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{{short description|National holiday in Pakistan}} | |||
{{distinguish|Independence Day (Pakistan)|Pakistan Day Parade}} | |||
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2026}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}} | |||
{{Infobox holiday | {{Infobox holiday | ||
|holiday_name = Pakistan Day | | holiday_name = Pakistan Day | ||
|type = national | | type = national | ||
|image = | | longtype = Islamic Republic | ||
|imagesize = | | image = Minar-e-Pakistan-lhr.jpg | ||
|caption = | | imagesize = 300px | ||
|official_name ={{ | | caption = [[Minar-e-Pakistan]], where the [[Lahore Resolution]] was passed | ||
|nickname = | | official_name = {{langx|ur|{{nq|یومِ پاکستان}}|Yaum-e-Pakistan|label=none}}<ref name=name group="Note">Official name is ({{langx|ur|Urdu: یومِ پاکستان}}, lit. ''Yaum-e-Pakistan'') or Pakistan Day in English. The day also commemorates '''Joint Inter-Services parade'''. Unofficially, the day is also known as 23 March</ref> | ||
|observedby ={{ | | nickname = | ||
|litcolor | | observedby = {{Pak}} | ||
| litcolor = | |||
|significance =Commemoration of [[Pakistan Resolution]] and [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] | | significance = Commemoration of [[Pakistan Resolution]] and [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] | ||
|begins = | | begins = 23 March | ||
|ends = | | ends = 23 March | ||
|date =23 March | | date = 23 March | ||
|scheduling = same day each year | | scheduling = same day each year | ||
|duration = | | duration = 24 hours | ||
|frequency = | | frequency = Annual | ||
<!-- Use next three if holiday is the same day of the same week every year --> | | firsttime = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1940|03|23}} | ||
|week_ordinal = <!-- "first", "second", "last", etc. --> | |||
|weekday = <!-- "Sunday", "Monday", "Friday", etc. --> | {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1957|03|23}} | ||
|month = <!-- "January", "February", "December", etc. --> | <!-- Use next three if holiday is the same day of the same week every year -->| week_ordinal = <!-- "first", "second", "last", etc. --> | ||
<!-- Use next three if the date changes in an unusual pattern each year --> | | weekday = <!-- "Sunday", "Monday", "Friday", etc. --> | ||
|date2014 = <!-- only for days that change each year --> | | month = <!-- "January", "February", "December", etc. --> | ||
|date2015 = <!-- only for days that change each year --> | <!-- Use next three if the date changes in an unusual pattern each year -->| date2014 = <!-- only for days that change each year --> | ||
|date2016 = <!-- only for days that change each year --> | | date2015 = <!-- only for days that change each year --> | ||
|date2017 = <!-- only for days that change each year --> | | date2016 = <!-- only for days that change each year --> | ||
|celebrations =Full [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Joint Inter-Services]] military parade, conferring of [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|national | | date2017 = <!-- only for days that change each year --> | ||
|observances =[[Pakistan | | celebrations = Full [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Joint Inter-Services]] military parade, conferring of [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Pakistani national honours]] | ||
|relatedto = | | observances = Pakistan [[Diplomatic missions of Pakistan|(Diplomatic missions of Pakistan in other countries)]] | ||
| relatedto = | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Pakistan Day''' ({{ | {{Republicanism sidebar}} | ||
'''Pakistan Day''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|یومِ پاکستان}}|Yaum-e-Pakistan}}) is a [[Public holidays in Pakistan|national holiday]] in [[Pakistan]] celebrated annually on 23 March. It commemorates both the adoption of the [[1956 Constitution of Pakistan|first constitution]], transitioning the country from a [[Dominion of Pakistan|dominion]] to a [[republic]] in 1956; as well as the adoption of the [[Lahore Resolution]] by the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] at the ''[[Minar-e-Pakistan]]'' ({{lit|Pakistan Tower}}) in 1940, laying the foundations of the [[Pakistan Movement]].<ref name="Capstone Press">{{cite book|last1=Olson|first1=Gillia|title=Pakistan : a question and answer book|date=2005|publisher=Capstone Press|location=Mankato, Minn.|isbn=0736837574|chapter=Holidays|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistanquestion0000olso}}</ref><ref name="Lonely Planet">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Sarina |last2=Brown |first2=Lindsay |last3=Clammer |first3=Paul |last4=Cocks |first4=Rodney |last5=Mock |first5=John |display-authors=1 |date=2008 |title=Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway |edition=7th |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=Footscray, Vic.}}</ref><ref name="Bowman2000">{{cite book|author=John Stewart Bowman|title=Columbia chronologies of Asian history and culture|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john|url-access=registration|access-date=22 March 2011|year=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11004-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/372 372]}}</ref><ref name="Express Tribune, Rizvi">{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Hasan Askari|author-link1=Hasan Askari Rizvi|title=Pakistan and March 23|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/857380/pakistan-and-march-23/|access-date=23 March 2015|agency=Express Tribune|issue=Special works published by Dr. H.A. Rizvi|publisher=Express Tribune, Rizvi|date=23 March 2015}}</ref> | |||
The day is celebrated annually, primarily by Government officials and army staff throughout the country, and is a public holiday for civilians. While civilians do not celebrate the public holiday, the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] usually hold a military parade to celebrate both the passing of the [[Lahore Resolution]] in 24 March 1940 and the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956]].<ref name=Parade>{{cite news|last=Agencies|title=Nation celebrates Pakistan Day today|url=https://www.nation.com.pk/23-Mar-2012/nation-celebrates-pakistan-day-today|newspaper=[[The Nation (Pakistani newspaper)|The Nation]]|date=23 March 2012|access-date=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425203627/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/national/23-Mar-2012/nation-celebrates-pakistan-day-today|archive-date=25 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dawn News, 2015">{{cite news|last1=DAWN.com|title=Pakistan holds first Republic Day parade in seven years|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1171371|access-date=23 March 2015|agency=Dawn|publisher=Dawn News, 2015|date=23 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tarakai |first=Waleed |date=2025-03-23 |title=March 23rd: A Legacy of Vision, Struggle, and National Responsibility - |url=https://policy-wire.com/march-23rd-a-legacy-of-vision-struggle-and-national-responsibility/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Policy Wire |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
==History== | |||
{{Main|Lahore Resolution|Iqbal Park}} | |||
[[File:Muslim League leaders after a dinner party, 1940 (Photo 429-6).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Group photo of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] (in centre) and some of the [[Founding Fathers of Pakistan|Founding Fathers]] of Pakistan in [[Lahore]], {{circa|1940}}]] | |||
The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] held its annual session at [[Minto Park, Lahore|Minto Park]] in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]], from 22 March to 24 march 1940.<ref>''Programme of the All India Muslim Leagues 27th Annual Session, to be held at Lahore 21 to 24 March 1940'', at the National Archives of Pakistan, Islamabad, the Quaid i Azam Papers, File 1354</ref> During this event, the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] led by [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and other [[Founding Fathers of Pakistan|Founding Fathers]] narrated the events regarding the differences between [[Hinduism and Islam|Hindus and Muslims]], and presented the Lahore resolution on 23rd March 1940 and was later passed on 24th March 1940 that cemented the formation of independent states in subcontinent it did not actually mention Pakistan at all.<ref>Syed Iftikhar Ahmed (1983), ''Essays on Pakistan'', Alpha Bravo Publishers, Lahore, {{OCLC|12811079}}</ref> | |||
The [[Lahore Resolution|resolution]] was moved by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] (26 October 1873 – 27 April 1962), often called ''Sher-e-Bangla'', passed on 24th March and had its signatures from the Founding Fathers of Pakistan. It reads as:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060127232758/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader5.htm The Pakistan Resolution], [[Government of Pakistan]] Official website. (Retrieved on 23 April 2006)</ref> | |||
{{quote|[Quoting Resolution:] No constitutional plan would be workable or acceptable to the Muslims unless geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary. That the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign.}} | |||
The British plan to [[Partition of India|partition the Indian subcontinent]] into two dominions - India and Pakistan - was announced on 3 June 1947. In the event, Pakistan was created on 14 August 1947 and Indian independence came a day later. Pakistan was immediately identified as a migrant state born amid bloodshed. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder of Pakistan, became the first [[Governor-General of Pakistan]] with [[Liaqat Ali Khan]] becoming the first [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]. The Indian Act of 1935 provided the legal framework for Pakistan until 1956, when the state passed its own constitution.<ref>Cohen, Stephen P. The idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press, 2004.</ref> | |||
While Pakistan's [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Independence Day]] celebrates its freedom from [[British Rule of India|British rule]], the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution. | |||
Works and efforts by the [[Basic Principles Committee]] drafted the basic outlines of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|constitution]] in 1949.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121052313/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0616|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2008|title=Pakistan|last=Hussain|first=Rizwan|work=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World}}</ref> After many deliberations and years of some modifications, the first set of the Constitution of Pakistan was enforced in the country on 23 March 1956. This marked the country's successful transition from [[Dominion of Pakistan|Dominion]] to [[Islamic Republic]]. The [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] was replaced with the [[President of Pakistan]] as [[figurehead|ceremonial]] [[head of state]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Islamic Pakistan: Illusions and Reality | first=Abdus Sattar | last=Ghazali | publisher=National Book Club | location=Islamabad | url=http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_3.htm | chapter=The First Islamic Republic | access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> Initially it was called Republic Day but after [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]]'s takeover its name was changed to Pakistan Day due to the [[Military coups in Pakistan|end of democracy in Pakistan]]. | |||
==Celebrations== | |||
{{main|Pakistan Day Parade}} | |||
The main celebration is held in [[Islamabad]], the capital of Pakistan.<ref name="NewsTribe, 2015">{{cite news|last1=Staff work|title=Preparations complete for Pakistan Day parade on March 23|url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2015/03/22/preparations-complete-for-pakistan-day-parade-on-march-23/|access-date=24 March 2015|agency=NewsTribe|publisher=NewsTribe, 2015|date=22 March 2015|archive-date=23 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323034336/http://www.thenewstribe.com/2015/03/22/preparations-complete-for-pakistan-day-parade-on-march-23/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The [[President of Pakistan]] is usually the Chief Guest; also in attendance are the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] alongside the [[Cabinet of Pakistan|Cabinet ministers]], military chiefs of staff, and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|chairman joint chiefs]].<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 2015">{{cite news|last1=DAWN.com|title=Pakistan holds first Republic Day parade in seven years|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1171371|access-date=24 March 2015|agency=Dawn Newspapers|publisher=Dawn Newspapers, 2015|date=24 March 2015}}</ref> | |||
A full [[Pakistani military|inter-services]] joint [[Pakistan Day Parade|military parade]] is rehearsed and broadcast live by the [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] all over the country.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 2015"/> The Pakistan military inter services also gives a glance of its power and capabilities during this parade. | |||
The celebrations regarding the holiday include a full military and civilian parade in the capital, Islamabad.<ref name=Parade /> These are presided by the President of Pakistan and are held early in the morning.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 2015"/> After the parade, the President confers national awards and medals on the awardees at the [[Aiwan-e-Sadr|Presidency]].<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, 2015"/> Wreaths are also laid at the mausoleums of Allama Sir [[Muhammad Iqbal]] and Quaid-i-Azam [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], founder of Pakistan.<ref name=Parade /> In very rare times and significance, foreign dignitaries have been invited to attend the military parade.<ref name="Dawn archives, 2015">{{cite news|last1=Dawn.com|title=Relive Pakistan Day: 1940 – 2000|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1171374/relive-pakistan-day-1940-2000|access-date=24 March 2015|agency=Dawn archives|publisher=Dawn archives, 2015|date=24 March 2015}}</ref> | |||
In the United States, while [[New York City]] has celebrated North America's largest Pakistan Day parade for decades, [[New Jersey]]'s first annual Pakistan Day parade was held on 16 August 2015, in [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]] and [[Woodbridge, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/middlesex/index.ssf/2015/08/pakistan_day_parade.html|title=Pakistan Day Parade a display of pride in their heritage and America|author=Ed Murray|publisher=New Jersey On-Line LLC|date=August 16, 2015|access-date=August 16, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819231556/http://www.nj.com/middlesex/index.ssf/2015/08/pakistan_day_parade.html|archive-date=August 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://patch.com/new-jersey/woodbridge/icymi-pakistan-day-parade-be-held-sunday-woodbridge-edison-0|title=ICYMI: Pakistan Day Parade To Be Held Sunday In Woodbridge, Edison|author=Michelle Sahn|publisher=Woodbridge Patch|date=August 15, 2015|access-date=August 16, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817074813/http://patch.com/new-jersey/woodbridge/icymi-pakistan-day-parade-be-held-sunday-woodbridge-edison-0|archive-date=August 17, 2015}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[History of Pakistan]] | |||
* [[Holidays in Pakistan]] | |||
* [[Iqbal Day]] | |||
* [[Minar-e-Pakistan]] | |||
==Notes and references== | |||
{{reflist|group=Note}} | |||
'''Citations''' | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
== | ==External links== | ||
*[https://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ Govt of Pakistan] | |||
*[https://pakistanforces.pk/23-march-pakistan-day/ 23rd March, Pakistan Day] | |||
{{Pakistan Movement}} | |||
{{Public holidays in Pakistan}} | |||
{{authority control}} | |||
[[Category:Public holidays in Pakistan]] | |||
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]] | |||
[[Category:Parades in Pakistan]] | |||
[[Category:March observances]] | |||
[[Category:Organised events in Pakistan]] | |||
[[Category:Republic days|Pakistan]] | |||
[[Category:Constitution of Pakistan of 1956]] | |||
Latest revision as of 21:34, 23 March 2026
| Pakistan Day | |
|---|---|
 Minar-e-Pakistan, where the Lahore Resolution was passed | |
| Official name | Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.[Note 1] |
| Observed by | Template:Pak |
| Type | Islamic Republic |
| Significance | Commemoration of Pakistan Resolution and Constitution |
| Celebrations | Full Joint Inter-Services military parade, conferring of Pakistani national honours |
| Observances | Pakistan (Diplomatic missions of Pakistan in other countries) |
| Begins | 23 March |
| Ends | 23 March |
| Date | 23 March |
| Next time | 23 March 2027 |
| Frequency | Annual |
| First time | 23 March 1940 23 March 1957 |
Template:Republicanism sidebar Pakistan Day (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) is a national holiday in Pakistan celebrated annually on 23 March. It commemorates both the adoption of the first constitution, transitioning the country from a dominion to a republic in 1956; as well as the adoption of the Lahore Resolution by the Muslim League at the Minar-e-Pakistan (lit. 'Pakistan Tower') in 1940, laying the foundations of the Pakistan Movement.[1][2][3][4]
The day is celebrated annually, primarily by Government officials and army staff throughout the country, and is a public holiday for civilians. While civilians do not celebrate the public holiday, the Pakistan Armed Forces usually hold a military parade to celebrate both the passing of the Lahore Resolution in 24 March 1940 and the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956.[5][6][7]
History[edit | edit source]
.jpg)
The Muslim League held its annual session at Minto Park in Lahore, Punjab, from 22 March to 24 march 1940.[8] During this event, the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and other Founding Fathers narrated the events regarding the differences between Hindus and Muslims, and presented the Lahore resolution on 23rd March 1940 and was later passed on 24th March 1940 that cemented the formation of independent states in subcontinent it did not actually mention Pakistan at all.[9]
The resolution was moved by A. K. Fazlul Huq (26 October 1873 – 27 April 1962), often called Sher-e-Bangla, passed on 24th March and had its signatures from the Founding Fathers of Pakistan. It reads as:[10]
[Quoting Resolution:] No constitutional plan would be workable or acceptable to the Muslims unless geographical contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessary. That the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign.
The British plan to partition the Indian subcontinent into two dominions - India and Pakistan - was announced on 3 June 1947. In the event, Pakistan was created on 14 August 1947 and Indian independence came a day later. Pakistan was immediately identified as a migrant state born amid bloodshed. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, became the first Governor-General of Pakistan with Liaqat Ali Khan becoming the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. The Indian Act of 1935 provided the legal framework for Pakistan until 1956, when the state passed its own constitution.[11]
While Pakistan's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution.
Works and efforts by the Basic Principles Committee drafted the basic outlines of the constitution in 1949.[12] After many deliberations and years of some modifications, the first set of the Constitution of Pakistan was enforced in the country on 23 March 1956. This marked the country's successful transition from Dominion to Islamic Republic. The Governor-General was replaced with the President of Pakistan as ceremonial head of state.[13] Initially it was called Republic Day but after Ayub Khan's takeover its name was changed to Pakistan Day due to the end of democracy in Pakistan.
Celebrations[edit | edit source]
The main celebration is held in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan.[14] The President of Pakistan is usually the Chief Guest; also in attendance are the Prime Minister of Pakistan alongside the Cabinet ministers, military chiefs of staff, and chairman joint chiefs.[15]
A full inter-services joint military parade is rehearsed and broadcast live by the news media all over the country.[15] The Pakistan military inter services also gives a glance of its power and capabilities during this parade.
The celebrations regarding the holiday include a full military and civilian parade in the capital, Islamabad.[5] These are presided by the President of Pakistan and are held early in the morning.[15] After the parade, the President confers national awards and medals on the awardees at the Presidency.[15] Wreaths are also laid at the mausoleums of Allama Sir Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan.[5] In very rare times and significance, foreign dignitaries have been invited to attend the military parade.[16]
In the United States, while New York City has celebrated North America's largest Pakistan Day parade for decades, New Jersey's first annual Pakistan Day parade was held on 16 August 2015, in Edison and Woodbridge, New Jersey.[17][18]
See also[edit | edit source]
Notes and references[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Official name is (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., lit. Yaum-e-Pakistan) or Pakistan Day in English. The day also commemorates Joint Inter-Services parade. Unofficially, the day is also known as 23 March
Citations
- ↑ Olson, Gillia (2005). "Holidays". Pakistan : a question and answer book. Mankato, Minn.: Capstone Press. ISBN 0736837574.
- ↑ Singh, Sarina; et al. (2008). Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway (7th ed.). Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet.
- ↑ John Stewart Bowman (2000). Columbia chronologies of Asian history and culture. Columbia University Press. p. 372. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ↑ Rizvi, Hasan Askari (23 March 2015). "Pakistan and March 23". No. Special works published by Dr. H.A. Rizvi. Express Tribune, Rizvi. Express Tribune. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Agencies (23 March 2012). "Nation celebrates Pakistan Day today". The Nation. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
- ↑ DAWN.com (23 March 2015). "Pakistan holds first Republic Day parade in seven years". Dawn News, 2015. Dawn. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ↑ Tarakai, Waleed (23 March 2025). "March 23rd: A Legacy of Vision, Struggle, and National Responsibility -". Policy Wire. Retrieved 23 March 2025.
- ↑ Programme of the All India Muslim Leagues 27th Annual Session, to be held at Lahore 21 to 24 March 1940, at the National Archives of Pakistan, Islamabad, the Quaid i Azam Papers, File 1354
- ↑ Syed Iftikhar Ahmed (1983), Essays on Pakistan, Alpha Bravo Publishers, Lahore, OCLC 12811079
- ↑ The Pakistan Resolution, Government of Pakistan Official website. (Retrieved on 23 April 2006)
- ↑ Cohen, Stephen P. The idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press, 2004.
- ↑ Hussain, Rizwan. Pakistan. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ↑ Ghazali, Abdus Sattar. "The First Islamic Republic". Islamic Pakistan: Illusions and Reality. Islamabad: National Book Club. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ↑ Staff work (22 March 2015). "Preparations complete for Pakistan Day parade on March 23". NewsTribe, 2015. NewsTribe. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 DAWN.com (24 March 2015). "Pakistan holds first Republic Day parade in seven years". Dawn Newspapers, 2015. Dawn Newspapers. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ↑ Dawn.com (24 March 2015). "Relive Pakistan Day: 1940 – 2000". Dawn archives, 2015. Dawn archives. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
- ↑ Ed Murray (16 August 2015). "Pakistan Day Parade a display of pride in their heritage and America". New Jersey On-Line LLC. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
- ↑ Michelle Sahn (15 August 2015). "ICYMI: Pakistan Day Parade To Be Held Sunday In Woodbridge, Edison". Woodbridge Patch. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
