern Zhou]] (771–221 BCE)
*** [[Spring and Autumn period]] (771–476 BC)
divistates of China{{clarify|date=June 2023}}
*** [[Warring States period]] (476–221 BC)
*** [[Spring and Autumn period]] (771–476 BCE)
* [[Qin dynasty]] (221–206 BC)
*** [[Warring States period]] (476–221 BCE)
* [[Qin dynasty]] (221–206 BCE)
'''Antiquity'''
'''Antiquity'''
mid dynastic periods
* [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC – 220 AD)
* [[Han dynasty]] (206 BCE – 220 CE)
** [[Western Han]] (206 BC – 2 AD)
** [[Western Han]] (206 BCE – 2 CE)
** [[Xin dynasty]] (9–23 AD)
** [[Xin dynasty]] (9–23 CE)
** [[Eastern Han]] (25–220 AD)
** [[Eastern Han]] (25–220 CE)
* [[Six Dynasties]] (220–580)
* [[Six Dynasties]] (220–580)
** [[Three Kingdoms]] (220–265)
** [[Three Kingdoms]] (220–265)
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* [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[Taiwan]] (1949–present)
* [[China|People's Republic of China]] and [[Taiwan]] (1949–present)


==Central Asian periods==
=== Indian periods ===
{{Further|History of Mongolia}}
{{Further|History of India|History of South Asia}}
 
'''Antiquity'''
* [[Xiongnu]] ([[Mongolia]], 220 BCE – CE 200)
'''Medieval Central Asia'''
* [[Rouran Khaganate]] (Mongolia, [[Manchuria]], [[Xianbei]], CE 330 – 555)
** [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] (Xianbei, [[Turkic peoples]], 304–439)
* [[Uyghur Khaganate]] (Mongolia, Manchuria, [[Tibet]], 744–848)
* [[Liao dynasty]] ([[Khitan people]], 907–1125)
'''Imperial Central Asia'''
* [[Mongol Empire]] (Mongolia, 1206–1380)
** [[Yuan Dynasty]] of [[China]] (≈1250 – ≈1350)
** [[Golden Horde]] (≈1250 – 1380)
'''Modern Central Asia'''
* [[Qing dynasty]] (Manchu China, 1692–1911)
 
==Egyptian periods==
{{Further|History of Egypt}}
 
'''[[Prehistoric Egypt]]''' (pre-3150 BCE)
'''Dynastic Period'''
* [[Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)|Early Dynastic Period]] or Archaic Period (two dynasties) (3150 BCE – 2686 BCE)
* [[Old Kingdom]] (four dynasties) (2686 BCE – 2181 BCE)
* [[First Intermediate Period of Egypt|First Intermediate Period]] (four dynasties) (2181 BCE – 2055 BCE)
* [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] (three dynasties) (2055 BCE – 1650 BCE)
* [[Second Intermediate Period of Egypt|Second Intermediate Period]] (four dynasties) (1650 BCE – 1550 BCE)
* [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] (three dynasties) (1550 BCE – 1069 BCE)
* [[Third Intermediate Period of Egypt|Third Intermediate Period]] (five dynasties) (1069 BCE – 664 BCE)
'''Antiquity'''
* [[Late Period of ancient Egypt|Late Period of Ancient Egypt]] (six dynasties: of these six, two were Persian dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt) (664 BCE – c. 332 BCE)
* [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Argead and Ptolemaic dynasties]] (332 BCE – 30 BCE)
* [[Egypt (Roman province)|Aegyptus]] (fifteen Roman dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt) (30 BCE – 641 CE)
** [[Sasanian Egypt]] (one dynasty) (619–629)
* [[Coptic period]] (300 CE – 900 CE)
'''Islamic Egypt'''
* Egypt under four foreign Arabic dynasties that ruled from capitals distant from Egypt
** [[Rashidun Caliphate|Rashidun Egypt]] (641–661)
** [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad Egypt]] (661–750)
** [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Egypt]] (750–868 and 905–935)
'''Medieval Egypt'''
* [[Tulunids|Tulunid dynasty]] (868–905)
* [[Ikhshidids|Ikhshidid dynasty]] (935–969)
* [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Dynasty]] (969–1171)
* [[Ayyubid Dynasty]] (1171–1250)
* [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk dynasties]] (1250–1517)
** [[Bahri dynasty]] (1250–1382)
** [[Burji dynasty]] (1382–1517)
'''Modern Egypt'''
* [[Egypt Eyalet|Ottoman Egypt]] (Turk dynasty that ruled from a capital distant from Egypt) (1517–1867)
* [[History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty|Muhammad Ali dynasty]] (1805–1953)
** [[Khedivate of Egypt]] (1867–1914)
** [[Sultanate of Egypt]] (1914–1922)
'''Contemporary Egypt'''
** [[Kingdom of Egypt]] (1922–1953)
* [[Arab Republic of Egypt|Republican Egypt]] (1953–present)
 
==European periods==
{{Further|History of Europe}}
 
* '''[[Bronze Age]]''' (c. 3000 BCE – c. 1050 BCE)
** Early Aegean Civilization ([[Crete]], [[Greece]] and [[Near East]]; c. 3000 BCE – c. 1050 BCE)<ref>The area had settlements as far back as 9000 BC; see [[Timeline of ancient Greece]]</ref>
* '''[[Iron Age]]''' (c. 1050 BCE – c. 500 CE)
** Greek expansion and colonization (c. 1050 BCE – 776 BCE)
** '''[[Archaic Greece]]''' (776 BCE – 480 BCE) – begins with the First Olympiad, traditionally dated 776 BCE
*** Archaic period (776 BCE – 612 BCE) – the establishment of city-states in Greece
*** Pre-classical period (612 BCE – 480 BCE) – the fall of [[Nineveh]] to the second Persian invasion of Greece
** '''[[Classical antiquity]]''' (480 BCE – 476 CE)
*** [[Classical Greece]] (480 BCE – 338 BCE)
*** [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian era]] (338 BCE – 323 BCE)
*** [[Hellenistic Greece]] (323 BCE – 146 BCE)
*** [[Roman Republic#Late Republic|Late Roman Republic]] (147 BCE – 27 BCE)
*** [[Principate|Principate of the Roman Empire]] (27 BCE – 284 CE)
*** [[Late Antiquity]] (284 CE – 500 CE)
** '''[[Migration Period]]''' (Europe, 300 CE – 700 CE)
* '''[[Middle Ages]]''' (Europe, 476–1453)
** [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine era]] (330–1453)
** [[Early Middle Ages]] (Europe, 476–1066)
*** [[Viking Age]] ([[Scandinavia]], Europe, 793–1066)
** [[High Middle Ages]] (Europe, 1066 – c. 1300)
** [[Late Middle Ages]] (Europe, c. 1300 – 1453)
** [[The Renaissance]] (Europe, c. 1300 – c. 1601)
* '''[[Early modern Europe|Early modern period]]''' (Europe, 1453–1789)
** [[Age of Discovery]] (or Exploration) (Europe, c. 1400 – 1770)
** [[Polish Golden Age]] (Poland, 1507–1572)
** [[Golden Age of Piracy]] (1650–1730)
** [[Tudor period]] (England, 1485–1603)
*** [[Elizabethan era]] (England, 1558–1603)
** [[Stuart period]] (British Isles, 1603–1714)
*** [[Jacobean era]] (British Isles, 1603–1625)
*** [[Caroline era]] (British Isles, 1625–1649)
*** [[British Interregnum]] (British Isles, 1649–1660)
*** [[Stuart Restoration]] (British Isles, 1660–1714)
**** [[Carolean era]] (British Isles, 1660–1685)
** [[Protestant Reformation]] (Europe, 16th century)
** [[Classicism]] (Europe, 16th – 18th centuries)
** [[Industrious Revolution]], (Europe, 16th – 18th centuries)
** [[Peter the Great|Petrine Era]] (Russia, 1689–1725)
** [[Age of Enlightenment]] (or Reason) (Europe, 18th century)
** [[Scientific Revolution]] (Europe, 18th century)
* '''[[Long nineteenth century]]''' (1789–1914)
** [[Georgian era]] (the United Kingdom, 1714–1830)
** [[Industrial Revolution]] (Europe, United States, and elsewhere 18th and 19th centuries, though with its beginnings in Britain)
** Age of European [[colonialism]] and [[imperialism]]
** [[Romanticism|Romantic era]] (1770–1850)
** [[Napoleonic era]] (1799–1815)
** [[Victorian era]] (the United Kingdom, 1837–1901); [[British Empire|British hegemony]] (1815–1914) much of world, around the same time period.
** [[Edwardian era]] (the United Kingdom, 1901–1914)
* [[World War I|First]], [[interwar period]] and [[World War II|Second World Wars]] (1914–1945)
** [[Interwar Britain]] (United Kingdom, 1918–1939)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Postmodernity|Post-Cold War]] (1991–present)
 
==Iranian periods==
{{Further|History of Iran}}
'''[[Prehistory of Iran|Prehistoric Iran]]'''
 
'''Ancient age''':
* [[Achaemenid Empire]] (550 –330 BCE)
* [[Wars of Alexander the Great|Greek occupation of Persia]] (330 –312 BCE):
* [[Seleucid Empire]] (312 – 63 BCE)
* [[Parthian Empire]] (247 BCE – 224 CE)
* [[Sassanid Empire]] (224 – 651 CE)
 
'''Medieval age''':
* [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Persia under Caliphates]] (651 – 820 CE)
* [[Iranian Intermezzo]] (c.820 – 1037): [[Tahirid dynasty|Tahirids]] (821 to 873), [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarids]] (861 to 1003), [[Samanid Empire|Samanids]] (819 to 999) and [[Buyid dynasty|Buyids]] (934 to 1062)
* [[Seljuk Empire]] (1037–1194)
* [[Khwarazmian Empire]] (1194–1219)
* [[Mongol invasion of Persia|Mongol occupation of Persia]] (1219 –1256)
* [[Ilkhanate]] (1256–1335)
* Disintegration of the Ilkhanate (1335–1370): [[Jalayirid Sultanate|Jalayirids]], [[Chobanids]], [[Muzaffarids (Iran)|Muzaffarids]], [[Injuids]], [[Sarbadars]], and [[Kart dynasty|Kartids]]
* [[Timurid Empire]] (1370–1507) and [[Aq Qoyunlu]] (1378–1501)
 
'''Modern age''':
* [[Safavid Iran]] (1501–1736)
* [[Afsharid Iran]] (1736 –c.1750)
* [[Zand dynasty|Zand Iran]] (1750–1794)
* [[Qajar Iran]] (1794–1925)
* [[Pahlavi Iran]] (1925–1979)
* [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]] (1979–present)
 
==Indian periods==
{{Further|History of India}}


[[File:Timeline of Indian history.jpg|600px|Timeline of Indian history.]]
[[File:Timeline of Indian history.jpg|600px|Timeline of Indian history.]]
Line 352: Line 341:
** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Pre-Harappan]]
** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Pre-Harappan]]
*** [[Mehrgarh]]
*** [[Mehrgarh]]
* '''[[Bronze Age India|South Asian Bronze Age]]''' (3340 BCE – 1350 BCE)
* '''[[Bronze Age India]]''' (3340 BC – 1350 BC)
** [[Indus Valley civilization]]
** [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
*** [[Early Harappan]]
*** [[Early Harappan]]
*** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Early Mature Harappan]]
*** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Early Mature Harappan]]
Line 362: Line 351:
**** [[Rangpur Phase]]
**** [[Rangpur Phase]]
*** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Final Harappan]]
*** [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation|Final Harappan]]
* '''[[Iron Age in India|South Asian Iron Age]]''' (1350 BCE – 200 BCE)  
* '''[[Iron Age in India]]''' (1350 BC – 200 BC)  
** ''[[Vedic period]]'' (1350 BCE – 500 BCE): [[Mahajanapadas]]  
** ''[[Vedic period]]'' (1350 BC – 500 BC): [[Mahajanapadas]]  
** ''[[Magadha period]]'' (c.500 BCE – c.750 CE): [[Nanda Empire|Nandas]], [[Mauryan empire|Mauryans]], [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]]  
** ''[[Magadha period]]'' (c.500 BC – c.750 AD): [[Nanda Empire|Nandas]], [[Mauryan empire|Mauryans]], [[Shunga Empire|Shungas]]  
* '''[[classical India|Classical Age in India]]''' (200 BCE – 500 CE)
* '''[[Classical India]]''' (200 BC – 500 AD)
** ''[[Sangam period]]'' (300 BCE – 600 CE): [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]], [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyans]]
** ''[[Sangam period]]'' (300 BC – 600 AD): [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas]], [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyans]]
** ''[[Golden Age of India|Golden period]]'': [[Kushan empire|Kushans]] (50 CE – 220 CE), [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] (230 BCE – 220 CE), [[Gupta empire|Guptas]] (320 CE – 535 CE) and [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakatakas]] (300CE – 650 CE)
** ''[[Golden Age of India|Golden period]]'': [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]] (50 AD – 220 AD), [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] (230 BC – 220 AD), [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]] (320 AD – 535 AD) and [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakatakas]] (300AD – 650 AD)
* '''[[Medieval India|Medieval Age in India]]''' (500–1526)
* '''[[Medieval India|Medieval Age in India]]''' (500–1526)
** ''[[Tripartite struggle|Tripartite period]]'' (c.750 – c.900): [[Pala Empire|Palas]], [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] and [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjaras]]
** ''[[Tripartite struggle|Tripartite period]]'' (c.750 – c.900): [[Pala Empire|Palas]], [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] and [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjaras]]
** ''[[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim period]]'' (712–1857): [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]], [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]], [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat sultanates]]
** ''[[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim period]]'' (712–1857): [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]], [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]], [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] and [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat sultanates]]
** [[Vijayanagara empire]] (1336–1646), [[Gajapati Empire|Gajapati empire]] (1434–1541) and [[kingdom of Mewar]] (1325–1448)
** [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336–1646), [[Gajapati Empire]] (1434–1541) and [[kingdom of Mewar]] (1325–1448)
* '''Modern Age in India''' (1526 – present)
* '''Modern Age in India''' (1526 – present)
** [[Mughal empire]] (1526–1857)
** [[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1857)
** [[Maratha empire]] (1674–1818)
** [[Sur Empire]] (1538-1555)
** [[Maratha Empire]] (1674–1818)
** [[Sikh Empire]] (1799–1849)
** ''[[Colonial India|Colonial period]]'': [[British Raj]] (1858 – 1947)
** ''[[Colonial India|Colonial period]]'': [[British Raj]] (1858 – 1947)
** [[History of the Republic of India|Independence]] (1947 – present)
** [[History of the Republic of India|Independence]] (1947 – present)


==Japanese periods==
=== Iranian periods ===
{{Further|History of Iran}}
'''[[Prehistory of Iran|Prehistoric Iran]]'''
 
'''Ancient age''':
*[[Medes]] (1000 — 550 BC)
* [[Achaemenid Empire]] (550 –330 BC)
* [[Wars of Alexander the Great|Greek occupation of Persia]] (330 –312 BC):
* [[Seleucid Empire]] (312 – 63 BC)
* [[Parthian Empire]] (247 BC – 224 AD)
* [[Sassanid Empire]] (224 – 651 AD)
 
'''Medieval age''':
* [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Persia under Caliphates]] (651 – 820 AD)
* [[Iranian Intermezzo]] (c.820 – 1037): [[Tahirid dynasty|Tahirids]] (821 to 873), [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarids]] (861 to 1003), [[Samanid Empire|Samanids]] (819 to 999) and [[Buyid dynasty|Buyids]] (934 to 1062)
* [[Seljuk Empire]] (1037–1194)
* [[Khwarazmian Empire]] (1194–1219)
* [[Mongol invasion of Persia|Mongol occupation of Persia]] (1219 –1256)
* [[Ilkhanate]] (1256–1335)
* Disintegration of the Ilkhanate (1335–1370): [[Jalayirid Sultanate|Jalayirids]], [[Chobanids]], [[Muzaffarids (Iran)|Muzaffarids]], [[Injuids]], [[Sarbadars]], and [[Kart dynasty|Kartids]]
* [[Timurid Empire]] (1370–1507) and [[Aq Qoyunlu]] (1378–1501)
 
'''Modern age''':
* [[Safavid Iran]] (1501–1736)
* [[Afsharid Iran]] (1736 –c.1750)
* [[Zand dynasty|Zand Iran]] (1750–1794)
* [[Qajar Iran]] (1794–1925)
* [[Pahlavi Iran]] (1925–1979)
* [[Iran|Islamic Republic of Iran]] (1979–present)
 
=== Japanese periods ===
{{Further|History of Japan}}
{{Further|History of Japan}}


'''Archaic Japan'''
'''Archaic Japan'''
* [[Jōmon period]] (10,501 BCE – 400 BCE)
* [[Jōmon period]] (10,501 BC – 400 BC)
* [[Yayoi period]] (450 BCE – 250 CE)
* [[Yayoi period]] (450 BC – 250 AD)
* [[Kofun period]] (250–600)
* [[Kofun period]] (250–600)
'''Medieval Japan'''
'''Feudal Japan'''
* [[Asuka period]] (643–710)
* [[Asuka period]] (643–710)
* [[Nara period]] (743–794)
* [[Nara period]] (743–794)
Line 403: Line 424:
* [[Reiwa period]] (2019–present)
* [[Reiwa period]] (2019–present)


==Iraqi periods==
=== Mesopotamian periods ===
{{Further|History of the Middle East|History of Mesopotamia}}
{{Further|History of the Middle East|History of Mesopotamia}}
* '''Archaic Period'''
'''Archaic Period'''
* [[Mesopotamia]]
* [[Mesopotamia]]
** [[Samarra culture]]
** [[Samarra culture]]
Line 412: Line 433:
** [[Ubaid period]]
** [[Ubaid period]]
** [[Uruk period]]
** [[Uruk period]]
** [[Jemdet Nasr period]] (3100 BCE – 2900 BCE)
** [[Jemdet Nasr period]] (3100 BC – 2900 BC)
** [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic Period]] (2900 BCE – 2270 BCE)
** [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic Period]] (2900 BC – 2270 BC)
** [[Akkadian Empire]] (2270 BCE – 2083 BCE)
** [[Akkadian Empire]] (2270 BC – 2083 BC)
** [[Gutian dynasty of Sumer|Gutian dynasty]] (2083 BCE – 2050 BCE)
** [[Gutian dynasty of Sumer|Gutian dynasty]] (2083 BC – 2050 BC)
** [[Third Dynasty of Ur|Ur III period]] (2050 BCE – 1940 BCE)
** [[Third Dynasty of Ur|Ur III period]] (2050 BC – 1940 BC)
** [[First Babylonian dynasty]] (1830 BCE – 1531 BCE), [[Hittites]] (1800 BCE – 1178 BCE)
** [[First Babylonian dynasty]] (1830 BC – 1531 BC), [[Hittites]] (1800 BC – 1178 BC)
** [[Kassites]] (1531 BCE – 1135 BCE), [[Mitanni]] (1500 BCE – 1300 BCE)
** [[Kassites]] (1531 BC – 1135 BC), [[Mitanni]] (1500 BC – 1300 BC)
** [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] (934 BCE – 609 BCE)
** [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] (934 BC – 609 BC)
** [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] (626 BCE – 539 BCE), [[Medes]] (678 BCE – 549 BCE)
** [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] (626 BC – 539 BC), [[Medes]] (678 BC – 549 BC)
'''Imperial Period'''
'''Imperial Period'''
* [[Persian Empire]]s (550 BCE – 651 CE)
* [[Persian Empire]]s (550 BC – 651 AD)
** [[Achaemenid Empire]] (550 BCE – 330 BCE)
** [[Achaemenid Empire]] (550 BC – 330 BC)
** Conquered by [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)#Empire|Macedonian Empire]] (330 BCE – 312 BCE)
** Conquered by [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)#Empire|Macedonian Empire]] (330 BC – 312 BC)
** [[Seleucid Empire]] (312 BCE – 63 BCE)
** [[Seleucid Empire]] (312 BC – 63 BC)
** [[Parthian Empire]] (247 BCE – 224 CE)
** [[Parthian Empire]] (247 BC – 224 AD)
** [[Sasanian Empire]] (224 CE – 651 CE)
** [[Sasanian Empire]] (224 AD – 651 AD)
'''Islamic Period'''
'''Islamic Period'''
* [[Islamicate]] periods<ref name="Hodgson"/> (7th – 21st centuries{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}})
* [[Islamicate]] periods<ref name="Hodgson">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LKO5GRC8j1MC&pg=PA3 The Venture of Islam, Volume 2: The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods]'' (1974), p. 3.</ref> (7th – 21st centuries<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Beginner's Introduction to the Islamic Civilization |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/islamic-civilization-timeline-and-definition-171390 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref>)
** ''High Caliphate'' (685–945)<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BMxVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53 A Concise History of the Middle East]'' (2015), p. 53.</ref>
** ''High Caliphate'' (685–945)<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BMxVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53 A Concise History of the Middle East]'' (2015), p. 53.</ref>
** ''Earlier Middle Period'' (945–1250)<ref name="Hodgson">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LKO5GRC8j1MC&pg=PA3 The Venture of Islam, Volume 2: The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods]'' (1974), p. 3.</ref>
** ''Earlier Middle Period'' (945–1250)<ref name="Hodgson" />
** ''Later Middle Period'' (1250–1500)<ref name="Hodgson"/>
** ''Later Middle Period'' (1250–1500)<ref name="Hodgson" />
** [[Rashidun Caliphate]] (632–661)
** [[Rashidun Caliphate]] (632–661)
** [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (661–750)
** [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (661–750)
Line 440: Line 461:
*** [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1171–1341)
*** [[Ayyubid dynasty]] (1171–1341)
** [[Ottoman Empire]] (1300–1923)
** [[Ottoman Empire]] (1300–1923)
** [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Empire]] (1501–1736)
*** [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Empire]] (1501–1736)
** [[Iraq|Modern Iraq]] (1923–present)
** [[Mandatory Iraq|Kingdom of Iraq under British mandate]] (1921-1932)
** [[Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq]] (1932-1958)
*** [[Hashemite Arab Federation]] (1958)
** [[First Iraqi Republic|Qasimist Republic of Iraq]] (1958-68)
** [[Ba'athist Iraq]] (1968-2003)
** [[Coalition Provisional Authority]] (2003-04)
** [[Republic of Iraq]] (2004-present)


==Libyan periods==
=== Mongolian periods ===
'''Prehistoric Libya'''
{{Further|History of Mongolia}}
* Prehistoric Libya (pre-600 BCE)
'''Early Libya'''
* Carthaginian Libya (600 BCE – 200 BCE)
* Roman Libya (200 BCE – 487 CE)
* Vandal Libya (487 CE – ≈600 CE)
* Islamic Libya (≈600 – ≈1200)
* Ottoman Libya (≈1600 – ≈1900)
'''Modern Libya'''
* Colonial Libya (≈1900 – ≈1950)
* Libya as an independent country
** Early Independent Era
** [[Libyan Arab Republic]] (September 1969–1977)
** [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]]
** Contemporary Libya (2011–present)


==Mexican periods==
'''Antiquity'''
'''Prehistoric Mexico and Ancient Mexico'''
* [[Xiongnu]] ([[Mongolia]], 220 BC – AD 200)
* Mayans (3000 BC – 600 CE)  
'''Medieval Mongolia'''
* Aztecs (1000 BC – 1492)
* [[Rouran Khaganate]] (Mongolia, [[Manchuria]], [[Xianbei]], AD 330 – 555)
'''Modern Mexico'''
** [[Sixteen Kingdoms]] (Xianbei, [[Turkic peoples]], 304–439)
* Spanish Mexico (1492–1850)
* [[Uyghur Khaganate]] (Mongolia, Manchuria, [[Tibet]], 744–848)
* Contemporary Mexico (1850–present)
* [[Liao dynasty]] ([[Khitan people]], 907–1125)
'''Imperial Mongolia'''
* [[Mongol Empire]] (Mongolia, 1206–1380)
** [[Yuan Dynasty]] of [[China]] (≈1250 – ≈1350)
** [[Golden Horde]] (≈1250 – 1380)
'''Modern Mongolia'''
* [[Qing dynasty]] (Manchu China, 1692–1911)


==United States historical periods==
=== Southeast Asian periods ===
{{Further|History of the United States}}
{{Further|History of Southeast Asia}}
'''Maritime Southeast Asia'''
* [[Srivijaya]] ([[Indonesia]], 3rd – 14th centuries), [[Tarumanagara]] (358–723), [[Sailendra]] (8th and 9th centuries), [[Sunda Kingdom|Kingdom of Sunda]] (669–1579), [[Mataram Kingdom|Kingdom of Mataram]] (752–1045), [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]] (1045–1221), [[Singhasari]] (1222–1292), [[Majapahit]] (1293–1500)
'''Peninsular Southeast Asia'''
* [[Chenla]] ([[Cambodia]], 630 – 802) and [[Khmer Empire]] ([[Cambodia]], 802–1432)
* [[Lý Nam Đế|Anterior Lý dynasty]] and [[Triệu Việt Vương]], [[Third Chinese domination (History of Vietnam)|Third Chinese domination]], [[Khúc Family]], [[Dương Đình Nghệ]], [[Kiều Công Tiễn]], [[Ngô dynasty]], [[The 12 Lords Rebellion]], [[Đinh dynasty]], [[Anterior Lê dynasty|Prior Lê dynasty]], [[Lý dynasty]], [[Trần dynasty]], [[Hồ dynasty]], [[Fourth Chinese domination (History of Vietnam)|Fourth Chinese domination]] ([[Vietnam]], 544–1427)


'''Pre-Colonial era'''
==European periods==
* [[Lithic stage]]
{{Further|History of Europe|Art of Europe}}
* [[Archaic stage]]
* [[Formative stage]]
* [[Classic stage]]
* [[Post-Classic stage]]


'''[[Thirteen Colonies|Thirteen British Colonies]] (1607–1775)'''
* '''[[Bronze Age Europe]]''' (c. 3000 BC – c. 1050 BC)
** [[Aegean Civilization]] ([[Crete]], [[Greece]] and [[Near East]]; c. 3000 BC – c. 1050 BC){{efn|The area had settlements as far back as 9000 BC; see [[Timeline of ancient Greece]].}}
* '''[[Iron Age Europe]]''' (c. 1050 BC – c. 500 AD)
** Early Iron Age (c. 1050 BC – 776 BC) – part of the [[Greek Dark Ages]]
** '''[[Classical antiquity]]''' (776 BC – 476 AD)
*** [[Archaic Greece]] (776 BC – 480 BC) – begins with the First Olympiad, traditionally dated 776 BC
*** [[Classical Greece]] (480 BC – 338 BC)
*** [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian era]] (338 BC – 323 BC)
*** [[Hellenistic Greece]] (323 BC – 146 BC)
*** [[Roman Republic#Late Republic|Late Roman Republic]] (147 BC – 27 BC)
*** [[Principate|Principate of the Roman Empire]] (27 BC – 284 AD)
*** [[Late Antiquity]] (284 AD – 500 AD)
** '''[[Migration Period]]''' (Europe, 300 AD – 700 AD)
* '''[[Middle Ages]]''' (Europe, 476–1453)
** [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine era]] (330–1453)
** [[Al-Andalus|Al Andalus]] (Iberian Peninsula, 711-1492)
** [[Early Middle Ages]] (Europe, 476–1066)
*** [[Viking Age]] ([[Scandinavia]], Europe, 793–1066)
** [[High Middle Ages]] (Europe, 1066 – c. 1300)
** [[Late Middle Ages]] (Europe, c. 1300 – 1453)
** [[The Renaissance]] (Europe, c. 1300 – c. 1601)
* '''[[Early modern Europe|Early modern period]]''' (Europe, 1453–1789)
** [[Age of Discovery]] (or Exploration) (Europe, c. 1400 – 1770)
** [[Polish Golden Age]] (Poland, 1507–1572)
** [[Golden Age of Piracy]] (1650–1730)
** [[Tudor period]] (England, 1485–1603)
*** [[Elizabethan era]] (England, 1558–1603)
** [[Stuart period]] (British Isles, 1603–1714)
*** [[Jacobean era]] (British Isles, 1603–1625)  
*** [[Caroline era]] (British Isles, 1625–1649)
*** [[British Interregnum]] (British Isles, 1649–1660)
*** [[Stuart Restoration]] (British Isles, 1660–1714)
**** [[Carolean era]] (British Isles, 1660–1685)
** [[Protestant Reformation]] (Europe, 16th century)
** [[Classicism]] (Europe, 16th – 18th centuries)
** [[Industrious Revolution]], (Europe, 16th – 18th centuries)
** [[Peter the Great|Petrine Era]] (Russia, 1689–1725)
** [[Age of Enlightenment]] (or Reason) (Europe, 18th century)
** [[Scientific Revolution]] (Europe, 18th century)
* '''[[Long nineteenth century]]''' (1789–1914)
** [[Georgian era]] (the United Kingdom, 1714–1830)
** [[Industrial Revolution]] (Europe, United States, and elsewhere 18th and 19th centuries, though with its beginnings in Britain)
** Age of European [[colonialism]] and [[imperialism]]
** [[Romanticism|Romantic era]] (1770–1850)
** [[Napoleonic era]] (1799–1815)
** [[Victorian era]] (the United Kingdom, 1837–1901); [[British Empire|British hegemony]] (1815–1914) much of world, around the same time period.
** [[Belle Époque]] (Europe, primarily France, 1871–1914)
** [[Edwardian era]] (the United Kingdom, 1901–1914)
* [[World War I|First]], [[interwar period]] and [[World War II|Second World Wars]] (1914–1945)
** [[Interwar Britain]] (United Kingdom, 1918–1939)
* [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
* [[Post–Cold War era|Post-Cold War]] (1991–present)


'''[[United Colonies]] (1775-1781)'''
== Oceanian periods ==
* [[American Revolutionary War]]
{{Further information|History of Oceania}}


'''[[Confederation period]] (1781-1789)'''
=== Australian periods ===
{{Further|History of Australia}}


'''[[First Party System]] (1789–1824)'''
* [[Prehistory of Australia|Ancient Australia]], [[History of Indigenous Australians]] (between 65,000 and 50,000 BC – 1788 AD)
* [[Federalist Era]] (1789–1800)
* [[Age of Discovery]], [[European maritime exploration of Australia]] (1606–1802)
* [[Jeffersonian democracy]] (1790s–1820s)
* [[Convicts in Australia|Convict era]] (1788–1868)
* [[Era of Good Feelings]] (1817–1825)
* [[Victorian era]] (1837–1901)
 
* [[Federation of Australia|Federation era]] (1890–1918)
'''[[Second Party System]] (1824–1856)'''
* [[Military history of Australia during World War II|World War II]] (1939–1945)
* [[Jacksonian democracy]] (1825–1854)
* [[Second Elizabethan era]] (1952–2022){{CN|date=July 2024}}
* [[History of the United States (1849–1865)|Civil War Era]] (1849–1865)
 
'''[[Third Party System]] (1856–1896)'''
* [[History of the United States (1849–1865)|Civil War Era]] (1849–1865)
* [[Reconstruction era]] (1865–1877) (Some of this time period is known as the "[[Old West]]".)
* [[Gilded Age]] (1877–1896)
 
'''[[Fourth Party System]] (1896–1932)'''
* [[Progressive Era]] (1896–1917)
* [[United States in World War I]] (1917–1918)
* [[Roaring Twenties]] (1920–1929)
 
'''[[Fifth Party System]] (1932–1980)'''
* [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] (1929–1939)
* [[United States home front during World War II]] (1942–1945)
* [[History of the United States (1945–1964)|Post-World War II]] (1945–1964)
* [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]] (1954–1968)
* [[United States in the Vietnam War]] (1955–1973)
 
'''[[Sixth Party System]] (1980–present)'''
* [[Reagan Era]] (1980–1991)
* [[History of the United States (1991–2008)|Post-Cold War period]] (1991–2008)
* [[History of the United States (2008–present)|Contemporary United States]] (2008-present)


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Art of Europe]]
{{Portal|History}}
* [[Geologic time scale]]
* [[Geologic time scale]]
* [[List of fossil sites]] with link directory.
* [[List of fossil sites]] with link directory.
* [[List of timelines]] around the world.
* [[List of timelines]] around the world.
* [[Logarithmic timeline]] shows all history on one page in ten lines.
* [[Orders of magnitude (time)]]
* [[Orders of magnitude (time)]]
* [[Periodization]] for a discussion of the tendency to try to fit history into non-overlapping periods.
* [[Periodization]] for a discussion of the tendency to try to fit history into non-overlapping periods.
* [[Time]]
* [[Time]]
** [[Planck Time]]
** [[Planck Time]]
** [[Jiffy_(time)|Jiffy]]
** [[Second (time)|Second]]
*** [[Millisecond]]
*** [[Microsecond]]
*** [[Nanosecond]]
** [[Minute]]
** [[Hour]]
** [[Day]]
** [[Week]]
*** [[Fortnight]]
** [[Month]]
** [[Year]]
*** [[Olympiad]]
*** [[Lustrum]]
*** [[Decade]]
*** [[Century]]
*** [[Millennium]]


==References==
==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|25em}}


===Sources cited===
===Sources cited===
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{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{Western world}}
{{World history|state=expanded}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Time periods, List of}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Time periods, List of}}
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Wikipedia timelines]]
[[Category:Historical timelines]]
[[Category:History-related lists]]
[[Category:History-related lists]]

Latest revision as of 21:47, 28 March 2026


Further information: List of archaeological periods


The categorization of the past into discrete, quantified named blocks of time is called periodization.[1] This is a list of such named time periods as defined in various fields of study.

These can be divided broadly into prehistoric periods and historical periods (when written records began to be kept).

In archaeology and anthropology, prehistory is subdivided into the three-age system. This list includes the use of the three-age system as well as a number of various designations used in reference to sub-ages within the traditional three.

The dates for each age can vary by region. On the geologic time scale, the Holocene epoch starts at the end of the last glacial period of the current ice age (c. 10,000 BC) and continues to the present. The beginning of the Mesolithic is usually considered to correspond to the beginning of the Holocene epoch.

Prehistoric periods[edit | edit source]

Era[edit | edit source]

General periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: Human history

Forms of modernity[edit | edit source]

Technological periods[edit | edit source]

African periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of Africa

Egyptian periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of Egypt

Prehistoric Egypt (pre-3150 BC)

Dynastic Period

Antiquity

Islamic Egypt

Medieval Egypt

Modern Egypt

Contemporary Egypt

Libyan periods[edit | edit source]

Prehistoric Libya

  • Prehistoric Libya (pre-600 BC)

Early Libya

  • Carthaginian Libya (600 BC – 200 BC)
  • Roman Libya (200 BC – 487 AD)
  • Vandal Libya (487 AD – ≈600 AD)
  • Islamic Libya (≈600 – ≈1200)
  • Ottoman Libya (≈1600 – ≈1900)

Modern Libya

American (continent) periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of the Americas

Pre-Columbian America

Colonial America

Mexican periods[edit | edit source]

Ancient and Pre-Columbian Mexico

Colonial Mexico

Independence Era

Liberal Mexico

Modern Mexico

United States historical periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of the United States

Pre-Colonial era

Thirteen British Colonies (1607–1775)

United Colonies (1775-1781)

Confederation period (1781-1789)

First Party System (1789–1824)

Second Party System (1824–1856)

Third Party System (1856–1896)

Fourth Party System (1896–1932)

Fifth Party System (1932–1980)

Sixth Party System (1980–present)

Asian periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of Asia

Chinese periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of China

Bronze Age China

Archaic China

Antiquity

Medieval China

Mongol China

Late Dynastic Period

Modern China

Contemporary China

Post-Contemporary China[clarification needed]

Indian periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of India and History of South Asia

Timeline of Indian history.

Iranian periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of Iran

Prehistoric Iran

Ancient age:

Medieval age:

Modern age:

Japanese periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of Japan

Archaic Japan

Feudal Japan

Samurai Japan

Modern Japan

Contemporary Japan

Mesopotamian periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of the Middle East and History of Mesopotamia

Archaic Period

Imperial Period

Islamic Period

Mongolian periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of Mongolia

Antiquity

Medieval Mongolia

Imperial Mongolia

Modern Mongolia

Southeast Asian periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of Southeast Asia

Maritime Southeast Asia

Peninsular Southeast Asia

European periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of Europe and Art of Europe

Oceanian periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of Oceania

Australian periods[edit | edit source]

Further information: History of Australia

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ The area had settlements as far back as 9000 BC; see Timeline of ancient Greece.

Citations[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Adam Rabinowitz. And king It’s about time: historical periodization and Linked Ancient World Data Archived April 25, 2022, at the Wayback Machine. Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, 2014.
  2. ↑ Iles, Dr Louise (December 30, 2016). "Big digs: The year 2016 in archaeology". BBC News. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  3. ↑ Bowman 2000, pp. 118–161.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 The Venture of Islam, Volume 2: The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods (1974), p. 3.
  5. ↑ "A Beginner's Introduction to the Islamic Civilization". ThoughtCo. Retrieved December 22, 2025.
  6. ↑ A Concise History of the Middle East (2015), p. 53.

Sources cited[edit | edit source]

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