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| {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}} | | #REDIRECT [[Sivakotiacharya]] |
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| {{Jainism}}
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| '''Shivakotiacharya''' (also '''Shivakoti'''), a writer of the 9th-10th century, is considered the author of didactic [[Kannada language]] [[Jainism|Jain]] text ''[[Vaddaradhane]]'' (''lit'', "Worship of elders", ca. 900). A prose narrative written in pre-Old-Kannada (''Purva Halegannada''), ''Vaddaradhane'' is considered the earliest [[Extant literature|extant]] work in the prose genre in the Kannada language.<ref name="siva">Shastri (1955), p. 356</ref><ref name="siva1">Zvelebil (2008), p. 3</ref><ref name="jain">Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4027.</ref> Scholars are, however, still divided about when exactly the text was written, with claims ranging from before the 6th century to the 10th century.<ref name="mugali"/><ref name="period"/><ref name="khosa"/><ref name="naro"/>
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| ==Content==
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| According to the scholar R.S. Mugali, ''Vaddaradhane'' is one of the finest pieces of [[Jainism|Jain]] literature, which stands out by itself in all of [[Kannada literature]].<ref name="mugali">Mugali (2006), pp. 177–178</ref> In addition to religious content describing the lives of Jain saints (''Jainas''),<ref name="siva"/> it treats on Jain tenets regarding the torments of flesh and spirit, interpretations of fate (''[[karma]]''), [[reincarnation|rebirth]] and the plight of humans on earth. The text gives useful information about contemporary society including education, trade and commerce, magic and superstitions, the [[caste|caste system]] and untouchability, and position of women in society.<ref name="khosa"/><ref name="naro"/> The text provides details on contemporary urban and rural society: towns with majestic buildings and multi-storied houses; temples (''devalaya''); a street for the prostitutes (''sulegeri''); palaces; streets with people, horses and elephants; homes of cloth merchants (''dusigar''); homes of diamond merchants (''baccara''); feudatories (''samanta''); royal officials (''niyogi''); grain markets and traders; and various types of settlements such as villages (''grama'') and towns (''nagara'').<ref name="town">Adiga (2006), p. 71–72</ref> The text dwells on the evils of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' including [[miscegenation]] and takes a critical look at contemporary [[Brahmin]] practices.<ref name="practice">Adiga (2006), p. 259</ref> It mentions fierce warriors, royal retainers (''velevali'') who were under oath to lay down their life for the king and royalty.<ref name="royalty">Adiga (2006), pp. 233–234</ref>
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| ==Date controversies==
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| The dating of the work and its authorship has been a controversy. According to the scholar R.S. Mugali, experts are not unanimous whether the prose piece was written before ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' (ca. 850) or after.<ref name="mugali"/> According to modern Kannada poet and scholar [[M. Govinda Pai]], the ''Vaddaradhane'' dates much further back. Based on his studies of the text and some pre-2nd century inscriptions from [[Shravanabelagola]], Pai authored two scholarly publications in 1960: ''Kannada Sahityada Halame'' ("Antiquity of Kannada literature") and ''Kannada Sahityada Prachinate'' (also meaning "Antiquity of Kannada literature"), in which he argued ''Vaddaradhane'' more accurately dates to the pre-6th century period. However, the scholar D.L. Narasimhachar opines that the writing is from around c. 920.<ref name="period">Bhat (1993), pp. 102–103</ref> Professor Upadhye dates the writing to the post-9th century period while the historians A.R. Naronakar, K.A.N. Shastri, and Dravidian scholar [[Kamil Zvelebil|Zvelebil]] date it to c. 900.<ref name="siva"/><ref name="siva1"/><ref name="mugali"/><ref name="naro">Naronakar (2003), p. 8</ref>
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| There is an opinion that Shivakoti was not the author of the work, and that his [[Prakrit]] work ''Bhagavati Aaradhane'' may have been the inspiration for this Kannada writing. However, it has been pointed out that the author's name appears in the concluding section of every story in the writing, and that the Prakrit writer, also named Shivakoti, lived in the 2nd or 3rd century A.D. and was the disciple of [[Acharya Samantabhadra]]. Another name, Revakotiacharya, also appears in some places in the Kannada text.<ref name="jain"/> Historian Jyotsna Kamat is of the opinion that the didactic work comprising 19 stories dates to the 10th century and was inspired by the Sanskrit writing ''Brihatkatha-Khosa''.<ref name="khosa">{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/rashtrakutas/literature_kannada.htm|title=Kannada Literature under the Rashtrakutas|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=2009-01-27|first=Jyotsna |last=Kamat}}</ref>
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist|3}}
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| ==References==
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| *{{cite book |last=Sastri|first= Nilakanta K. A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
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| *{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year=2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
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| *{{cite book |last= Various|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 5|year=1992|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1221-8}}
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| *{{cite book |last= Bhat|first=M. Thirumaleshwara |title= Govinda Pai |year=1993|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-7201-540-2}}
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| *{{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title= The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400-1030|orig-year=2006|year= 2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|isbn= 81-250-2912-5}}
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| *{{cite book |last= Mugali|first= R.S.|title=The Heritage of Karnataka |orig-year=2006|year=2006|publisher= Lightning Source Inc|isbn=1-4067-0232-3}}
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| *{{cite book |last= Zvelebil|first= Kamil|title=The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India |year=1973|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-03591-5}}
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| *{{cite book |last=Naronakar|first= A R|title= Untouchability and Caste System in India |orig-year=2003|year= 2003|publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=81-261-1418-5}}
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Jainism in Karnataka]]
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| * [[Jainism in north Karnataka]]
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| * [[Jainism in Tulu Nadu]]
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| {{Authority control}}
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| [[Category:History of Karnataka]]
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| [[Category:Kannada people]]
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| [[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
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| [[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
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| [[Category:9th-century Indian Jain writers]]
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| [[Category:10th-century Indian Jain poets]]
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| [[Category:Indian male writers]]
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