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| {{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Gramadevata]] |
| {{Expand Telugu|గ్రామ దేవత|date=March 2021}}
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| [[File:Godess_Muthyalamma_at_Gudilova.jpg|thumbnail|Muthyalamma is the village goddess in [[Gudilova]]]]
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| A '''grāmadevatā''' (Sanskrit ग्रामदेवता grāmadevatā "village deity", from grāma "village, village settlement" and devatā "deity")<ref name="FULL">{{cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=C. J. |title=The Hindu Pantheon and the Legitimation of Hierarchy |journal=Man |date=March 1988 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=22–39 |doi=10.2307/2803031 |jstor=2803031 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2803031 |access-date=5 March 2021}}</ref> is the presiding [[deity]] or guardian deity ([[patron deity]]), usually a goddess, worshipped in villages in India. Although grāmadevatās are most often goddesses, there are a few notable male exceptions. [[Dharmathakur|Dharma-Thakkur]] is a god of fertility and disease in [[West Bengal]] state of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dharma-Thakur|title=Dharma-Thakur {{!}} Indian deity|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref> Another example is found in [[Bhairava|Kal Bhairav]], a fierce form of [[Lord Shiva]] is the grāmadevatā in the rural villages of [[Maharashtra]], where he is referred to as ''Vairavar''.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Vol. 1 |author=Syed Siraj Ul Hassan |publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1920|isbn=8120604881 |page=482 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&dq=Kal+Bhairav&pg=PA482}}</ref>
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| A common pattern, especially in South India, is to have a village goddess (a fertility figure) and a guardian and protector of the village at the village boundary.
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| == Origins ==
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| The earliest appearance of the "[[Mother goddess|Mother Goddess]]" found in [[South Asia]] is in [[Mehrgarh]] in the form of female [[terracotta]] figurines dating to the [[4th millennium BCE]]. These figurines are believed to represent the "Mother Goddess." Similar female figurines are found in 3rd-2nd millennium figures from [[Harappan civilization]] sites, including a woman with a plant emerging from her womb and a woman in a tree (believed to be a goddess) being worshipped by another woman, with seven figures below. Due to their association with agriculture, the idea of the earth spirit of ''bhumi'' is still a common association with villages today just as it was in Harappan times. Evidence of continued veneration of a female village deity comes from a terracotta fragment Chandraketugarh from what is now eastern West Bengal dating to the [[1st century BCE]]. The plaque shows a figure holding a parasol, evidently a goddess, being worshipped with earthen pots, fruits, flowers and other offerings similar to those given to modern-day village goddesses. Another group of common iconography related to gramadevatas are the ''[[Saptamatrika|sapta matrika]]'', the "seven mothers." The first mention of these goddesses occurs in the later layers of the [[Mahabharata]] dating to the 1st century CE, and their lack of mention in [[the Vedas]] indicates a non-Vedic origin for these goddesses.<ref name=ELGO /> In addition to the fertility goddesses, the various disease goddesses include deities described with unappealing physical characteristics like [[Mariamman]] and Mata. These goddesses could be represented in the Harappan period by a goddess with weapons in her hair. Similarly, goddesses absorbed into [[Puranic Hinduism]], like [[Durga]], appear around the 1st century BCE-1st century CE.<ref name=ELGO>{{Cite journal |last=Elgood |first=Heather |date=2004-09-01 |title=Exploring the roots of village Hinduism in South Asia |journal=World Archaeology|volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=326–342 |doi=10.1080/0043824042000282777 |s2cid=144268377 |issn=0043-8243}}</ref>
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| ==Examples==
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| * [[Kasba Ganapati]] is the gramadevata of the city of [[Pune]].
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| * [[Beed Khurd|Brahmnath]] is the gramadevata of the village [[Beed Khurd]].
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| * [[Mumba Devi Temple|Mumba Devi]] is the patron deity of [[Mumbai]]
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| * [[Nookalamma]] is the gramadevata of [[Anakapalle]] city
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| * [[Dharmathakur]] is the gramdevata in many villages in the [[Rarh region]] of [[West Bengal]]
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| * [[Siparia#La Divina Pastora (Siparia Mai)|Siparia Mai]] is the gramdevi of [[Siparia]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
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| * [[Village deities of Sri Lankan Tamils]]
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| * [[Village deities of South India]]
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| * [[Punjabi folk religion#Jathera—ancestral shrines|Jathera]] or Dhok in Haryana, Punjab, western Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan
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| ==Images==
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| | File:Female figure, possibly a fertility goddess, Indus Valley Tradition, Harappan Phase, c. 2500-1900 BC - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC09701.JPG
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| | Possible fertility goddess, Late Harappan period, Indus Valley
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| | File:Vakadavalasa temple3.JPG
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| | An [[wikt:Special:Search/aniconic|aniconic]] shrine to Vakadavalasa, a gramadevata in a village in [[Vizianagaram district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
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| | File:Place_of_worship_in_a_village%2C_Udaipur_district%2C_Rajasthan%2C_India.jpg
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| | A horse grāmadevatā, [[Udaipur district]], [[Rajasthan]]
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| | File:GramadevataTempleNorthPune.jpg
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| | Grāmadevatā Shrine, [[Pune]]
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| | File:<This image need to be added to English wiki from Telugu page [[:te:దస్త్రం:APvillage_Tadikalapudi_2.JPG]]>
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| | <Grāmadevatā Shrine "Sri Ankalamma, Ganganamma, Temple of 101 Goddesses", [[Tadikalapudi]], Andhra Pradesh>
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| == References ==
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| <references />
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| {{HinduMythology}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Gramadevata}}
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| [[Category:Hindu deities]]
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| [[Category:Tutelary deities]]
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