Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|=August 2007|date=August 2020}}
{{More citations needed|=August 2007|date=August 2020}}
[[File:Potato and cross section.jpg|thumb|right|[[Potato]] (Aloo)]]
[[File:Potato and cross section.jpg|thumb|right|[[Potato]] (Aloo)]]
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==Vegetable origins==
==Vegetable origins==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
!Vegetable
!Vegetable
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!Tamil name
!Tamil name
!Telugu name
!Telugu name
!Kannada name
!Origin
!Origin
!Likely time of introduction
!Likely time of introduction
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|Paavarkai
|Paavarkai
|Kaakara kaaya
|Kaakara kaaya
|Africa<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Renner|first=Susanne S.|date=2020-10-06|title=Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia and was domesticated there: A new insight from parallel studies|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=117|issue=40|pages=24630–24631|doi=10.1073/pnas.2014454117|issn=0027-8424|pmc=7547224|pmid=32994347}}</ref>
|Hāgalakāyi
|Africa<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Renner|first=Susanne S.|date=2020-10-06|title=Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia and was domesticated there: A new insight from parallel studies|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=117|issue=40|pages=24630–24631|doi=10.1073/pnas.2014454117|doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424|pmc=7547224|pmid=32994347|bibcode=2020PNAS..11724630R }}</ref>
|
|
|
|
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|Patta Gobhi
|Patta Gobhi
|Muṭṭaikkōs
|Muṭṭaikkōs
|
|Ele koosu
|Elekōsu
|Possibly European
|Possibly European
|During colonial times<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dabholkar|first=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxooQMXeYhcC&pg=PA135|title=General Plant Breeding|date=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-242-0|language=en}}</ref>
|During colonial times<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dabholkar|first=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxooQMXeYhcC&pg=PA135|title=General Plant Breeding|date=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-242-0|language=en}}</ref>
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|Curaikkāy
|Curaikkāy
|Anapukaya,sorakaya
|Anapukaya,sorakaya
|China/Japan<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Erickson|first1=David L.|last2=Smith|first2=Bruce D.|last3=Clarke|first3=Andrew C.|last4=Sandweiss|first4=Daniel H.|last5=Tuross|first5=Noreen|date=2005-12-20|title=An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=102|issue=51|pages=18315–18320|doi=10.1073/pnas.0509279102|pmid=16352716|pmc=1311910|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|Sore kaayi
|China/Japan<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Erickson|first1=David L.|last2=Smith|first2=Bruce D.|last3=Clarke|first3=Andrew C.|last4=Sandweiss|first4=Daniel H.|last5=Tuross|first5=Noreen|date=2005-12-20|title=An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=102|issue=51|pages=18315–18320|doi=10.1073/pnas.0509279102|pmid=16352716|pmc=1311910|doi-access=free|bibcode=2005PNAS..10218315E }}</ref>
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|kosu puvvu
|kosu puvvu
|Cyprus<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fenwick|first1=G. Roger|last2=Heaney|first2=Robert K.|last3=Mullin|first3=W. John|last4=VanEtten|first4=Cecil H.|date=1983-01-01|title=Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398209527361|journal=C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=18|issue=2|pages=123–201|doi=10.1080/10408398209527361|issn=0099-0248|pmid=6337782}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabbage Flowers for Food {{!}} Archives {{!}} Aggie Horticulture|url=https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html|access-date=2021-09-09|website=aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu}}</ref>
|Hoo kosu
|Cyprus<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Fenwick|first1=G. Roger|last2=Heaney|first2=Robert K.|last3=Mullin|first3=W. John|last4=VanEtten|first4=Cecil H.|date=1983-01-01|title=Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398209527361|journal=C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=18|issue=2|pages=123–201|doi=10.1080/10408398209527361|issn=0099-0248|pmid=6337782|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabbage Flowers for Food {{!}} Archives {{!}} Aggie Horticulture|url=https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html|access-date=2021-09-09|website=aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu}}</ref>
|1822 CE<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=T. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mTUBjSyo_UC&pg=PA209|title=Vegetable Crops|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-41-7|language=en}}</ref>
|1822 CE<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=T. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mTUBjSyo_UC&pg=PA209|title=Vegetable Crops|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-41-7|language=en}}</ref>
|
|
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|Miḷakāy
|Miḷakāy
|mirapakaya
|mirapakaya
|Menasina kaayi
|Mesoamerica <ref name="ref72rocoh">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 126, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''.India, hot peppers were dispersed by the earliest explorers to the Iberian Peninsula ... being cultivated in India by the sixteenth century, with three varieties growing in India by 1542 ...''</ref>
|Mesoamerica <ref name="ref72rocoh">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 126, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''.India, hot peppers were dispersed by the earliest explorers to the Iberian Peninsula ... being cultivated in India by the sixteenth century, with three varieties growing in India by 1542 ...''</ref>
|1550 CE<ref name="ref72rocoh"/>
|1550 CE<ref name="ref72rocoh"/>
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|Kottamalli
|Kottamalli
|kotthimeera
|kotthimeera
|North Africa or Mediterranean  
|Kottambari soppu
|North Africa<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zohary |first1=Daniel |last2=Hopf |first2=Maria |title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley |date=March 22, 2001 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=((0198503571)) |page=172 |edition=3rd |chapter=Condiments and Dyes}}</ref> or Mediterranean  
|1000 AD <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cuisine and Diplomacy|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?23938/Cuisine+and+Diplomacy|access-date=2021-09-09|website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref> by Arabs
|1000 AD <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cuisine and Diplomacy|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?23938/Cuisine+and+Diplomacy|access-date=2021-09-09|website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref> by Arabs
|Mentioned in ancient Egypt
|Mentioned in ancient Egypt
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|Kattirikkāy
|Kattirikkāy
|vankaya
|vankaya
|Badane kaayi
|India/China<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solanum melongena L. GRIN-Global|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=101312|access-date=2021-09-09|website=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov}}</ref>
|India/China<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solanum melongena L. GRIN-Global|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=101312|access-date=2021-09-09|website=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov}}</ref>
|
|
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|Ventayam
|Ventayam
|menthi koora
|menthi koora
|Menthya
|Near East <ref>{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2=Maria |last2=Hopf |first3=Ehud |last3=Weiss |title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |edition=4th |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |page=122 }}</ref>  
|Near East <ref>{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2=Maria |last2=Hopf |first3=Ehud |last3=Weiss |title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |edition=4th |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |page=122 }}</ref>  
|326 BC <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fennel, Fenugreek and Coriander: 3 Spices that You Thought Were Indian but Aren't|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/fennel-fenugreek-and-coriander-3-spices-that-you-thought-were-indian-but-arent-769074|access-date=2021-09-09|website=NDTV Food|language=en}}</ref>
|326 BC <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fennel, Fenugreek and Coriander: 3 Spices that You Thought Were Indian but Aren't|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/fennel-fenugreek-and-coriander-3-spices-that-you-thought-were-indian-but-arent-769074|access-date=2021-09-09|website=NDTV Food|language=en}}</ref>
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|Pūṇṭu
|Pūṇṭu
|Velluli/Elligadda
|Velluli/Elligadda
|Belluli
|possibly Middle East <ref>{{cite book |last1=Zohary |first1=Daniel |title=Domestication of plants in the old world : the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-850357-6 |pages=197 |edition=3rd}}</ref>
|possibly Middle East <ref>{{cite book |last1=Zohary |first1=Daniel |title=Domestication of plants in the old world : the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-850357-6 |pages=197 |edition=3rd}}</ref>
|Unknown
|Unknown
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|Elumiccai
|Elumiccai
|nimmakaya
|nimmakaya
|Nimbe hannu
|South China or Northeastern India<ref name="ref34pirec">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp3pAAAAMAAJ Indian Archaeology in Retrospect: Protohistory, archaeology of the Harappan civilization], Shadaksharappa Settar, Ravi Korisettar, Indian Council of Historical Research, 2002, {{ISBN|978-81-7304-320-8}}, ''... The only early archaeobotanical evidence for Citrus fruits comes from the Late Harappan (Bara phase) site of Sanghol in Punjab where seeds of lemon (C. limon (L.) Burm. f.) have been reported (Saraswat and Chanchala 1997). This is of great interest as these fruits are thought to have been domesticated somewhere in the area spanning from north-eastern India to south China and South-East Asia, although there remains no firm evidence for precisely where or when ... suggests that lemons diffused westwards, presumably along the Ganga Valley in the early second millennium BC. Further west, in South-West Asia, the citron (C. medical L.) occurs as early as c. 1200 BC, while the lemon arrives later in the first millennium AD ...''</ref>
|South China or Northeastern India<ref name="ref34pirec">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp3pAAAAMAAJ Indian Archaeology in Retrospect: Protohistory, archaeology of the Harappan civilization], Shadaksharappa Settar, Ravi Korisettar, Indian Council of Historical Research, 2002, {{ISBN|978-81-7304-320-8}}, ''... The only early archaeobotanical evidence for Citrus fruits comes from the Late Harappan (Bara phase) site of Sanghol in Punjab where seeds of lemon (C. limon (L.) Burm. f.) have been reported (Saraswat and Chanchala 1997). This is of great interest as these fruits are thought to have been domesticated somewhere in the area spanning from north-eastern India to south China and South-East Asia, although there remains no firm evidence for precisely where or when ... suggests that lemons diffused westwards, presumably along the Ganga Valley in the early second millennium BC. Further west, in South-West Asia, the citron (C. medical L.) occurs as early as c. 1200 BC, while the lemon arrives later in the first millennium AD ...''</ref>
|2000-1000 BC<ref name="ref34pirec"/>
|2000-1000 BC<ref name="ref34pirec"/>
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|
|
|Muruṅkai
|Muruṅkai
|
|Munakkaada
|Nugge kaayi
|India
|India
|
|
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|Bhindi
|Bhindi
|Veṇṭaikkāy
|Veṇṭaikkāy
|bendakaya
|Bendakaaya
|Bende kaayi
|Highlands of Ethiopia and india<ref name="ref61rozif">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''... Ancient varieties of okra can still be found growing wild from Ethiopia to the White Nile in Egypt, and this interesting food plant is believed to have originated in Ethiopia. In the absence of any ancient Indian names for it, modern botanists believe it found its way to India ... about AD 200 ...''</ref>
|Highlands of Ethiopia and india<ref name="ref61rozif">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''... Ancient varieties of okra can still be found growing wild from Ethiopia to the White Nile in Egypt, and this interesting food plant is believed to have originated in Ethiopia. In the absence of any ancient Indian names for it, modern botanists believe it found its way to India ... about AD 200 ...''</ref>
|100-500 [[Common Era|CE]]<ref name="ref61rozif" />
|100-500 [[Common Era|CE]]<ref name="ref61rozif" />
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|Veṅkāyam
|Veṅkāyam
|Ulligadda,ullipaya,erragadda
|Ulligadda,ullipaya,erragadda
|Eerulli
|India {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|India {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|Unknown, but present by 500 BCE<ref name="ref76mayac">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 84, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''... In India, as early as the sixth century BC, the famous herbal treatise Charaka-Sanhita celebrates the onion as good for the heart, the eyes, and the joints ...''</ref>
|Unknown, but present by 500 BCE<ref name="ref76mayac">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 84, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''... In India, as early as the sixth century BC, the famous herbal treatise Charaka-Sanhita celebrates the onion as good for the heart, the eyes, and the joints ...''</ref>
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|Uruḷaikkiḻaṅku
|Uruḷaikkiḻaṅku
|Bangala Dumpa/Aloo Gadda
|Bangala Dumpa/Aloo Gadda
|South America (Peru/Bolivia) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Finding rewrites the evolutionary history of the origin of potatoes|url=https://news.wisc.edu/finding-rewrites-the-evolutionary-history-of-the-origin-of-potatoes/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=news.wisc.edu}}</ref>
|Aloo gadde
|South America (Peru/Bolivia) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Finding rewrites the evolutionary history of the origin of potatoes|url=https://news.wisc.edu/finding-rewrites-the-evolutionary-history-of-the-origin-of-potatoes/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=news.wisc.edu|date=3 October 2005 }}</ref>
|1600 CE
|1600 CE
|Likely introduced by Portuguese traders
|Likely introduced by Portuguese traders
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|Iṉippu uruḷaikkiḻaṅku
|Iṉippu uruḷaikkiḻaṅku
|Chilagada dumpa
|Chilagada dumpa
|Sihi genasu
|South America <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU3qxpHf4S4C&q=Sweet+Potato+Peru+domesticated&pg=PA21|title=Geneflow 2009|publisher=Bioversity International|isbn=978-92-9043-813-7|language=en}}</ref>
|South America <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU3qxpHf4S4C&q=Sweet+Potato+Peru+domesticated&pg=PA21|title=Geneflow 2009|publisher=Bioversity International|isbn=978-92-9043-813-7|language=en}}</ref>
|1600 CE)
|1600 CE)
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|Arbi / Arwi/ Guhiyaan
|Arbi / Arwi/ Guhiyaan
|Seppankizhangu
|Seppankizhangu
|Chemadumpa
|Chaamadumpa, chaamagadda
|Unknown (India, Polynesia or SE Asia)
|Kesuvina Gadde/ Kesuvina Soppu
|Unknown
|India, Polynesia or SE Asia
|
|
|-
|-
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|Tamatar
|Tamatar
|Takkāḷi
|Takkāḷi
|tamata / rama phalam
|Tamata / rama phalam
|Goode hannu
|Latin America (Mexico to Peru) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Andrew F.|url=http://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0|title=The tomato in America : early history, culture, and cookery|date=1994|publisher=Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-57003-000-0}}</ref>
|Latin America (Mexico to Peru) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Andrew F.|url=http://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0|title=The tomato in America : early history, culture, and cookery|date=1994|publisher=Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-57003-000-0}}</ref>
|1600 CE
|1600 CE
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|Shalgham
|Shalgham
|Ṭarṉip
|Ṭarṉip
|beetroot
|
|Gedde kosu
|West Asia or Eastern Europe {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|West Asia or Eastern Europe {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|1500 BC
|1500 BC
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|[[Yam (vegetable)|Yam]]
|[[Yam (vegetable)|Yam]]
|Zimikand/Suran/kachalu/banda
|Zimikand/Suran/kachalu/banda
|
|Karunai kizhangu
|Kanda
|Kanda
|Suvarna Gadde
|Africa/Asia {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|Africa/Asia {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|7000 BCE
|7000 BCE
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==Fruit origins==
==Fruit origins==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
!Fruit
!Fruit
!Hindi Name
!Hindi Name
!Telugu Name
|Telugu Name
!Tamil Name
!Origin
!Origin
!Likely time of introduction
!Likely time of introduction
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|Seb
|Seb
|
|
|Āppiḷ
|Central Asia (Kazakhstan) <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Duan|first1=Naibin|last2=Bai|first2=Yang|last3=Sun|first3=Honghe|last4=Wang|first4=Nan|last5=Ma|first5=Yumin|last6=Li|first6=Mingjun|last7=Wang|first7=Xin|last8=Jiao|first8=Chen|last9=Legall|first9=Noah|last10=Mao|first10=Linyong|last11=Wan|first11=Sibao|date=August 2017|title=Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=249|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00336-7|pmid=28811498|issn=2041-1723|pmc=5557836|bibcode=2017NatCo...8..249D}}</ref>
|Central Asia (Kazakhstan) <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Duan|first1=Naibin|last2=Bai|first2=Yang|last3=Sun|first3=Honghe|last4=Wang|first4=Nan|last5=Ma|first5=Yumin|last6=Li|first6=Mingjun|last7=Wang|first7=Xin|last8=Jiao|first8=Chen|last9=Legall|first9=Noah|last10=Mao|first10=Linyong|last11=Wan|first11=Sibao|date=August 2017|title=Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=249|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00336-7|pmid=28811498|issn=2041-1723|pmc=5557836|bibcode=2017NatCo...8..249D}}</ref>
|Unknown
|Unknown
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|Aam
|Aam
|Mamidi Pandu
|Mamidi Pandu
| India<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Warschefsky|first1=Emily J.|last2=Wettberg|first2=Eric J. B. von|date=2019|title=Population genomic analysis of mango (Mangifera indica) suggests a complex history of domestication|url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.15731|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=222|issue=4|pages=2023–2037|doi=10.1111/nph.15731|pmid=30730057|issn=1469-8137}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kuhn|first1=David N.|last2=Bally|first2=Ian S. E.|last3=Dillon|first3=Natalie L.|last4=Innes|first4=David|last5=Groh|first5=Amy M.|last6=Rahaman|first6=Jordon|last7=Ophir|first7=Ron|last8=Cohen|first8=Yuval|last9=Sherman|first9=Amir|date=2017-04-20|title=Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=8|page=577|doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00577|issn=1664-462X|pmc=5397511|pmid=28473837|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|Māṅkaṉi
|
|India
|Unknown
|Mango is mentioned by Hendrik van Rheede, the Dutch commander of the Malabar region in his 1678 book
|Mango is mentioned by Hendrik van Rheede, the Dutch commander of the Malabar region in his 1678 book
|-
|-
Line 201: Line 224:
|Shehtoot/Toot
|Shehtoot/Toot
|
|
|Temperate regions worldwide {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|Malperi
|China/Japan
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|Its white type is toxic whereas red is very sweet
|-
|-
|[[Orange (fruit)|Orange]]
|[[Orange (fruit)|Orange]]
|Santara {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|Santara {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|
|Kamalapandu
|Ārañcu
|India
|India
|Unknown
|Unknown
Line 215: Line 240:
|Aloo Bokhara  
|Aloo Bokhara  
|
|
|Unknown (Armenia suspected) {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}
|Piḷam
|Armenia
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
Line 222: Line 248:
|Hunase Hannu/ Imli
|Hunase Hannu/ Imli
|Chintakaya/Chintapandu
|Chintakaya/Chintapandu
|Puḷi
|Africa
|Africa
|Unknown  
|Unknown  
Line 229: Line 256:
|Narangi
|Narangi
|Narinja Pandu
|Narinja Pandu
|Asia
|Ṭēṅkariṉ
|China
|Unknown
|Unknown
|
|
Line 248: Line 276:
* "The Agrarian History of England and Wales," Edward John T. Collins, Stuart Piggott, [[Joan Thirsk]], Cambridge University Press, 1981.
* "The Agrarian History of England and Wales," Edward John T. Collins, Stuart Piggott, [[Joan Thirsk]], Cambridge University Press, 1981.


{{History of cuisine}}
{{Cuisines}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Origins Of North Indian Foods}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Origins Of North Indian Foods}}
[[Category:History of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:History of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:History of Pakistani cuisine]]
[[Category:History of Pakistani cuisine]]

Latest revision as of 16:32, 13 November 2025


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Potato (Aloo)
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Tomato (Tamatar)
Okra (Bhindi)
Cauliflower (Phool Gobhi)
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Taro (Arbi)

Most of the food items which define modern North Indian and Subcontinental cooking have origins inside the Indian subcontinent though many foods that are now a part of them are based on fruits and vegetables that originated outside the Indian subcontinent.

Vegetable origins[edit | edit source]

Vegetable Hindi name Tamil name Telugu name Kannada name Origin Likely time of introduction Notes
Bitter Melon karela Paavarkai Kaakara kaaya Hāgalakāyi Africa[1]
Cabbage Patta Gobhi Muṭṭaikkōs Ele koosu Elekōsu Possibly European During colonial times[2] Derived from Wild Mustard
Calabash Lauki/Pankaj Curaikkāy Anapukaya,sorakaya Sore kaayi China/Japan[3]
Cauliflower Phool Gobhi kosu puvvu Hoo kosu Cyprus[4][5] 1822 CE[6]
Chili pepper Mirch Miḷakāy mirapakaya Menasina kaayi Mesoamerica [7] 1550 CE[7] india
Coriander Dhaniya Kottamalli kotthimeera Kottambari soppu North Africa[8] or Mediterranean 1000 AD [9] by Arabs Mentioned in ancient Egypt
Brinjal Baingan Kattirikkāy vankaya Badane kaayi India/China[10]
Fenugreek Methi Ventayam menthi koora Menthya Near East [11] 326 BC [12] Alexander's campaign to India
Garlic Lahsoon Pūṇṭu Velluli/Elligadda Belluli possibly Middle East [13] Unknown
Lemon Neembú Elumiccai nimmakaya Nimbe hannu South China or Northeastern India[14] 2000-1000 BC[14] Lemon seeds found in the Harappan Bara culture excavations indicate time of spread[14]
Moringa Muruṅkai Munakkaada Nugge kaayi India
Okra Bhindi Veṇṭaikkāy Bendakaaya Bende kaayi Highlands of Ethiopia and india[15] 100-500 CE[15]
Onion Pyaaz Veṅkāyam Ulligadda,ullipaya,erragadda Eerulli India [citation needed] Unknown, but present by 500 BCE[16] Mentioned in the Charaka Samhita
Potato Aloo Uruḷaikkiḻaṅku Bangala Dumpa/Aloo Gadda Aloo gadde South America (Peru/Bolivia) [17] 1600 CE Likely introduced by Portuguese traders
Sweet Potato Shakarkand Iṉippu uruḷaikkiḻaṅku Chilagada dumpa Sihi genasu South America [18] 1600 CE) Via Portugal
Taro Arbi / Arwi/ Guhiyaan Seppankizhangu Chaamadumpa, chaamagadda Kesuvina Gadde/ Kesuvina Soppu India, Polynesia or SE Asia
Tomato Tamatar Takkāḷi Tamata / rama phalam Goode hannu Latin America (Mexico to Peru) [19] 1600 CE Likely introduced by Portuguese traders
Turnip Shalgham Ṭarṉip Gedde kosu West Asia or Eastern Europe [citation needed] 1500 BC Very early presence in the South Asia
Yam Zimikand/Suran/kachalu/banda Karunai kizhangu Kanda Suvarna Gadde Africa/Asia [citation needed] 7000 BCE Different types of yams by taste, colour, size, skin, acidity

Fruit origins[edit | edit source]

Fruit Hindi Name Telugu Name Tamil Name Origin Likely time of introduction Notes
Apple Seb Āppiḷ Central Asia (Kazakhstan) [20] Unknown
Mango Aam Mamidi Pandu Māṅkaṉi India Unknown Mango is mentioned by Hendrik van Rheede, the Dutch commander of the Malabar region in his 1678 book
Mulberry Shehtoot/Toot Malperi China/Japan Unknown Its white type is toxic whereas red is very sweet
Orange Santara [citation needed] Kamalapandu Ārañcu India Unknown A sweeter Indian variety was introduced by the Portuguese in Europe (ca. 15th century)
Plum Aloo Bokhara Piḷam Armenia Unknown
Tamarind Hunase Hannu/ Imli Chintakaya/Chintapandu Puḷi Africa Unknown Known for savourish taste, the fruit has mention since Harappan times
Tangerine Narangi Narinja Pandu Ṭēṅkariṉ China Unknown

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Renner, Susanne S. (2020-10-06). "Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia and was domesticated there: A new insight from parallel studies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (40): 24630–24631. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11724630R. doi:10.1073/pnas.2014454117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7547224. PMID 32994347.
  2. ↑ Dabholkar, A. R. (2006). General Plant Breeding. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-242-0.
  3. ↑ Erickson, David L.; Smith, Bruce D.; Clarke, Andrew C.; Sandweiss, Daniel H.; Tuross, Noreen (2005-12-20). "An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (51): 18315–18320. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10218315E. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509279102. PMC 1311910. PMID 16352716.
  4. ↑ Fenwick, G. Roger; Heaney, Robert K.; Mullin, W. John; VanEtten, Cecil H. (1983-01-01). "Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants". C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 18 (2): 123–201. doi:10.1080/10408398209527361. ISSN 0099-0248. PMID 6337782.
  5. ↑ "Cabbage Flowers for Food | Archives | Aggie Horticulture". aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  6. ↑ Gopalakrishnan, T. R. (2007). Vegetable Crops. New India Publishing. ISBN 978-81-89422-41-7.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden, Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 126, ISBN 9781586852504, .India, hot peppers were dispersed by the earliest explorers to the Iberian Peninsula ... being cultivated in India by the sixteenth century, with three varieties growing in India by 1542 ...
  8. ↑ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (March 22, 2001). "Condiments and Dyes". Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 172. ISBN 0198503571.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
  9. ↑ "Cuisine and Diplomacy". www.mea.gov.in. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  10. ↑ "Solanum melongena L. GRIN-Global". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  11. ↑ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 122.
  12. ↑ "Fennel, Fenugreek and Coriander: 3 Spices that You Thought Were Indian but Aren't". NDTV Food. Retrieved 2021-09-09.
  13. ↑ Zohary, Daniel (2000). Domestication of plants in the old world : the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-19-850357-6.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Indian Archaeology in Retrospect: Protohistory, archaeology of the Harappan civilization, Shadaksharappa Settar, Ravi Korisettar, Indian Council of Historical Research, 2002, ISBN 978-81-7304-320-8, ... The only early archaeobotanical evidence for Citrus fruits comes from the Late Harappan (Bara phase) site of Sanghol in Punjab where seeds of lemon (C. limon (L.) Burm. f.) have been reported (Saraswat and Chanchala 1997). This is of great interest as these fruits are thought to have been domesticated somewhere in the area spanning from north-eastern India to south China and South-East Asia, although there remains no firm evidence for precisely where or when ... suggests that lemons diffused westwards, presumably along the Ganga Valley in the early second millennium BC. Further west, in South-West Asia, the citron (C. medical L.) occurs as early as c. 1200 BC, while the lemon arrives later in the first millennium AD ...
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden, Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, ISBN 9781586852504, ... Ancient varieties of okra can still be found growing wild from Ethiopia to the White Nile in Egypt, and this interesting food plant is believed to have originated in Ethiopia. In the absence of any ancient Indian names for it, modern botanists believe it found its way to India ... about AD 200 ...
  16. ↑ 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden, Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 84, ISBN 9781586852504, ... In India, as early as the sixth century BC, the famous herbal treatise Charaka-Sanhita celebrates the onion as good for the heart, the eyes, and the joints ...
  17. ↑ "Finding rewrites the evolutionary history of the origin of potatoes". news.wisc.edu. 3 October 2005. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
  18. ↑ Geneflow 2009. Bioversity International. ISBN 978-92-9043-813-7.
  19. ↑ Smith, Andrew F. (1994). The tomato in America : early history, culture, and cookery. Internet Archive. Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-000-0.
  20. ↑ Duan, Naibin; Bai, Yang; Sun, Honghe; Wang, Nan; Ma, Yumin; Li, Mingjun; Wang, Xin; Jiao, Chen; Legall, Noah; Mao, Linyong; Wan, Sibao (August 2017). "Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 249. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8..249D. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00336-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5557836. PMID 28811498.

Further reading[edit | edit source]

  • "Domestication of plants in the Old World," Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Oxford University Press, 2000.
  • "History of Food," Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, Blackwell Publishing, 1994.
  • "Culture and Cuisine: A Journey Through the History of Food," Jean François Revel, Doubleday, 1982.
  • "The Agrarian History of England and Wales," Edward John T. Collins, Stuart Piggott, Joan Thirsk, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
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