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Last edited November 25, 2025
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{short description|Water Tunnel System in Trivandrum, India}}
{{short description|Water tunnel system in Trivandrum, India}}
 
{{Infobox tunnel
{{Infobox tunnel
| name        = Varkala Tunnel Trivandrum
| name        = Varkala Tunnel, Trivandrum
| image        = Varkala Tunnel.jpg
| image        = Varkala Tunnel.jpg
| caption      = Former Chief minister VS Achudhananthan visiting Varkala Tunnel in 2006
| caption      = Former Chief minister VS Achudhananthan visiting Varkala Tunnel in 2006
Line 9: Line 10:
| map          =  
| map          =  
| coordinates  = {{coord|8.7365|76.730|type:landmark|display=title}}
| coordinates  = {{coord|8.7365|76.730|type:landmark|display=title}}
| route        = [[Trivandrum]]-[[Kollam]]
| route        = [[Trivandrum]][[Kollam]]
| status      = Closed {{start date and age|2007}}
| status      = Closed {{start date and age|2007}}
| start        ={{coord|8.7365|76.730|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| start        = {{coord|8.7365|76.730|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| end          = {{coord|8.7167|76.721|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| end          = {{coord|8.7167|76.721|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| startwork    = {{start date and age|1867}}
| startwork    = {{start date and age|1867}}
| opened = {{start date and age|1877}}
| opened       = {{start date and age|1877}}
| owner        = [[Government of Kerala]]
| owner        = [[Government of Kerala]]
| operator    = Kerala Inland Waterways and Infrastructure limited
| operator    = Kerala Inland Waterways and Infrastructure Limited
| traffic      = [[National Waterway 3]]
| traffic      = [[National Waterway 3]]
| character    =
| toll        = No
| toll        = No
| vpd          =
| construction = [[Kingdom of Travancore]]
| construction = [[Kingdom of Travancore]]
| length      = {{convert|1069.848|m|km|abbr=on}}
| length      = {{convert|1069.848|m|mi|abbr=on}}
| lanes        = 2  
| lanes        = 2  
| speed        = {{convert|25|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| speed        = {{convert|25|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| hielevation  =
| lowelevation =
| height      = {{convert|10|m|ft|0}}
| height      = {{convert|10|m|ft|0}}
| width        = 10
| width        = 10
| grade        =
}}{{OSM Location map
|lat = 8.736
|lon = 76.730
|zoom = 12
|width = 305
|height = 400
|minimap =
|mini-width=
|mini-height=
|minipog-x=
|minipog-y=
|scalemark =180
|mark-lat = 8.736
|mark-lon = 76.731
|mark-title = Varkala Tunnel east entrance
|label = East entrance
|label-pos = right
|mark-lat1 = 8.731
|mark-lon1 = 76.726
|mark-title1 = Varkala Tunnel west entrance
|label1 = West entrance
|label-pos1 = right
|mark-lat2 = 8.717
|mark-lon2 = 76.719
|mark-title2 = Varkala Tunnel
|label2 = East Entrance 2
|label-post2 = right
|mark-lat3 = 8.716
|mark-lon3 = 76.722
|mark-title3 = Varkala Tunnel
|label3 = West Entrance 2
|label-post3 = left
}}
}}


'''Varkala Tunnel''' System, situated in municipality of [[Varkala]] of [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], [[India]], also known as the Varkala Canal or  ''Varkala Thurapp'' in local dialect. It is one of the historic sites and architectural marvel of the region. This site was constructed by the [[Travancore]] Kingdom to establish a continuous inland waterway across [[Thiruvithamkoor]] as [[TS Canal]], which was meant to serve as a trade route. The construction of the two long tunnels was started in 1867 and the first was completed in 1877 while the second was completed in 1880.<ref name=":0" />
==History==
[[File:Varkala Tunnel D'Cruz, Zachariah 1900..jpg|thumb|Varkala Tunnel during 1900]]
The Varkala Tunnel is a 19th-century canal tunnel system in Varkala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Constructed between 1867 and 1877 under the Kingdom of Travancore, it connected southern and northern waterways and supported inland trade. The tunnel was built under Dewan Sir T. Madhava Rao, with Chief Engineer Walthew Clarence Barton overseeing construction.
 
With a length of {{Convert|1069.848|m|km|lk=on}}, the two tunnel played a vital role in transferring ferry goods and people from capital city [[Trivandrum]] to [[Kollam]] during the pre-independence era. The tunnel is located under the main cliff of the region and represents the architectural excellence of the workers and engineers of that era.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/v/019pho000430s45u00031000.html|title=Varkala Tunnel.|first=Colin|last=Wright|website=www.bl.uk|accessdate=24 October 2018}}</ref>
 
[[File:വർക്കല ടണൽ (1900 നും 1920നുമിടയിൽ).jpg|thumb|Varkala Tunnel in 1920]]


Built under the supervision of T. Madhava Rao, the [[Dewan]] of [[Travancore]] Kingdom, the tunnel also make up for the Varkala reach of [[Thiruvananthapuram–Shoranur canal]], which passes through this delicate structure.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/varkala/varkala-tunnel.php|title=Varkala Tunnel, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India – Kerala Tourism|website=www.keralatourism.org|accessdate=24 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150619/nation-current-affairs/article/light-end-varkala-tunnel# |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914171117/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150619/nation-current-affairs/article/light-end-varkala-tunnel# |archive-date=2018-09-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The twin tunnels, at Sivagiri (722 m) and Chilakkoor (350 m), enabled the transport of goods such as coir, rice, and cashew for nearly a century. By the mid-20th century, the rise of roads and railways led to disuse, and the tunnel was officially closed in 2007 due to siltation and encroachments.


== Features ==
==Technical specifications==
The tunnel is built in an area that is famous for [[Cenozoic]] sedimentary formation cliffs are a unique geological feature on the otherwise flat Kerala coast, and are known among geologists as ''Varkala Formation''. The tunnels are carved through [[Laterite rocks]].
* Length: 1,069.848 metres (0.664 mi) 
* Width: 10 metres (33 ft) 
* Height/Clearance: 10 metres (33 ft) 
* Number of lanes: 2 
* Operating speed: 25 km/h (16 mph) 
* Traffic: Part of National Waterway 3 


There are two tunnels in the system namely,
==Modern revival==
The tunnel is part of the West Coast Canal (WCC) Project, managed by Kerala Waterways and Infrastructure Limited (KWIL). Restoration work includes dredging, structural reinforcement, and preparation for safe navigation. The project aims to integrate the tunnel into heritage tourism and eco-friendly inland waterway transport.


* Sivagiri Passage 722 m long and,
===Key milestones===
* Chilakkoor Passage 350 m long.
* 2017 – KWIL incorporated for WCC project 
* 2020 – Initial dredging and de-silting at Varkala 
* 2023 – Structural certification of the tunnels by Konkan Railway Corporation 
* 2025 – Scheduled commissioning of Akkulam–Chettuva stretch, including Varkala Tunnel 


The tunnel system connects the [[Anchuthengu]] Kayal with [[Edava]]- Nadayara Kayal.
Social rehabilitation under the Punargeham scheme has relocated over 400 families with financial packages exceeding ₹240 crore.


== Present Status ==
==Tourism and cultural significance==
Despite of immense tourism potential the passages are remaining as unused. It is silted and maintenance works are all in limbo. In 2006 period there was a renewed interest to revive the tunnels by then [[Chief minister of Kerala]], Shri. [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] he had even undertaken a boat ride in the canal to make a first-hand assessment.
The tunnel’s reopening will feature electric vessels offering zero-emission rides and light-and-sound shows narrating local history and heritage. The project is part of the Varkala Destination Development Master Plan, which aims to diversify tourism in the region beyond beaches, including canal cruises, walkways, and hospitality investments.
There after it was in limbo until 2014 -16 period, when  few discussions started again and died down as usual. In 2016, the state government had sought the help of Metroman [[E. Sreedharan]] to revive the tunnel.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/Sreedharan%E2%80%99s-help-sought-to-revive-tunnels/article16072705.ece|title=Sreedharan's help sought to revive tunnels|date=2016-10-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


In 2017 there were discussions to construct new waterway bypass skipping existing tunnels due to lack of width and draft as per [[National Waterways in India|National Waterways]] standards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/aug/23/kerala-government-to-extend-west-coast-canal-to-kovalam-varkala-tunnels-may-lost-its-glory-1646940.html|title=Kerala government to extend West Coast Canal to Kovalam, Varkala tunnels may lose its glory|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
==Gallery==
<!-- Keep existing images as they are, no changes here -->


As of 2020, in Chilakkoor passage, dredging work and sledge removal are progressing. Works on Sivagiri passage is also expected to start soon. The passages are planned to be used for tourist activities.
==See also==
 
* [[Waterways transport in Kerala]]
Also [[Government of India]] has turned down [[Kerala]]'s demand to extend the existing [[National Waterway 3]] route to [[Kovalam]] from [[Kollam]] through [[Varkala]].
* [[TS Canal]]
 
* [[AVM Canal]]
== See also ==
* [[Kollam Canal]]
 
* [[Waterways transport in Kerala]]
* [[TS Canal]]
* [[AVM Canal]]
* [[Kollam Canal]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1877]]
==External links==
[[Category:Tunnels in India]]
* [https://kiwil.kerala.gov.in Kerala Inland Waterways and Infrastructure Limited] 
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
 
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1877]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Tunnels in India]]
[[Category:Water tunnels in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:1877 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Water tunnels in India]]
[[Category:1877 establishments in India]]


{{asia-tunnel-stub}}
{{asia-tunnel-stub}}

Latest revision as of 09:21, 25 November 2025


Template:Infobox tunnel

History[edit | edit source]

The Varkala Tunnel is a 19th-century canal tunnel system in Varkala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Constructed between 1867 and 1877 under the Kingdom of Travancore, it connected southern and northern waterways and supported inland trade. The tunnel was built under Dewan Sir T. Madhava Rao, with Chief Engineer Walthew Clarence Barton overseeing construction.

The twin tunnels, at Sivagiri (722 m) and Chilakkoor (350 m), enabled the transport of goods such as coir, rice, and cashew for nearly a century. By the mid-20th century, the rise of roads and railways led to disuse, and the tunnel was officially closed in 2007 due to siltation and encroachments.

Technical specifications[edit | edit source]

  • Length: 1,069.848 metres (0.664 mi)
  • Width: 10 metres (33 ft)
  • Height/Clearance: 10 metres (33 ft)
  • Number of lanes: 2
  • Operating speed: 25 km/h (16 mph)
  • Traffic: Part of National Waterway 3

Modern revival[edit | edit source]

The tunnel is part of the West Coast Canal (WCC) Project, managed by Kerala Waterways and Infrastructure Limited (KWIL). Restoration work includes dredging, structural reinforcement, and preparation for safe navigation. The project aims to integrate the tunnel into heritage tourism and eco-friendly inland waterway transport.

Key milestones[edit | edit source]

  • 2017 – KWIL incorporated for WCC project
  • 2020 – Initial dredging and de-silting at Varkala
  • 2023 – Structural certification of the tunnels by Konkan Railway Corporation
  • 2025 – Scheduled commissioning of Akkulam–Chettuva stretch, including Varkala Tunnel

Social rehabilitation under the Punargeham scheme has relocated over 400 families with financial packages exceeding ₹240 crore.

Tourism and cultural significance[edit | edit source]

The tunnel’s reopening will feature electric vessels offering zero-emission rides and light-and-sound shows narrating local history and heritage. The project is part of the Varkala Destination Development Master Plan, which aims to diversify tourism in the region beyond beaches, including canal cruises, walkways, and hospitality investments.

Gallery[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

Template:Asia-tunnel-stub