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| {{Short description|Indian activist, spiritual leader (1816–1885)}}
| | #REDIRECT [[Satguru Ram Singh]] |
| {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
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| {{Infobox religious biography
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| | religion = [[Sikhism]]
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| | name = Ram Singh
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| | honorific prefix = Satguru
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| | predecessor1 = [[Balak Singh|Guru Balak Singh]]
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| | title = Second Guru of the Namdharis
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| | successor1 = Guru Hari Singh | |
| | office1 = Guru of the [[Namdharis]]
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| | birth_place = Riayan village (Bhaini Sahib), Punjab
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| | image = Painting of Ram Singh Kuka (second Namdhari guru) on horseback.jpg
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| | birth_date = 3 February 1816
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| | death_date = 29 November 1885; this information is contested by Namdhari Sikhs
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| | location = Sri Bhaini Sahib
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| | father = Baba Jassa Singh
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| | mother = Mata Sada Kaur
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| | birthname = Ram Singh Tarkhan
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| | honorific suffix = Ji
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| | death_place = Mergui, Burma (now Myeik, Myanmar)
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| | spouse = Mata Jassan
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| | children = Bibi Daya Kaur<br />Bibi Nand Kaur
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| | term_start1 = 1841
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| | free_label = Exile
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| | free_text = Exiled to Rangoon, Burma (Myanmar) by the British colonial government of India on 18 January 1872
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| | term_end1 = 17 January 1872
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| | sect = [[Namdhari]]
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| | caption = Equestrian painting of Ram Singh Kuka
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| }} | | }} |
| '''Namdhari Guru Ram Singh''' (3 February 1816 – 1885<ref name="brit" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satguru Ram Singh Ji |url=http://www.namdhari-world.com/satguru_ram_singh_ji.html |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=www.namdhari-world.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattarcharya |first=Sabyasachi |title=DICTIONARY OF MARTYRS: INDIA’S FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1857-1947) |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7831-222-4 |pages=270}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Satguru Ram Singh Ji - the twelfth Master |url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/gurus/Ram%20Singh/Guru%20Ram%20Singh.htm |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=www.sikh-heritage.co.uk}}</ref>{{Efn|Followers of the Namdhari sect contest that he died in 1885 and believe he is still alive as per their beliefs.|group=note}}) is the second [[guru]] (religious leader) of the [[Namdhari]] [[Sects of Sikhism|sect]] of [[Sikhism]]. He is credited as being the first [[British Raj|British Indian]] to use non-cooperation and boycott of British goods and services as a political tool.<ref name=brit/><ref>Press Information Bureau, Government of India issued on 16 December 2016</ref> He was exiled to [[Rangoon]], [[British rule in Burma|Burma (Myanmar)]] by the British colonial government of India on 18 January 1872.<ref name="brit" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Darshana |last2=Stefon |first2=Matt |last3=Singh |first3=Tajinder |last4=Parrott-Sheffer |first4=Chelsey |last5=Shukla |first5=Gaurav |date=21 April 2011 |title=Namdhari |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>
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| == Biography ==
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| === Early life ===
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| Namdhari Guru Ram Singh was born in a small-farming [[Tarkhan (Punjab)|Tarkhan]] family to mother Sada Kaur and father Jassa Singh.<ref name="brit" /> He lived in the village of Raiyan, near Sri Bhaini Sahib, [[Ludhiana]]. He was nurtured by his mother in the traditions of Guru Nanak and was taught to read and write in Punjabi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bajwa |first=Fauja Singh |title=Kuka Movement: An important phase in Punjab's role in India's struggle for freedom (Punjab History Forum Series no. 1) |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1965 |pages=}}</ref> Namdhari Guru Ram Singh spent 20 years of his life attending to the family business.
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| === Service in the military of the Sikh Empire ===
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| Later, his father sent him to the army of the [[Sikh Empire]] at age 20.<ref name="brit">{{Cite web |last=Duignan |first=Brian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurdev |last3=Promeet |first3=Dutta |date=22 January 2016 |title=Ram Singh - Indian Philosopher |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ram-Singh |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> As the empire fell apart after the death of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], concerns over British power and Sikh decline led him to galvanize his followers (of mostly humble origin) to proclaim a new "Sant Khalsa" to restore Sikh prestige.<ref name="brit" />
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| ==== Meeting with Guru Balak Singh ====
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| Namdhari Guru Ram Singh was a member of a unit of [[Nau Nihal Singh|Prince Naunihal Singh]]'s platoon, the Baghel Regiment. His regiment was sent to [[Peshawar]] to bring the royal coffers. On its way back, the unit rested at Hazro Fort, now in Pakistan. It is said that Namdhari Guru Ram Singh and some soldiers of his regiment went to meet Guru [[Balak Singh]] of the [[Namdhari]]s. Guru Balak Singh was overjoyed to see Ram Singh and according to folklore told him: "I had been waiting for you."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anjan |first=Tara Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyuYDQAAQBAJ&q=Prince+Naunihal+Singh+platoon&pg=PT22 |title=Satguru Ram Singh and Kuka Movement |date= |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-1790-7 |pages=14 |language=}}</ref> He told Guru Ram Singh that he was the next in line to him.
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| Ram Singh learnt about Sikhism from Guru Balak Singh as his disciple.<ref name="brit" />
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| Guru Balak Singh gave him "''Patasha''" (sugar bubbles), a coconut, five ''paise'' coins and took five rounds around him in reverence and bowed before him, making him his successor.
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| Guru Balak Singh appointed Guru Ram Singh as his successor shortly before his death.<ref name="brit" />
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| === ''Sant Khalsa'' (Saint Khalsa) ===
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| The reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh brought the much needed law and order in the North-Western region of India. The region flourished along many dimensions. However, the luxury of empire also led to moral degeneration. The majority of Sikhs had taken to drinking, consumption of opium and poppy and other vices.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanehi |first=Swaran Singh |title=Social Milieu in Punjab and the Kuka Movement. In: Re-Exploring Baba Ram Singh and Namdhari Movement. |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2010 |isbn=81-302-0259-X |pages=41}}</ref>
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| Guru Ram Singh was wary of the political, cultural, and spiritual decline of the Sikhs and worried about the growing influence of the British on the horizon and what it meant for the community.<ref name="brit" /><ref name=":03">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Dharam |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2002 |isbn=8173801002 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=4th |volume=1: A-D |pages=265–266 |chapter=B - Balak Singh}}</ref> Therefore, Guru Ram Singh attempted to reform the Sikhs to meet these challenges.<ref name="brit" />
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| [[File:Equestrian painting of Ram Singh Kuka with his retinue (including his five appointed governors), he was the second Namdhari Guru.jpg|thumb|Equestrian painting of Guru Ram Singh with his retinue (including his five appointed governors known as ''subas'')]]
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| Namdhari Guru Ram Singh administered ''Khande di Pahul'' ([[Amrit Sanchar]]) to 5 Sikhs: Kahn Singh Nihang of village Chak, Labh Singh Ragi of Amritsar, Atma Singh of Alo Muhar village, Bhai Naina Singh Wariyah, and Sudh Singh of village Durgapur. Afterwards, several people from the congregation took ''amrit''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanehi |first=Swaran Singh |url=https://archive.org/details/ForemostFreedomFighters/mode/2up |title=Foremost Freedom Fighters |publisher=Deportation Centenary Committee |location=Maidenhead, Berks}}</ref> It is noted within the British Archives as well as Giani Gian Singh's [[Panth Parkash]] that within 10 years Satguru Ram Singh baptized a large number of people with ''amrit''.<ref>Panth Parkash, Giani Gian Singh Vol.7</ref> Namdhari Sikhs were also referred to as Kukas, a name given by the public due to spiritually ecstatic behavior of the members of the sect at religious functions.<ref name=":0" />
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| === Socio-religious reforms ===
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| [[File:Painting of a Namdhari or Kuka (Sikh sect) congregation with an opened scripture.jpg|thumb|Painting of a Namdhari or Kuka congregation of Guru Ram Singh performing ''[[Katha (storytelling format)|katha]]'' (Sikh religious discourse lecture) with an opened [[Sikh scriptures|scripture]] of [[Guru Granth Sahib]]]]
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| Theologically, the origin of Namdhari movement is located in the Sikh tradition of ''[[Naam Japo|Nam-simran]]'' (mediation on the [[Names of God in Sikhism|name of God]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Joginder |title=A Short history of Namdhari Sikhs of Punjab |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7770-156-2 |pages=20}}</ref> All vices like drinking, consumption of intoxicants and meat were strongly abhorred.<ref name=":1" /> His predecessor, Guru Balak Singh, had merely stressed upon the importance of chanting God's name as the only righteous religious ritual.<ref name=":2" /> Guru Ram Singh however would introduce many new elements into the orthodoxy and orthopraxy of the sect.<ref name=":2" />
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| Namdhari Guru Ram Singh made it a convention to read the Sikh scriptures, Sri Aadi Guru Granth Sahib ([[Guru Granth Sahib]]) and Sri Dasam Guru Granth Sahib ([[Dasam Granth]]) daily.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anjan |first=Tara Singh |title=Satguru Ram Singh and Kuka Movement |publisher=Publications Division. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-230-1790-7 |pages=28}}</ref> He directed all the holy Scriptures to be taken out of ''almirahs'' (wardrobe, cabinet, or cupboard) and placed with respect in places of worship, and that they be read regularly. He had forbidden the worship of tombs and the dead.
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| Guru Ram Singh's religious ideals were influenced by his predecessor, however his socio-political, martial reforms and ideology was influenced by [[Bhai Maharaj Singh]].<ref name=":03" />
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| The sect under his direction has been described as more puritanical and fundamentalist in-comparison to other Sikh sects of the day.<ref name="brit" /> They visually stood-out compared to other Sikhs, as they wore only handwoven white robes, wore distinctively-styled [[Dastar|turbans]], carried wooden staves and wool rosaries, and they used unique greetings and passwords only familiar to fellow members of their sect.<ref name="brit" /> Their gurdwaras (places of worship) were very simple and this was by design rather than circumstance.<ref name="brit" />
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| Furthermore, Namdhari Guru Ram Singh introduced a distinctive method of reciting and performing singing of ''[[gurbani]]'' in [[kirtan]] performances in-which members of the congregation would shriek near the end in ecstasy.<ref name=":2" /> This earned the sect the alternative name of ''kuka'', from the ''kuk'' shrieks they would make.<ref name=":2" />
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| Guru Ram Singh taught that the Namdhari sect was the "clean" one due to its devotion to God, and those who killed animals and consumed liqour were ''[[mleccha]]'' ("unclean").<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot |year=1992 |title=Brotherhood of the Pure: The Poetics and Politics of Cultural Transgression. |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=157-197}}</ref>
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| In 1863, the colonial authorities perceived the visit of Guru Ram Singh in Amritsar as an attempt to declare himself as the reincarnation of Guru Gobind Singh, but a crackdown by the colonial police prevented him from doing so.<ref name="brit" /> He had planned to established a new "Kuka Khalsa" after the declaration.<ref name="brit" /> After the police crackdown, Guru Ram Singh had been restricted to only his native village for an indefinite period of time by the colonial authorities.<ref name="brit" />
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| ==== Women empowerment ====
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| A revolutionary step taken by Namdhari Guru Ram Singh was to administer ''amrit'' to women.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Divedi |first=Renu |title=Womwn in the Namdhari Movement. In: Re-Exploring Baba Ram Singh and Namdhari Movement |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2010 |isbn=81-302-0259-X |pages=86}}</ref> The ill practices of child marriage, female infanticide, swapping of wives and sale of girls, prevalent in the then Punjab, were vehemently opposed by Namdhari Guru Ram Singh. British officials had noted that trafficking in women was a lucrative 'money making scheme' in Punjab during those times.<ref name=":1" /> Namdhari Guru Ram Singh drastically reduced the cost of marriage and introduced simplicity in the ceremony. He organized simple marriages through the ''Gurmat'' ritual of ''anand karaj'' for the first time in village Khote in 1863.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Joginder |title=Namdhari Guru Ram Singh |publisher=National Book Trust of India |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-237-5918-0 |edition=1st |pages=57-58}}</ref> The priestly class got worried on the introduction of this simple ritual and fearing loss of income, reported to the imperial British authorities. Thereafter, Namdhari Guru Ram Singh was placed under house arrest for some time.
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| === Contributions to the Indian independence movement ===
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| Guru Ram Singh aimed to restore Sikh-rule over the region and needed to oust the British in-order to do so.<ref name=":2" />
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| One aim of Namdhari Guru Ram Singh was to orient the strength of people towards freedom and the first step to undertake this task, was to introduce reform of their character and prevent the downfall of the Sikhs everywhere.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayyar |first=G.S. |title=Namdhari Movement: Background in Historical Perspective. In: Re-Exploring Baba Ram Singh and Namdhari Movement |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2010 |isbn=81-302-0259-X |pages=55}}</ref> Namdhari movement also endeavored to establish contacts with foreign countries towards the aim of Indian Independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattarcharya |first=Sabyasachi |title=DICTIONARY OF MARTYRS: INDIA’S FREEDOM STRUGGLE (1857-1947) Vol. 1. Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh (1857-1919) |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research |year=2010 |isbn=978-81-7831-222-4}}</ref> Namdhari Sikhs made contacts with Kashmir, Nepal and Russia.<ref name=":0" /> The Namdhari movement was religious, social and political since the beginning.<ref name=":0" /> The religious and social work was carried out in the open, while political agenda was carried on covertly.
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| Ram Singh established a secret, private postal service composed of trusted couriers as they did not trust the British-established postal system out of fear that intel would leak to their colonial enemies.<ref name="brit" />
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| Namdhari Sikhs were against the imperial British policy of cultural intervention. The British imperialists had supported anti-social elements to wedge a divide among Punjabis by encouraging cow slaughter, a practice that was completely banned in the Sikh empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yasmin |first=Robina |title=Muslims under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-7556-4032-4}}</ref>
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| ==== Perceived sacrilege of the Golden Temple complex ====
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| [[File:1860s photo of the Amritsar Golden Temple with the British style Gothic Clock Tower.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Golden Temple at Amritsar by an unknown photographer in the 1860s, showing the Gothic-style clock-tower under construction, from the Crofton Collection.]]
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| Similarly, other changes were brought, one of which was construction of a tall, Gothic cathedral style Clock Tower in the vicinity of [[Golden Temple]], the sacred place of Sikhs. The management of Golden Temple was practically entirely in the hands of the imperial Government and there was no care among the priestly class for Sikh sentiments.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kapur |title=The Golden Temple: its Theo-Political Status |publisher=Academy of Sikh Religion and Culture |year=1984 |pages=17}}</ref> The Clock Tower, whose construction started in 1864, was built by demolishing the structures ''Bunga'' of Kanwar Naunihal Singh and the ''Attari'' of Rani Sada Kaur, which were very dear to the Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arshi |first=PS |title=The Golden Temple: History, Art and Architecture |publisher=Harman Publishing House |year=1989 |isbn=81-85151-25-3 |pages=30}}</ref>
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| Sirdar [[Kapur Singh]], Sikh scholar and the author of the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]], mentioned the conditions of Amritsar, specifically Golden Temple, when the Namdhari Sikhs prepared to confront the colonially-sponsored anti-social elements. He remarks, '...the (imperial) Britishers made public kine-killing lawful and general in the annexed Punjab and gratuitously and devilishly established a public kine-slaughter house adjoining to the precincts of the Golden Temple which also they had annexed.'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Kapur |title=Sikhism and the Sikhs |publisher=Printwell, Amritsar |year=2011 |pages=263}}</ref>
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| ==== Conflict with butchers and subsequent punishment by the colonial British government ====
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| The social harmony of the region was largely under threat due to the issue of cow slaughter. In the late nineteenth century, the support of colonial administration to kine-killing had become publicly evident, and was reported in a number of newspapers like ''Aftab-i-Punjab'' (Lahore), ''Wasir-ul-Mulk'' (Sialkot), ''Koh-i-Nur'' (Lahore), which explicitly stated that "''kine-killing was done by the orders of the authorities who 'desired that disharmony should prevail' between Hindus and Muslims''.<ref name=":4" />" Way back in 1862, the Maharaja of Patiala had petitioned for introduction of a bill to ban the sale of beef in India, while acting as a member of the Viceroy's Legislative Council. However, this proposal was rejected by the Council.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |first=Dharampal |title=The British Origin of Cow-Slaughter in India |publisher=Society for Integrated Development of Himalayas |year=2002 |isbn=81-87827-04-1 |pages=25}}</ref>
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| By this time, as Namdharis were the only ones who were actively propagating against the British and were under strict British surveillance,<ref name=":0" /> the imperial Government was keen on false propaganda against them using temple functionaries.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press |year=2004 |isbn=9781903765159}}</ref> The British authorities were keeping an eye on the supposed prophesies of the British being vanquished by Ram Singh and as the time was passing by, they reported that an urgency of an action was vouched by certain members of the sect.<ref name="brit" /> The sect targeted the butchers in Amritsar, who were being supported by the imperial Government.<ref name="brit" /><ref name=":0" />
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| In January 1872, an argument took place between a Muslim butcher and a Sikh, Gurmukh Singh Namdhari at Muslim-dominated Punjabi locality and princely state Malerkotla.<ref name=":3" /> The argument was over the harsh treatment being meted out to the ox by his owner. The Muslim judge who tried the case ordered the ox to be slaughtered in presence of Gurmukh Singh to hurt his sentiments. This provoked a group of Namdharis, who descended upon [[Malerkotla State|Malerkotla]], where they attacked the local butchers.<ref name="brit" /> The police managed to subdue the turmoil and arrested many Namdharis as instigators of the civil conflict.<ref name="brit" /> The British were extremely worried about the potential of a possible uprising and treated this case as one, thus they decided to enact a barbaric punishment on the accused.<ref name="brit" /> The prisoners were "[[Blowing from a gun|bound over the mouths of cannons and blown to bits]]."<ref name="brit" /> The Namdharis contest this information, stating that the Kuka prisoners faced cannon shots from the front.
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| ==== Contact established with Russians ====
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| After homegrown attempts at forcing the British out of India having failed, Guru Ram Singh turned to petitioning the assistance of foreign powers for his goal of independence.<ref name="brit" /> He turned his attention toward the Russian Empire, a hostile state of the British.<ref name="brit" />[[File:Letter authored by Ram Singh Kuka directed to the czar of Russia, requesting him to help fight against the British imperialists in India.jpg|thumb|Letter authored by Guru Ram Singh directed to the [[Tsar|czar]] of Russia, requesting him to help fight against the British imperialists in India. Courtesy of the Russian embassy in Delhi.]]
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| Baba Gurcharan Singh, a Namdhari Sikh, succeeded in establishing contacts with Russian authorities in 1879 and was referred to as 'The ambassador from the priest of the Punjab Sikhs arrives in Samarkand' in the consular files of Turkestan Governor-General.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=P.C. |title=Gurcharan Singh's Mission in Central Asia. In: Re-Exploring Baba Ram Singh and Namdhari Movement. |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2010 |isbn=81-302-0259-X |pages=79}}</ref>
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| The Russians declined to assist Ram Singh in his endeavor as they were wary of embroiling themselves in a war with the British.<ref name="brit" />
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| ==== Persecution and exile ====
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| The Sikh sentiments were largely hurt by the provincial Government's supported actions, but they were helpless and none dared to challenge the imperial Government. Given these developments which threatened the cultural milieu of Punjab in general, and of the Sikhs in particular, Namdhari Sikhs engaged in conflicts with the imperial Government-sponsored anti-social elements, leading to clashes in 1871 and 1872.<ref name=":0" />
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| As a result, the British would arrest and execute 65 Namdharis in January 1872.<ref name=":2" /> They were executed by being blown from the gun (cannon).<ref name=":2" />
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| The British authorities inflicted terrible punishments on Namdhari Sikhs and Guru Ram Singh was exiled. Namdhari Guru Ram Singh kept communicating with his disciples in Punjab through the means of secret letters termed ''[[Hukamnama|Hukamnamas]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Navtej |title='Hukamnamas' of Baba Ram Singh: Impressions and Apprehensions of the Namdhari Movement. In: Re-Exploring Baba Ram Singh and Namdhari Movement |publisher=Publication Bureau Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2010 |isbn=81-302-0259-X |pages=91}}</ref> These, along with his brother Namdhari Guru Hari Singh, kept the morale of largely persecuted Sikhs high and they remained and worked as the opponents of British imperialism. The movement continued its efforts and later collaborated with Indian National Congress in civil disobedience movement<ref name=":0" />.”
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| === Death ===
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| He died in exile in 1885 in [[Myeik, Myanmar|Mergui]], Burma (now Myeik, Myanmar).<ref name="brit" /> However, the Namdhari sect heavily disputes this as per their beliefs, he remains alive till the present-day.<ref name="brit" /> They further believe he shall return one day to lead their community once again.<ref name="brit" />
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| == Gallery ==
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| <gallery>
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| File:Satguru Ram Singh Ji.jpg|20th century painting of Guru Ram Singh
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| </gallery>
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| == Notes ==
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| {{Reflist|group=note}}
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| [[Category:1816 births]]
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| [[Category:Year of death missing]]
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| [[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
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| [[Category:Sikh gurus]]
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