Radha Jayalakshmi: Difference between revisions

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{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Short description|Indian Carnatic Music Duo}}
{{Infobox musical artist
{{Infobox musical artist
| name            = Radha and Jayalakshmi<br>ராதா ஜெயலட்சுமி
| name            = Radha (R) and Jayalakshmi (L)
| image          = Radha, Jayalakshmi.jpg
| image          = Radha Jayalakshmi (1).jpg
| alt            =
| alt            =
| caption        = Radha, Jayalakshmi
| caption        = Radha, Jayalakshmi
| image_size      =
| image_size      =
| birth_date      = 1932
| birth_date      = 1932
| death_date      = Jayalakshmi - {{Death date and age|2014|05|27|1932|1|1}}
| death_date      = Jayalakshmi - {{Death date and age|2014|05|27|1932|1|1}} Radha - {{Death date and age|2025|09|28|1932|1|1}}
| origin          =
| origin          =
| instrument      =
| instrument      =
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}}
}}


'''Radha''' (born 1932) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swaramaadhuri-annamayyasankeerthananidhi.weebly.com/radha-jayalakshmi.html|title = Radha Jayalakshmi}}</ref> and '''Jayalakshmi''' (1932 - 2014),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/carnatic-singer-dead-in-chennai/article6054441.ece|title = Carnatic singer dead in Chennai|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 28 May 2014}}</ref> popularly known as '''Radha Jayalakshmi''' ({{lang-ta|ராதா ஜெயலட்சுமி}}), were an Indian [[Carnatic music]] vocalist duo as well as [[playback singing|playback singer]]s in films in the 1940s and 1950s. They later became teachers and trained notable Carnatic music singers. Jayalakshmi was the playback singer of the duo, but was credited as Radha Jayalakshmi in the cine field. Radha was her cousin and singing partner on stage performances. They were early vocalists in the duo singing trend in [[Carnatic music]] which started in the 1950s and includes performers like [[Bombay Sisters]] and [[Soolamangalam Sisters]]. In recent times, the trend has been continued by popular Carnatic music singers like [[Priya Sisters]], their disciples, [[Ranjani-Gayatri|Ranjani Gayatri]], [[Akkarai Subhalakshmi|Akkarai sisters]], and others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/article95639.ece|title=Sisters in song|date=30 January 2010|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
'''Radha''' (1932 - 28 September 2025) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swaramaadhuri-annamayyasankeerthananidhi.weebly.com/radha-jayalakshmi.html|title=Radha Jayalakshmi|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222123609/https://swaramaadhuri-annamayyasankeerthananidhi.weebly.com/radha-jayalakshmi.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and '''Jayalakshmi''' (1932 - 2014),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/carnatic-singer-dead-in-chennai/article6054441.ece|title = Carnatic singer dead in Chennai|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 28 May 2014}}</ref> popularly known as '''Radha Jayalakshmi''' ({{langx|ta|ராதா ஜெயலட்சுமி}}), were an Indian [[Carnatic music]] vocalist duo as well as [[playback singing|playback singer]]s in films in the 1940s and 1950s. They later became teachers and trained notable Carnatic music singers. Jayalakshmi was the playback singer of the duo, but was credited as Radha Jayalakshmi in the cine field. Radha was her cousin and singing partner on stage performances. They were early vocalists in the duo singing trend in [[Carnatic music]] which started in the 1950s and includes performers like [[Bombay Sisters]] and [[Soolamangalam Sisters]]. In recent times, the trend has been continued by popular Carnatic music singers like [[Priya Sisters]], their disciples, [[Ranjani-Gayatri|Ranjani Gayatri]], Bellur sisters, Mambalam Sisters, [[Akkarai Subhalakshmi|Akkarai sisters]], and others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/article95639.ece|title=Sisters in song|date=30 January 2010|work=The Hindu}}</ref>


The duo was awarded the 1981 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in Carnatic Music – Vocal, given by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees|publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archive-date=17 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}
The duo was awarded the 1981 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in Carnatic Music – Vocal, given by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees|publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archive-date=17 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}
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==Early life and training==
==Early life and training==


Radha and Jayalakshmi's singing style belongs to the [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]] school, and they received their training in classical vocal music from the noted vocalist and teacher himself.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301640700.htm|title=GNB, the good friend|date=23 May 2003|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
Radha and Jayalakshmi's singing style belongs to the [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]] school, and they received their training in classical vocal music from the noted vocalist and teacher himself.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301640700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606133814/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301640700.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 June 2011|title=GNB, the good friend|date=23 May 2003|work=The Hindu}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
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* G. Aswathama
* G. Aswathama
* [[M. S. Gnanamani]]
* [[M. S. Gnanamani]]
* [[Shankar-Jaikishan]]
* [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
* Parur S. Anantharaman
* Parur S. Anantharaman
* [[M. D. Parthasarathy]]
* [[M. D. Parthasarathy]]
* [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
* [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
* [[Chittor V. Nagaiah]]
* [[V. Nagayya]]
* [[G. Ramanathan]]
* [[G. Ramanathan]]
* [[Adepalli Rama Rao]]
* [[Adepalli Rama Rao]]
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* [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
* [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
* [[M. K. Athmanathan]]
* [[M. K. Athmanathan]]
* [[Vedha (music director)|Vedha]]
* [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
* [[R. Sudarsanam]]
* [[R. Sudarsanam]]
* [[M. Ranga Rao]]
* [[M. Ranga Rao]]
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===Playback singers Jayalakshmi sang with===
===Playback singers Jayalakshmi sang with===
Jayalakshmi was often paired to sing with the male singers [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] and [[A. M. Rajah]]. Other male singers she sang with include T. A. Mothi, [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]], [[S. Balachander]], [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], K. Prasad Rao, [[V. N. Sundaram]], Subrahmanyam and [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]].
Jayalakshmi was often paired to sing with the male singers [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] and [[A. M. Rajah]]. Other male singers she sang with include T. A. Mothi, [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[S. Balachander]], [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], K. Prasad Rao, [[V. N. Sundaram]], Subrahmanyam and [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]].


She also sang duets with female singers, most notably with [[P. Leela]] and [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]. Others are [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], [[P. A. Periyanayaki]], [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]], [[A. P. Komala]], [[T. V. Rathnam]], [[M. S. Rajeswari]], [[S. Janaki]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] and [[Jikki]].
She also sang duets with female singers, most notably with [[P. Leela]] and [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]. Others are [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], [[P. A. Periyanayaki]], [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]], [[A. P. Komala]], [[T. V. Rathnam]], [[M. S. Rajeswari]], [[S. Janaki]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] and [[Jikki]].


The singing actors she sang with were [[K. R. Ramaswamy (actor)|K. R. Ramaswamy]] and [[S. Varalakshmi]].
The singing actors she sang with were [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] and [[S. Varalakshmi]].


==Death==
==Death==
Jayalakshmi of the duo, died, aged 82, in [[Chennai]] on 26 May 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/carnatic-singer-dead-in-chennai/article6054441.ece|title=Carnatic singer dead in Chennai|date=28 May 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
Jayalakshmi of the duo, died, aged 82, in [[Chennai]] on 26 May 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/carnatic-singer-dead-in-chennai/article6054441.ece|title=Carnatic singer dead in Chennai|date=28 May 2014|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>
Radha died, aged 93, on 28 September 2025.


==Filmography==
==Filmography==
List of film songs recorded by Radha Jayalakshmi:


===Playback singer===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Music !! Co-Singer
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Music !! Co-singer
|-
|-
| 1948 || [[Idhu Nijama]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Madarellam || [[S. Balachander]] || [[S. Balachander]]
| 1948 || [[Idhu Nijama]]<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |author=Randor Guy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/idhu-nijama-1948/article3023087.ece |title=Idhu Nijama 1948 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 July 2008 |access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || "Madarellam" || [[S. Balachander]] || [[S. Balachander]]
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1950 || rowspan=2|[[Ezhai Padum Padu|Beedala Patlu]] || rowspan=2|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Vidhivasamaithi Anaadhanaithi ||rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] & G. Aswathama ||
| rowspan=2|1950 || rowspan=2|[[Ezhai Padum Padu|Beedala Patlu]] || rowspan=2|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Vidhivasamaithi Anaadhanaithi ||rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] & G. Aswathama ||
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| En Bhaagyame Inimel Saubhagyame ||
| En Bhaagyame Inimel Saubhagyame ||
|-
|-
| rowspan=5|1950 || rowspan=5|[[Prasanna (1950 film)|Prasanna]] || rowspan=5|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || Sukritharaaga || rowspan=5|[[M. S. Gnanamani]] || K. Prasad Rao
| rowspan=5|1950 || rowspan=5|[[Prasanna (1950 film)|Prasanna]] || rowspan=5|[[Malayalam]] || Sukritharaaga || rowspan=5|[[M. S. Gnanamani]] || K. Prasad Rao
|-
|-
| Kaayikasoubhaagyam ||  
| Kaayikasoubhaagyam ||  
Line 116: Line 119:
| 1951 || [[Kaithi (1951 film)|Kaidhi]] || Tamil || Be Happy Be Cheerful Be Jolly || [[S. Balachander]] ||
| 1951 || [[Kaithi (1951 film)|Kaidhi]] || Tamil || Be Happy Be Cheerful Be Jolly || [[S. Balachander]] ||
|-
|-
| 1952 || Desabhakthan || Malayalam || Oh Athimodamaarnna || [[Shankar-Jaikishan]] ||  
| 1952 || Desabhakthan || Malayalam || Oh Athimodamaarnna || [[Shankar–Jaikishan]] ||  
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Kanchana (1952 film)|Kanchana]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Pazhaniappa Nin Paadham || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||  
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Kanchana (1952 film)|Kanchana]]<ref name="neelamegam">{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&nbsp;— Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |location=Chennai |pages=33–34 |language=Tamil}}</ref> || rowspan=2|Tamil || Pazhaniappa Nin Paadham || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||  
|-
|-
| Etham Pottu ||  
| Etham Pottu ||  
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| 1952 || [[Panam (1952 film)|Panam]] || Tamil || En Vazhvil Puthu Paadama || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||  
| 1952 || [[Panam (1952 film)|Panam]] || Tamil || En Vazhvil Puthu Paadama || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||  
|-
|-
| 1952 || Puratchi Veeran || Tamil || Oh Alai Modhum || [[Shankar-Jaikishan]] ||  
| 1952 || Puratchi Veeran || Tamil || Oh Alai Modhum || [[Shankar–Jaikishan]] ||  
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Thai Ullam]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Poochendu Nee Ponvandu Naan || rowspan=2|[[Chittor V. Nagaiah]] || [[T. A. Mothi]] & [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]]
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|[[Thai Ullam]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Poochendu Nee Ponvandu Naan || rowspan=2|[[V. Nagayya]] || [[T. A. Mothi]] & [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]]
|-
|-
| Pokkiri Payale ||  
| Pokkiri Payale ||  
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| 1952 || [[Zamindar (1952 film)|Zamindar]] || Tamil || Madhuvai Parugum Vandu  || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||  
| 1952 || [[Zamindar (1952 film)|Zamindar]] || Tamil || Madhuvai Parugum Vandu  || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||  
|-
|-
| rowspan=3|1953 || rowspan=3|[[En Veedu]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Pongalo Pongal || rowspan=3|[[Chittor V. Nagaiah]] || [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]]
| rowspan=3|1953 || rowspan=3|[[En Veedu]] || rowspan=3|Tamil || Pongalo Pongal || rowspan=3|[[V. Nagayya]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
|-
| Nilaiyilla Vazhvu Idhuthana ||  
| Nilaiyilla Vazhvu Idhuthana ||  
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| 1953 || [[Manidhanum Mirugamum]]  || Tamil || Jagam Yaavum || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] ||  
| 1953 || [[Manidhanum Mirugamum]]  || Tamil || Jagam Yaavum || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] ||  
|-
|-
| rowspan=3|1953 || rowspan=3|[[Naa Illu]] || rowspan=3|Telugu || Gobbillo Gobbillo || rowspan=3|[[Chittor V. Nagaiah]] || [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]]
| rowspan=3|1953 || rowspan=3|[[Naa Illu]] || rowspan=3|Telugu || Gobbillo Gobbillo || rowspan=3|[[V. Nagayya]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
|-
|  ||  
|  ||  
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|  || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
|  || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
|-
|-
| rowspan=4|1953 || rowspan=4|[[Ponni (1953 film)|Ponni]] || rowspan=4|Tamil || Azhagum Gunamum Ulla Pennukku || rowspan=4|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||  
| rowspan=4|1953 || rowspan=4|[[Ponni (1953 film)|Ponni]]<ref name=hindu>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/ponni-1953/article5433529.ece | title=Ponni (1953) | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=7 December 2013 | accessdate=17 March 2017 | last=Guy | first=Randor | authorlink=Randor Guy | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140111181928/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/ponni-1953/article5433529.ece | archivedate=11 January 2014 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> || rowspan=4|Tamil || Azhagum Gunamum Ulla Pennukku || rowspan=4|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||  
|-
|-
| Paambodu Pazhagalaam Pennmani ||  
| Paambodu Pazhagalaam Pennmani ||  
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| 1954 || [[En Magal]]  || Tamil || Kannai Kaanaamal Kalangudhe || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||  
| 1954 || [[En Magal]]  || Tamil || Kannai Kaanaamal Kalangudhe || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||  
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|[[Kalyanam Panniyum Brammachari]]  || rowspan=2|Tamil || Madhumalar Ellam || rowspan=2|[[T. G. Lingappa]] ||  
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|[[Kalyanam Panniyum Brammachari]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyaanam Panniyum Brahmachari |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kalyaanam-panniyum-brahmachari/wdHj2ewT,eE_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629035029/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kalyaanam-panniyum-brahmachari/wdHj2ewT,eE_ |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=31 December 1954 }}</ref> || rowspan=2|Tamil || Madhumalar Ellam || rowspan=2|[[T. G. Lingappa]] ||  
|-
|-
| Vennilavum Vanum Pol ||  
| Vennilavum Vanum Pol ||  
Line 212: Line 215:
| 1954  || [[Ratha Paasam (1954 film)|Ratha Pasam]] || Tamil || Jagam Yaavumey || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] ||  
| 1954  || [[Ratha Paasam (1954 film)|Ratha Pasam]] || Tamil || Jagam Yaavumey || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] ||  
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|[[Menaka (1955 film)|Menaka]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Manampola Ini Vaazhalaam || rowspan=2|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] & [[Vedha (music director)|Vedha]] || [[K. R. Ramaswamy (actor)|K. R. Ramaswamy]]
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|[[Menaka (1955 film)|Menaka]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Manampola Ini Vaazhalaam || rowspan=2|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] & [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]]
|-
|-
| Kanavu Ninaivaagum ||  
| Kanavu Ninaivaagum ||  
Line 230: Line 233:
| Nenjam Urugudhey Sadhaa ||  
| Nenjam Urugudhey Sadhaa ||  
|-
|-
| 1955 || [[Valliyin Selvan]] || Tamil || Mangalam Enbaro || Parur S. Anantharaman ||  
| 1955 || [[Valliyin Selvan]] || Tamil || Mangalam Embaro || Parur S. Anantharaman ||  
|-
|-
| 1955 || [[Bedara Kannappa|Vedan Kannappa]] || Tamil || Thaarum Thaarum Navamoganaa || [[R. Sudarsanam]] ||  
| 1955 || [[Bedara Kannappa|Vedan Kannappa]] || Tamil || Thaarum Thaarum Navamoganaa || [[R. Sudarsanam]] ||  
|-
|-
| 1956 || [[Gomathiyin Kaadhalan]] || Tamil || Ambigapathi Nadagam || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]] & [[P. Leela]]
| 1956 || [[Gomathiyin Kaadhalan]] || Tamil || Sirpa Kalai Vizhaavin || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]] & [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1956 || [[Kathanayaki]] || Tamil || Maalai Onru Kaiyil || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
|-
| 1956 || [[Verum Pechu Alla]] || Tamil ||  ||  [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||  
| 1956 || [[Verum Pechu Alla]] || Tamil ||  ||  [[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||  
Line 244: Line 249:
| 1957 || [[Town Bus]] || Telugu || Letha Valapura Sadhaa || [[M. Ranga Rao]] ||  
| 1957 || [[Town Bus]] || Telugu || Letha Valapura Sadhaa || [[M. Ranga Rao]] ||  
|-
|-
| 1958 || [[Anbu Engey]] || Tamil || Kaya Pazhama Sollu Raja  || [[Vedha (music director)|Vedha]] ||  
| 1958 || [[Anbu Engey]] || Tamil || Kaya Pazhama Sollu Raja  || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] ||  
|-
|-
| rowspan=4|1958 || rowspan=4|[[Boologa Rambai]]  || rowspan=4|Tamil || Kannalar Ingu Varuvaar  || rowspan=4|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||  
| rowspan=4|1958 || rowspan=4|[[Boologa Rambai]]  || rowspan=4|Tamil || Kannalar Ingu Varuvaar  || rowspan=4|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||  
Line 256: Line 261:
| 1958 || Bhooloka Rambha || Telugu || O Manohara || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
| 1958 || Bhooloka Rambha || Telugu || O Manohara || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
|-
| 1958 || [[Manamalai]] || Tamil || Nadanamaadinaar || [[Vedha (music director)|Vedha]] || [[P. Leela]]
| 1958 || [[Manamalai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manamalai&nbsp;– 1958 Year Tamil Films |url=http://www.protamil.com/arts/tamil-films/1958/manamalai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190829100504/http://www.protamil.com/arts/tamil-films/1958/manamalai.html |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=29 August 2019 |website=ProTamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Paramasivam |first=M. |title=திரையுலகில் விந்தன் |publisher=அருள் பதிப்பகம் |year=2001 |language=ta |oclc=50714256|page=79}}</ref>
|| Tamil || Nadanamaadinaar || [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
|-
| 1958 || [[Sarangadhara (1958 film)|Sarangadhara]] || Tamil || Ethukkithanai Modi  || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||  
| 1958 || [[Sarangadhara (1958 film)|Sarangadhara]] || Tamil || Ethukkithanai Modi  || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||  
Line 294: Line 300:
| 1960 || [[Dashavathara (film)|Dashavathara]] || Kannada || Sringaara Mohini || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||  
| 1960 || [[Dashavathara (film)|Dashavathara]] || Kannada || Sringaara Mohini || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||  
|-
|-
| 1960 || [[Irumbu Thirai]]  || Tamil || Enna Seithaalum || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||  
| 1960 || [[Irumbu Thirai (1960 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]  || Tamil || Enna Seithaalum || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||  
|-
|-
| 1960 || [[Mahakavi Kalidasu]] || Telugu || Rasika Raajamani || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[P. Leela]]
| 1960 || [[Mahakavi Kalidasu]] || Telugu || Rasika Raajamani || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[P. Leela]]
Line 300: Line 306:
| 1960 || [[Ponni Thirunaal]] || Tamil || Nattukkor Thanthaiyadi || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
| 1960 || [[Ponni Thirunaal]] || Tamil || Nattukkor Thanthaiyadi || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
|-
| 1960 || [[Raja Bakthi]]  || Tamil || Kaliyuga Malarmaran || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] ||  
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|[[Raja Bakthi]]  || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kaliyuga Malarmaran Thaano || rowspan=2|[[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Vannam Paadum ||  
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|[[Ranadheera Kanteerava]]  || rowspan=2|[[Kannada language|Kannada]] || Karunada Vairamudi Kanteerava ||rowspan=2| [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|[[Ranadheera Kanteerava]]  || rowspan=2|[[Kannada]] || Karunada Vairamudi Kanteerava ||rowspan=2| [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
|-
| Enna MogavaBhoodaana ||  
| Enna MogavaBhoodaana ||  
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| rowspan=4|1960 || rowspan=4|[[Vimala (film)|Vimala]]  || rowspan=4|Telugu || Neeli Vennela Kaya Sage || rowspan=4|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
| rowspan=4|1960 || rowspan=4|[[Vimala (film)|Vimala]]  || rowspan=4|Telugu || Neeli Vennela Kaya Sage || rowspan=4|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
|-
| Kannullo Nee Bomma Choodu || [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]]
| Kannullo Nee Bomma Choodu || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
|-
| Kaavaave Amma Devi ||
| Kaavaave Amma Devi ||
|-
|-
| Kannula Beluke || [[Ghantasala (singer)|Ghantasala]]
| Kannula Beluke || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
|-
| rowspan=2|1961 || rowspan=2|[[Bhagyalakshmi (1961 film)|Bhagyalakshmi]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Varalakshmi Varuvaai Amma || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||  
| rowspan=2|1961 || rowspan=2|[[Bhagyalakshmi (1961 film)|Bhagyalakshmi]] || rowspan=2|Tamil || Varalakshmi Varuvaai Amma || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||  
Line 378: Line 386:
==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.last.fm/music/Radha+Jayalakshmi Radha Jayalakshmi] at [[last.fm]]
* [http://www.last.fm/music/Radha+Jayalakshmi Radha Jayalakshmi] at [[last.fm]]
* [http://www.musicindiaonline.com/artist/10-Classical_Carnatic_Vocal/30-Radha_Jayalakshmi/#/artist/10-Classical_Carnatic_Vocal/30-Radha_Jayalakshmi/ Radha Jayalakshmi songs]
* [http://www.musicindiaonline.com/artist/10-Classical_Carnatic_Vocal/30-Radha_Jayalakshmi/#/artist/10-Classical_Carnatic_Vocal/30-Radha_Jayalakshmi/ Radha Jayalakshmi songs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307123132/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/artist/10-Classical_Carnatic_Vocal/30-Radha_Jayalakshmi/#/artist/10-Classical_Carnatic_Vocal/30-Radha_Jayalakshmi/ |date=7 March 2012 }}
* [http://chowdaiahandparvati.blogspot.sg/2012/04/reliving-beautiful-moments-with.html Reliving Beautiful Moments with Vidushis Radha Jayalakshmi, 1962 on Friday, April 27, 2012]
* [http://chowdaiahandparvati.blogspot.sg/2012/04/reliving-beautiful-moments-with.html Reliving Beautiful Moments with Vidushis Radha Jayalakshmi, 1962 on Friday, April 27, 2012]
{{commons category}}


{{authority control}}
{{authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayalakshmi, Radha}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayalakshmi, Radha}}
[[Category:Female Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Indian female film singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian musical duos]]
[[Category:Indian musical duos]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Voice teachers]]
[[Category:Voice teachers]]
[[Category:Tamil playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil singers]]
[[Category:Sibling musical duos]]
[[Category:Sibling musical duos]]
[[Category:Indian female classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Telugu playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women music educators]]
[[Category:Indian women music educators]]
[[Category:20th-century women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]

Latest revision as of 15:25, 4 February 2026

Radha (R) and Jayalakshmi (L)
Radha, Jayalakshmi
Radha, Jayalakshmi
Background information
Born1932
DiedJayalakshmi - May 27, 2014(2014-05-27) (aged 82) Radha - September 28, 2025(2025-09-28) (aged 93)
GenresCarnatic music
Occupation(s)vocalist

Radha (1932 - 28 September 2025) [1] and Jayalakshmi (1932 - 2014),[2] popularly known as Radha Jayalakshmi (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.), were an Indian Carnatic music vocalist duo as well as playback singers in films in the 1940s and 1950s. They later became teachers and trained notable Carnatic music singers. Jayalakshmi was the playback singer of the duo, but was credited as Radha Jayalakshmi in the cine field. Radha was her cousin and singing partner on stage performances. They were early vocalists in the duo singing trend in Carnatic music which started in the 1950s and includes performers like Bombay Sisters and Soolamangalam Sisters. In recent times, the trend has been continued by popular Carnatic music singers like Priya Sisters, their disciples, Ranjani Gayatri, Bellur sisters, Mambalam Sisters, Akkarai sisters, and others.[3]

The duo was awarded the 1981 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in Carnatic Music – Vocal, given by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama[4] Vidushi Jayalakshmi died in Chennai on 27 May 2014.[5]

Early life and training[edit | edit source]

Radha and Jayalakshmi's singing style belongs to the G. N. Balasubramaniam school, and they received their training in classical vocal music from the noted vocalist and teacher himself.[6]

Career[edit | edit source]

Jayalakshmi has rendered songs in her trained, cultured and 'ringing' sweet voice in Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada movies from the late 1940s to the early 60s.

She also has a few playback singing credits from the 1970s.

In Deivam, Kunnakkudi Vaidyanathan had both Radha and Jayalakshmi render Thiruchendooril Por Purindhu, a devotional song set in Thiruthani. This is perhaps the only film song sung by Radha of the duo. But both have given stage performances throughout India.

The singers had no longer been giving performances towards the time of Jayalakshmi's death, but instead had shifted their efforts to teaching Carnatic music and were regarded as great teachers. Shanmukhapriya and Haripriya, popularly known as the Priya Sisters, were their students.[7]

Music composers Jayalakshmi sang for[edit | edit source]

Jayalakshmi's most memorable songs date from the 50s films.

Playback singers Jayalakshmi sang with[edit | edit source]

Jayalakshmi was often paired to sing with the male singers T. M. Soundararajan, Seerkazhi Govindarajan and A. M. Rajah. Other male singers she sang with include T. A. Mothi, Ghantasala, S. Balachander, Thiruchi Loganathan, K. Prasad Rao, V. N. Sundaram, Subrahmanyam and Pithapuram Nageswara Rao.

She also sang duets with female singers, most notably with P. Leela and Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi. Others are M. L. Vasanthakumari, P. A. Periyanayaki, N. L. Ganasaraswathi, A. P. Komala, T. V. Rathnam, M. S. Rajeswari, S. Janaki, K. Rani and Jikki.

The singing actors she sang with were K. R. Ramasamy and S. Varalakshmi.

Death[edit | edit source]

Jayalakshmi of the duo, died, aged 82, in Chennai on 26 May 2014.[8] Radha died, aged 93, on 28 September 2025.

Filmography[edit | edit source]

List of film songs recorded by Radha Jayalakshmi:

Year Film Language Song Music Co-singer
1948 Idhu Nijama[9] Tamil "Madarellam" S. Balachander S. Balachander
1950 Beedala Patlu Telugu Vidhivasamaithi Anaadhanaithi S. M. Subbaiah Naidu & G. Aswathama
Vilaasame Naakika Vikaasame Lalala
1950 Ezhai Padum Padu Tamil Vidhiyin Vilaivaal[10] S. M. Subbaiah Naidu
En Bhaagyame Inimel Saubhagyame
1950 Prasanna Malayalam Sukritharaaga M. S. Gnanamani K. Prasad Rao
Kaayikasoubhaagyam
Dhavalaroopa
Bhaarathamaatha Paripoorna
Aagathamaay Madhukaalam
1951 Kaidhi Tamil Be Happy Be Cheerful Be Jolly S. Balachander
1952 Desabhakthan Malayalam Oh Athimodamaarnna Shankar–Jaikishan
1952 Kanchana[11] Tamil Pazhaniappa Nin Paadham S. M. Subbaiah Naidu
Etham Pottu
1952 Kanchana Telugu Paramapaavanī Dhayaganave S. M. Subbaiah Naidu
1952 Kanjana Malayalam Charana Pankajam S. M. Subbaiah Naidu[12]
Vela Cheyyu
1952 Moondru Pillaigal Tamil Malai Thiritha Magarasi Parur S. Anantharaman & M. D. Parthasarathy P. Leela
1952 Panam Tamil En Vazhvil Puthu Paadama Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
1952 Puratchi Veeran Tamil Oh Alai Modhum Shankar–Jaikishan
1952 Thai Ullam Tamil Poochendu Nee Ponvandu Naan V. Nagayya T. A. Mothi & N. L. Ganasaraswathi
Pokkiri Payale
1952 Zamindar Tamil Madhuvai Parugum Vandu G. Ramanathan
1953 En Veedu Tamil Pongalo Pongal V. Nagayya Ghantasala
Nilaiyilla Vazhvu Idhuthana
Konjum Mozhi Maindargale M. L. Vasanthakumari
1953 Inspector Tamil Aasaiyai Maunamaayi Pesidum G. Ramanathan
Unnaiyallaal Thunai Yaaramma
1953 Manam Pola Mangalyam Tamil Manam Pola Adepalli Rama Rao
Andru Ododi Vandhu
1953 Manidhanum Mirugamum Tamil Jagam Yaavum G. Govindarajulu Naidu
1953 Naa Illu Telugu Gobbillo Gobbillo V. Nagayya Ghantasala
M. L. Vasanthakumari
1953 Ponni[13] Tamil Azhagum Gunamum Ulla Pennukku S. M. Subbaiah Naidu
Paambodu Pazhagalaam Pennmani
Aadi Paadu Paappaa
Aaduvome Oonjal Aaduvome P. A. Periyanayaki, Radha & A. P. Komala
1953 Poongodhai Tamil Thenoorum Paarijaatha P. Adinarayana Rao
1954 Aggi Ramudu Telugu Jai Andhra Janani S. M. Subbaiah Naidu A. M. Rajah
Raraa Yashodanandana
1954 Edhir Paradhathu Tamil Jegam Ezhum Neeye C. N. Pandurangan
1954 En Magal Tamil Kannai Kaanaamal Kalangudhe C. N. Pandurangan
1954 Kalyanam Panniyum Brammachari[14] Tamil Madhumalar Ellam T. G. Lingappa
Vennilavum Vanum Pol
1954 Koondukkili Tamil Paar En Magale Paar Paar K. V. Mahadevan
Vaanga Ellorume Serndhu Ondraagave T. M. Soundararajan, V. N. Sundaram & K. Rani
1954 Mangalyam Tamil Ninaithaaley Inbam Tharum K. V. Mahadevan
Ottumiru Ullanthanai Vettuvathu
1954 Manohara Tamil Kadhal Kondaadugiraar S. V. Venkatraman
Singara Paingkiliye Pesu A. M. Rajah
Vazhvatho Mathu
1954 Manohara Telugu Vechiti Innallu S. V. Venkatraman
Pranaya Vilasamule
Manahinanai Avamanamothuna
Vana Mahotsavam Vasantha Jikki, Subrahmanyam & Pithapuram Nageswara Rao
1954 Pona Machaan Thirumbi Vandhan Tamil Aadhaaram Nin Paadham Ambigaiye C. N. Pandurangan & M. S. Viswanathan
1954 Ratha Pasam Tamil Jagam Yaavumey M. K. Athmanathan
1955 Menaka Tamil Manampola Ini Vaazhalaam C. N. Pandurangan & Vedha K. R. Ramasamy
Kanavu Ninaivaagum
1955 Mullaivanam Tamil Engirundho Ingu Vandha Radhiye K. V. Mahadevan T. M. Soundararajan
Sariyendru Neeye Oru Vaarthai Sonnal T. M. Soundararajan
Puttham Pudhu Malare Kurunagai Puriyum Vennilavey
Nainaithaale Inikkudhadi
1955 Nalla Thangai Tamil Thaene Paage Thevittadha G. Ramanathan
1955 Town Bus Tamil Ponnaana Vaazhve Mannagi Poma K. V. Mahadevan M. S. Rajeswari & Thiruchi Loganathan
Nenjam Urugudhey Sadhaa
1955 Valliyin Selvan Tamil Mangalam Embaro Parur S. Anantharaman
1955 Vedan Kannappa Tamil Thaarum Thaarum Navamoganaa R. Sudarsanam
1956 Gomathiyin Kaadhalan Tamil Sirpa Kalai Vizhaavin G. Ramanathan T. V. Rathnam & P. Leela
1956 Kathanayaki Tamil Maalai Onru Kaiyil G. Ramanathan K. Jamuna Rani
1956 Verum Pechu Alla Tamil C. N. Pandurangan
1957 Pudhu Vazhvu Tamil Kottu Melam Kovilile G. Ramanathan & C. N. Pandurangan
1957 Samaya Sanjeevi Tamil Aanantham Tharuvathu Sangeethemey G. Ramanathan N. L. Ganasaraswathi
1957 Town Bus Telugu Letha Valapura Sadhaa M. Ranga Rao
1958 Anbu Engey Tamil Kaya Pazhama Sollu Raja Vedha
1958 Boologa Rambai Tamil Kannalar Ingu Varuvaar C. N. Pandurangan
Amba Arul Purivaai
Gangatharane
Aasai Nenjame A. M. Rajah
1958 Bhooloka Rambha Telugu O Manohara C. N. Pandurangan A. M. Rajah
1958 Manamalai[15][16] Tamil Nadanamaadinaar Vedha P. Leela
1958 Sarangadhara Tamil Ethukkithanai Modi G. Ramanathan
1959 Mala Oru Mangala Vilakku Tamil Unnai Panindhen C. N. Pandurangan
Annai Nee En Vaazhvile
1959 Manimekalai Tamil Manathai Kavarntha G. Ramanathan Seerkazhi Govindarajan
Varuga Varuga Sugumaaraa P. Leela & A. P. Komala
1959 Maragadham Tamil Maalai Mayangugira Neram S. M. Subbaiah Naidu
Punnagai Thavazhum T. M. Soundararajan
Kanukkulle Unnai Paaru T. M. Soundararajan
Aadinaal Nadanam Aadinaal
1959 Minnal Veeran Tamil Kannodu Kanninai Nokki S. M. Subbaiah Naidu Seerkazhi Govindarajan
1959 Odi Vilaiyaadu Paapa Tamil Pachai Kuzhandayadi Kannil Paavaiyandro Chandramathi V. Krishnamoorthy Seerkazhi Govindarajan
1959 Pandithevan Tamil Kannum Karuthum C. N. Pandurangan & Meenakshi Subramanyam K. Rani & S. Janaki
1959 President Panchatcharam Tamil Oli Padaitha Kanninaayi VaaVaa G. Ramanathan M. L. Vasanthakumari
1959 Sivagangai Seemai Tamil Muthu Pugazh Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy S. Varalakshmi
1960 Bhaktha Sabari Tamil Vaaraai Inre Mohana Pendyala Nageswara Rao
Vaaraai Mana Mohana
1960 Bhaktha Sabari Telugu Rama Manamohana Pendyala Nageswara Rao
1960 Dashavathara Kannada Sringaara Mohini G. K. Venkatesh
1960 Irumbu Thirai Tamil Enna Seithaalum S. V. Venkatraman
1960 Mahakavi Kalidasu Telugu Rasika Raajamani Pendyala Nageswara Rao P. Leela
1960 Ponni Thirunaal Tamil Nattukkor Thanthaiyadi K. V. Mahadevan Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi
1960 Raja Bakthi Tamil Kaliyuga Malarmaran Thaano G. Govindarajulu Naidu P. Leela
Vannam Paadum
1960 Ranadheera Kanteerava Kannada Karunada Vairamudi Kanteerava G. K. Venkatesh Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi
Enna MogavaBhoodaana
1960 Sanchari Telugu Karnata Rajya Manikanteerava G. K. Venkatesh Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi
Andhamulaku Neevu Ranive
1960 Solaimalai Raani Tamil Anaiya Jothi C. N. Pandurangan A. M. Rajah
Anbaana Mozhi Pesum A. M. Rajah
1960 Vimala Telugu Neeli Vennela Kaya Sage S. M. Subbaiah Naidu
Kannullo Nee Bomma Choodu Ghantasala
Kaavaave Amma Devi
Kannula Beluke Ghantasala
1961 Bhagyalakshmi Tamil Varalakshmi Varuvaai Amma Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy
Palingu Manappandhalile
1961 Akbar Tamil Azhagin Nila S. V. Venkatraman
1961 Sabarimala Ayyappan Malayalam Ashrithayaamen S. M. Subbaiah Naidu
1961 Sabarimala Ayyappan Tamil Aaadharitthen En Allalai S. M. Subbaiah Naidu
1962 Avana Ivan Tamil Vaaranamayiram S. Balachander
1962 Bhoodaana Kannada Bhagyada Lakshmi G. K. Venkatesh
1962 Dakshayagnam Telugu Navarasa Bhaavaalaa S. Hanumantha Rao P. Leela
1962 Indira En Selvam Tamil Aaraaro Aaraaro H. R. Pathmanaba Sastiri & C. N. Pandurangan
Thellathelindha Thenamudhe
1962 Konjum Salangai Tamil Brahman Thaalam Poda S. M. Subbaiah Naidu Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi
1962 Muripinche Muvvalu Telugu Brahme Thalam Mrocha S. M. Subbaiah Naidu P. Leela
1963 Arivaali Tamil Vaazhiya Needoozhi S. V. Venkatraman P. Leela
1964 Oraal Koodi Kallanaayi Malayalam Veeshuka Nee Kodumkatte K. V. Job
1966 Motor Sundaram Pillai Tamil Maname Muruganin Mayilvahanam M. S. Viswanathan
1969 Kaaval Dheivam Tamil Maiyal Migavum Meerudhe G. Devarajan
1969 Kumara Sambhavam Malayalam Maayaanadanavihaarini G. Devarajan P. Leela
1969 Kumara Sambhavam Tamil G. Devarajan P. Leela
1971 Aathi Parasakthi Tamil Kokku Parakkum Indha K. V. Mahadevan
Thandhaikku Mandhiratthai
1973 Amman Arul Tamil Akilamellam Vilangum Shankar–Ganesh
1973 Dheivam Tamil Thiruchendooril Por Purindhu Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan Radha
1973 Nathayil Muthu Tamil Karpanai Vaadhigalin (Aaadu Raatte) Shankar–Ganesh Seerkazhi Govindarajan
Ragupathi Raagava Raajaaraam Seerkazhi Govindarajan
Eeswara Allah.... Ragupathi Raagava Raajaaraam

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Radha Jayalakshmi". Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  2. ↑ "Carnatic singer dead in Chennai". The Hindu. 28 May 2014.
  3. ↑ "Sisters in song". The Hindu. 30 January 2010.
  4. ↑ "SNA: List of Akademi Awardees". Sangeet Natak Akademi Official website. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012.
  5. ↑ "Vidushi Jayalakshmi is no more". 27 May 2014.
  6. ↑ "GNB, the good friend". The Hindu. 23 May 2003. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011.
  7. ↑ "We owe it to Radha-Jayalakshmi". The Hindu. 4 April 2008. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  8. ↑ "Carnatic singer dead in Chennai". The Hindu. 28 May 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  9. ↑ Randor Guy (4 July 2008). "Idhu Nijama 1948". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  10. ↑ "Ezhai Padum Paadu 1950". The Hindu. 2 November 2007. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007.
  11. ↑ Neelamegam, G. (2014). Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 (in Tamil). Chennai: Manivasagar Publishers. pp. 33–34.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ↑ "Old gold". The Hindu. 21 March 2010.
  13. ↑ Guy, Randor (7 December 2013). "Ponni (1953)". The Hindu. Retrieved 17 March 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  14. ↑ "Kalyaanam Panniyum Brahmachari". JioSaavn. 31 December 1954. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  15. ↑ "Manamalai – 1958 Year Tamil Films". ProTamil. Retrieved 29 August 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  16. ↑ Paramasivam, M. (2001). திரையுலகில் விந்தன் (in தமிழ்). அருள் பதிப்பகம். p. 79. OCLC 50714256.

External links[edit | edit source]

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