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| | {{Short description|Ethnic group of Muslims from Andhra Pradesh, India}} |
| {{Multiple issues| | | {{Multiple issues| |
| {{Essay-like|date=August 2020}} | | {{Essay-like|date=August 2020}} |
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} | | {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} |
| {{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}} | | {{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}} |
| {{infobox ethnic group| | | {{infobox religious group| |
| | group =Andhra Muslims | | | group = Andhra Muslims |
| | popplace = {{flagcountry|India}} • {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} • {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} • {{flagcountry|United States of America}} • {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | | | popplace = {{flag|India}} |
| | langs = [[Urdu]] ([[Deccani language|Deccani]]) • [[Telugu language|Telugu]] | | | langs = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] • [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (mainly [[Deccani language|Deccani dialect]]) |
| | rels = Majority [[Sunni Islam]] • Minority [[Shia Islam]] | | | rels = Islam |
| | related = [[Hyderabadi Muslims]] •[[Marathi Muslims]] • [[Bhatkal]] [[Muslims]] • other [[Indian Muslim]]s | | | related-c = [[Hyderabadi Muslims]] • [[Marathi Muslims]] • [[Bhatkal]] [[Muslims]] • other [[Indian Muslim]]s |
| }} | | }} |
| {{Islam}} | | {{Islam}} |
| '''Andhra Muslims''' is a name given to [[Muslims]] hailing from [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. Andhra Muslims have different traditions and culture both from the rest of the Muslim world and the wider culture of the area they live in. Andhra Muslims speak a distinct dialect of [[Urdu]], referred to as [[Dakhini]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/april2003/urduinap.html |title=Language in India |publisher=Language in India |access-date=2012-07-16}}</ref> however, most Andhra Muslims are fluent in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as well. Urdu is the second official language in Kadapa, Kurnool, Anantapur, Nellore, Chittoor and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh, where Andhra Muslims are significant in numbers.{{citation needed|reason=the names of districts are all right, but re evolved Andhra Pradesh 2 July 2015 has Telugu as sole official language, kindly|date=December 2015}} | | '''Andhra Muslims''' is a name given to Muslims hailing from [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. Andhra Muslims have different traditions and culture both from the rest of the Muslim world and the wider culture of the area they live in.<!-- Andhra Muslims speak a distinct dialect of [[Urdu]], referred to as [[Dakhini]] (Please take talkpage consensus, then add)--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/april2003/urduinap.html |title=Language in India |publisher=Language in India |access-date=2012-07-16}}</ref> |
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| == Andhra and Hyderabadi Muslims ==
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| {{main|Muslim culture of Hyderabad}}
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| While [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] is the capital of the state of [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] (1956-2014); however, distinctions can be drawn between the indigenous Muslim culture there and throughout the rest of the state.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} As the capital of the Muslim Nizam dynasty for four centuries, Hyderabad became a site of cultural exchange between many disparate peoples. In comparison to the Andhra Muslims, the old Hyderabadi elite is said to have had foreign roots, and used Urdu as their mother tongue. This influenced the urban Muslim population there; the '''Andhra Muslims,''' on the other hand, have been little influenced by foreign cultures. Barring certain districts in the state of [[Telangana]], they almost universally speak a variant of [[Dakhni|Dakhini]], though many can communicate in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. In addition, most speak standard [[Urdu]] to a greater or lesser extent, largely because of the dominance of Urdu in Islamic publications in India.
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| ===Religion ===
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| Most of the Andhra Muslims are [[Sunni]], and follow the [[Hanafi]] school of [[Islamic Jurisprudence]]. There is also a minor [[Shia]] population in various districts, including Hyderabad and coastal Andhra Pradesh.
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| ==== Ahle Tashayyu ====
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| Ahle Tashayyu means "people of '''Shia."''' The word 'Shia' means followers and is used in the [[Quran]] by God. In earlier times, the name given was Shian-e-Ali but over time Ali was dropped and Shia remained as the sole followers of Ali.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhatti|first=Safeer Tariq|title=International Conflict Analysis in South Asia: A Study of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan|publisher=University Press of America|year=2016|isbn=978-0-7618-6646-6|location=USA|pages=22}}</ref>
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| ==== Ahle Tashayyu in Andhra Pradesh ====
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| They are located in Chittoor, Nellore, Kurnool, Krishna, West Godavari, East Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh State of India. Avalakonda, Kagitalapuru, Banaganapalle, Vijayawada, Alinaqipalem, Machilipatnam, Draksharamam, Mogalikuduru (Jagannapeta), Mamidikuduru (Nagaram), Cheduvada (As -Sayyadwada) and Abid Nagar are the places of inhabitation.
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| ==== Avalakonda (Chittoor District) ====
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| It consists of Abu Talib Masjid, Masjid e Ali, Masjid e Juma. 1965 AP Legislative Assembly mention that there is a Shia-Mosque in Avalakonda village in Chittoor district which got landed property in Tippa Samudram, Pasumarthi, Agaramcheri and Gudiyattam of North Arcot district, Madras State. These have not yet been published in Andhra Pradesh Gazette. Notification has been sent to the press for publication. The Survey commissioner had only made a note in his report against institution, stating that the inams for the mosque are situated in Vellore and Gudiyattum Taluqs of North Arcot district.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Debates|first=Andhra Pradesh|title=The Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Debates, Official Report.|url=https://archives.aplegislature.org|access-date=29 June 2020|website=Archives|pages=367–368}}</ref>
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| ==== Kagitalapuru (Nellore District) ====
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| Kagitalapuru has the Shia Azadari Palace and Ashurkhana e Hussaini.
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| ==== Banaganapalle (Kurnool District) ====
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| It has Bara Imam Ashurkhana and Imam Hasan Hussain Ashurkhana.
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| A Manual ''of the Kistna District, in the Presidency of Madras'', compiled in 1883, mentions [[Faiz Ali Khan|Muhammad Beg Khan]] alias Faiz Ali Khan, elder son of [[Ali Quli Khan]] son of Faiz Khan Najm-i-Sani son of Baqir Khan Najmai Sani son of Amir Yawar Ahmad Najmai Sani, was granted [[jagir]] of [[Banganapalle|Banaganapalle]], which is still held by his descendants. Amir Yawar Ahmad Najmai Sani was the commander-in-chief of Armies of Shah Ismail Safavi a(1487-1524), Emperor of Persia. Ala Quli Khan was the Vazir of Aurangzeb.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mackenzie, Gordon, compiler.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1086613203|title=A manual of the Kistna district, in the presidency of Madras|oclc=1086613203}}</ref>
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| ==== Vijayawada (NTR District) ====
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| It has Masjid e Hussaini
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| ==== Alinaqipalem (Krishna District) ====
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| It has Masjid e Shohadai Karbala, Karbala e Mualla and Dargah e Imam Hussain. The ruler of Golconda, Abul Hasan Tanisha, invited Mullah Mohammed Ali from Isfahan in Iran to come to India to teach his Children. Eldest son of Mullah, Haider Ali Naqi Isfahani and two families settled here. Other families joined and a small hub of Shia community gradually emerged. The village derives its name from the first settler and is called Alinaqipalem or Ali Naqi's Village.<ref>{{cite news|last=Isfahan|first=People|date=20 January 2017|title=The People from Isfahan|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/The-people-from-Isfahan/article17068195.ece|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref>
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| ==== Machilipatnam (Krishna District) ====
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| It has following Ashurkhana's : Bara Imam, Ali, Hyder e Karrar, Imam Hussain, Husainiya, Zainulabedin, Abbas, Abu Fazalil Abbas, Bibi Zainab, Bibi Sakina etc.,
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| A Manual ''of the Kistna District, in the Presidency of Madras'', compiled in the year 1883, mentions Nizamud Daula son of Intizamud Daula son of Rustum Jah alais{{typo help inline|reason=similar to alias|date=November 2021}} Subhan Baksh son of Hasan Ali Khan son of Muhammad Taqi Khan son of Yusuf Khan younger son of Ala Quli Khan elder son of Faiz Khan Najmai Sani son of Baqir Khan Najmai Sani son of Amir Yawar Ahmad Najmai Sani, was the nawab of Machilipatnam or Masulipatnam.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|last=Mackenzie, Gordon, compiler.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1086613203|title=A manual of the Kistna district, in the presidency of Madras|oclc=1086613203}}</ref>
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| ==== Godavari District ====
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| A Manual ''of the Kistna District, in the Presidency of Madras'', compiled in the year 1883, mentions Muhammad Taqi Khan son of Yusuf Khan younger son of Ala Quli Khan elder son of Faiz Khan Najmai Sani son of Baqir Khan Najmai Sani son of Amir Yawar Ahmad Najmai Sani obtained a jagir in Godavari district from Nizam of Hyderabad which he holds to this day.<ref name="auto"/>
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| ==== Mogalikuduru (East Godavari District) ====
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| It has Masjid e Alavi Ishna Ashari
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| ==== Mamidikuduru (East Godavari District) ====
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| It has Mamidikuduru Nasrulillah Masjid.
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| ==== Draksharamam (East Godavari District) ====
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| It has Al Jaffery Mosque.
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| ==== Cheduwada (East Godavari District) ====
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| It has Bargah e Panjatan e Pak Ashurkhana.
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| ==== Abid Nagar (Vishakhapatnam District) ====
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| It has Idara e Raza.
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| == Language ==
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| Dakhni is the language spoken by Andhra Muslims. The term South Dakhni is not cognizant to Andhra Muslims as they simply refer to it as Urdu, though different from standard [[Urdu]]. South Dakhni is closely related to the more widespread [[Hyderabadi Urdu]] and are mutually intelligible. South Dakhni has some loan words from [[Telugu language|Telugu]] but its contribution to the latter is quite significant. Though they might not be pronounced the same way as in Urdu or South Dakhni that is spoken locally, such words in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] were borrowed from [[Urdu]].
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| Dakhni like Hyderabadi Urdu and other [[Dakhni]] dialects is different from traditional [[Urdu]] in many ways. The plural of a word is formed by suffixing 'an' to the word (a behaviour having its origins in Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh), the letter 'n' is silent. E.g. {{transliteration|ur|italic=no|pottian}} (girls), {{transliteration|ur|italic=no|choran}} (thieves), {{transliteration|ur|italic=no|machcharan}} (mosquitoes), {{transliteration|ur|italic=no|naaman}} (names), {{transliteration|ur|italic=no|kitaban}} (books). And, the letter "Qaaf" is pronounced as "Khaa"; 'qabar' (grave) is pronounced as 'khabar' (news) and 'qadam' (foot) is pronounced as 'khadam'.
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| === Some Telugu words or phrases in South Dakhni ===
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| *Tippalaan meaning Hardship; originally {{transliteration|te|italic=no|tippalu}}.
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| *Chambu meaning mug, also often used to express exhaustion.
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| *Padjaata re tu (used by Guntur and Nellore Muslims) meaning "you will fall down". However, in North Deccani and other parts of Andhra, it is said as "{{transliteration|te|italic=no|Girjaata re tu}}".
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| === Some Urdu words in Telugu ===
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| *Maaji - originally Maazi, meaning former
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| *Tareekhu - originally Tareekh, meaning date ([[Arabic]] origin)
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| *Moju - originally Mouj, meaning to have fun
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| *Raaji Naama - originally Raazi Naama, meaning resignation ([[Persian language|Persian]] origin)
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| *Jamindaar - originally Zamindaar, meaning land lord
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| *Jebu - originally Jeb, meaning pocket
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| *Kalamu - originally Qalam, meaning pen ([[Arabic]])
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| *Khaidi - originally Qaidi, meaning inmate ([[Arabic]])
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| *Jawabu - originally Jawab, meaning answer ([[Arabic]])
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| *Sawalu - originally Sawal, meaning question ([[Arabic]])
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| *Tarafu - originally Taraf, meaning direction or on behalf ([[Arabic]])
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| *Meku - originally Mekh, meaning nail ([[Persian language|Persian]])
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| *Kaazhi (Kaali) - originally Khaali, meaning empty ([[Arabic]])
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| *Kaifiyatu - Originally Kaifiat, meaning state (status) (Arabic)
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| *Mulakatu (Milakat) - Originally Mulaaqaat, meaning Meeting (Arabic)
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| *Goodu Phutani - Originally Goood (Jaggaery) {{transliteration|ur|italic=no|phutani}} (nuts), meaning hanky panky (Hindi & Urdu)
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| *Munasabu - originally Munsif, meaning judge ([[Arabic]])
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| *Roju - originally Roz, meaning day ([[Persian language|Persian]])
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| *Aakhari -originally Aaakhir, meaning last ([[Arabic language|Arabic]])
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| *Kurchi - originally Kursi, meaning chair ([[Arabic language|Arabic]])
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| *Dastavejulu - originally Dastavaiz, meaning documents ([[Persian language|Persian]])
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| *Darakhastu - originally Darkhwast or Darkhast, meaning request ([[Persian language|Persian]])
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| *Sifarsu - originally Sifarish, meaning recommend ([[Persian language|Persian]])
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| *Kaburu - originally Khabar, meaning news ([[Arabic language|Arabic]])
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| *Khitki - originally Khirki, meaning window ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]) ([[Urdu language|Urdu]])
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| === Urdu words in Government Administration and Judiciary ===
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| *Dastaveju - Originally Dastaaviz, meaning Document.
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| *Dastakatu - Originally Dastakhat, meaning Signature, Handwriting (Arabic)
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| *Dasturi - Originally Dastoori, meaning Handwriting, manuscript (Arabic)
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| *Khajana - Originally Khazana, meaning Treasure or Treasury (Arabic)
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| *Ameena - Originally Ameen, meaning a person who brings summons of the court (Arabic)
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| *Hakku - Originally Huq, meaning 'right' (Arabic)
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| *Hakeekatu - Originally Haqeeqat, meaning reality, truth (Arabic)
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| *Vakeelu - Originally Vakeel, meaning lawyer, advocate
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| === Some salient features of South Dakhni ===
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| *Kaiku - why instead of Kyon in traditional Urdu E.g. Kaiku gaya un? (Why did he go?)
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| *Mujhe - me instead of Mereku in [[Hyderabadi Urdu]] E.g. Mujhe malum nai. (I don't know.)
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| *Mujhe - E.g. Mujhe une nai poocha (He did not ask me).
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| *Tujhe - you instead of Tereku in [[Hyderabadi Urdu]] E.g. Tujhe malum kya? (Do you know?)
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| *Un/In - he/she instead of Woh/Yeh in traditional Urdu E.g. Un kidhar gaya? (Where did he go?)
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| *Ku - for instead of Ko in traditional Urdu E.g. Iqbal ku khana hona kate. (Iqbal wants food.)
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| *Ko - Ke in traditional Urdu E.g. Iqbal ku deko aao. (Iqbal ko deke aao in traditional Urdu meaning Give it to Iqbal and come back here.)
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| *Po - on instead of Pe or Per in traditional Urdu E.g. Kitab table po hai. (The book is on the table.)
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| *Nakko - an alternate (and informal) negative generally indicating "no thanks" or "do not". Can be (and is often) used in place of mat.
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| *Naheen, naa and mat (from traditional Urdu) are still used where nakko is inappropriate for the context or in polite situations. E.g. Khana nakko mujhe. (I don't want food.)
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| *Hau - for yes, instead of "Haan".
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| *Potti - (slang; rather offensive) - Girl
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| *Potta - (slang; rather offensive) - Boy
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| *Khan - Man E.g. Chalo khan. (Let's go, man.)
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| *Hallu/Halka - Slow E.g. Zara hallu/halka chalo bawa. (Will you walk a bit slow?)
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| *Kate - Essentially meaning "It seems/ So". E.g. Kaiku kate? (Why so?); Iqbal ku khana hona kate. (It seems Iqbal wants food.)
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| == History ==
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| The spread of Islam in Andhra Pradesh has been the gradual result of centuries of Muslim rule of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]s, [[Qutub Shahi]]'s (Golconda Sultanate) and the [[Asaf Jahi]]s dynasties. Consequently, there is no specific time period from which the spread of Islam here may be dated.A useful indicator would be the invasion of [[Malik Kafur]] in 1312{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}. Proselytization was carried out by individual Sufi saints and major shrines may be found in [[Kadapa]] and [[Penukonda]].
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| == Population == | | == Population == |
| According to the Census of 2001, Andhra Pradesh has a population of approximately 7 million Muslims who form around a little under 9% of the State's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |title=Census GIS HouseHold |publisher=Censusindiamaps.net |access-date=2012-07-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706213221/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |archive-date=2010-07-06 }}</ref> Out of this around a million and a half live in Hyderabad. Therefore, an approximate figure for Andhra Muslims ''in Andhra region'' would be somewhere around 6 million. The sex ratio is around 960 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 933. The literacy rate stands at 68%, again higher than the national average of 64%.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} | | According to the [[2001 census of India|Census of 2001]], Andhra Pradesh has a population of approximately 7 million Muslims who form a little under 9% of the State's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |title=Census GIS HouseHold |publisher=Censusindiamaps.net |access-date=2012-07-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706213221/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |archive-date=2010-07-06 }}</ref> |
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| == Distribution ==
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| Andhra Muslims are found fairly spread over the State. However their greatest concentration is in [[Kurnool district]] where they number around 600,000 and form 17% of the district's population. Important populations are also found in [[Krishna district|Vijayawada]], [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]] and [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]. Like the Muslims of North India, Andhra Muslims are also concentrated in the cities with much smaller rural populations. Kadapa and Anantapur have around 30% and 25% respectively. North Coastal Andhra has very few Muslims.
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| ===In Andhra Pradesh after bifurcation (2014)===
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| After bifurcation, A.P. has 13 districts. Among these 13 districts, four Rayalaseema Districts (Kurnool, Kadapa, Anantapur and Chittoor Districts) and four [[Coastal Andhra]] districts (Nellore, Ongole, Guntur and Krishna Districts) have a considerable Muslim population. East Godavari, West Godavari and Visakhapatnam Districts have a small Muslim population.
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| == Occupational structure ==
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| Most Andhra Muslims like rest of Andhra population are agriculturists. Many Andhra Muslims are also found in various crafts, some passed on for generations. Significant number are involved in small businesses and what is known as "Kutir Parishrama". Due to the lack of higher education among Andhra Muslims, their representation among executive level jobs is limited. However, many Andhra Muslims have held distinguished posts in the State and the central administration as also in the private sector.
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| ==Notable Andhra Muslims==
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| * [[Waheeda Rehman]], Actress
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| * [[S. M. Laljan Basha]], former Vice President of [[Telugu Desam Party]]
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| * [[Ali (actor)]]
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| * [[Zarina Wahab]], Bollywood actress
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| * [[Mano (singer)]]
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| * [[Sheik Chinna Moulana]], Musician
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| * [[Sameer Hasan]], Telugu Actor
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| * [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]], Telugu actor
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| * [[Jani Master]], Tollywood Choreographer
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| * [[Shakeela]], Actress
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| * [[Khayyum]], Telugu actor
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| * [[Vempalli Shariff]], Telugu Writer
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| ==See also== | | ==See also== |
| | * [[Religion in Andhra Pradesh]] |
| * [[Bangalori Urdu]] | | * [[Bangalori Urdu]] |
| * [[Dakhni]]
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| * [[Hyderabadi Urdu]] | | * [[Hyderabadi Urdu]] |
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
| | * {{Cite journal |last=Saheb |first=S. A. A. |date=2003 |title=Dudekula Muslims of Andhra Pradesh: An Ethnographic Profile |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414288 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38 |issue=46 |pages=4908–4912 |jstor=4414288 |issn=0012-9976}} |
| | * {{Cite journal |last=Chinniah |first=Tharalla Isaac |date=1990-07-01 |title=Inter-cultural relations between the Hindi and Muslim communities in India with special reference to Andhra Pradesh |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02666959008716173 |journal=Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=295–310 |doi=10.1080/02666959008716173 |issn=0266-6952|url-access=subscription }} |
| | * {{Cite book |date=2013-04-03 |title=Ethnic Identity and Islamisation among the Borewale Muslims of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203085240-9/ethnic-identity-islamisation-among-borewale-muslims-andhra-pradesh-saheb |publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780203085240-9 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507034238/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203085240-9/ethnic-identity-islamisation-among-borewale-muslims-andhra-pradesh-saheb |archive-date=2025-05-07|url-access=subscription }} |
| | * {{cite book|last=Noorbasha |first=Abdul |chapter=Dudekula/Noorbasha Muslims in Andhra Pradesh |date=2025-06-03 |title=Other Backward Classes in India |pages=115–121 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpdjEQAAQBAJ&dq=Dudekula%2FNoorbasha+Muslims+in+Andhra+Pradesh+Exclusion+and+Empowerment&pg=PT156 |access-date=2025-12-26 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003600251-8 |isbn=978-1-003-60025-1}} |
| | * {{cite book|last=Abdul Azeez |first=Shaik Saheb |chapter=Modernization and Social Exclusion |date=2025-06-03 |title=Other Backward Classes in India |pages=122–142 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpdjEQAAQBAJ&dq=Empowerment+of+OBCs+among+Muslims+in+Andhra+Pradesh+10.4324%2F9781003600251-9&pg=PT165 |access-date=2025-12-26 |edition=1 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003600251-9 |isbn=978-1-003-60025-1}} |
| | * {{cite book|last=Rehman |first=Aijaz |date=2015-01-01 |title=A SOCIO ECONOMIC AND EDUCATIONAL STUDY OF MAHDAVIS OF ANDHRA PRADESH |url=https://www.academia.edu/61179158}} |
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| {{IslamismSA|state= collapsed }} | | {{IslamismSA|state= collapsed }} |
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| [[Category:Islam in India by location]] | | [[Category:Islam in India by location]] |
| [[Category:Muslim communities of India]] | | [[Category:Muslim communities of India]] |
| [[Category:Telugu society]] | | [[Category:Scheduled Castes of Andhra Pradesh]] |
| [[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]] | | [[Category:South Indian communities]] |
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| | {{AndhraPradesh-stub}} |
India