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| {{Short description|Wikipedia list article}}
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| [[File:MANNapoli 124545 plato's academy mosaic enh crop.jpg|thumb|Mosaic from Pompeii (1st c. BC) depicting [[Plato]]'s [[Platonic Academy|Academy]].]]
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| A variety of '''ancient higher-learning institutions''' were developed in many cultures to provide institutional frameworks for scholarly activities. These ancient centres were sponsored and overseen by courts; by religious institutions, which sponsored [[Cathedral school#Early schools|cathedral schools]], [[monastic schools]], and [[Madrasah#Higher education|madrasas]]; by scientific institutions, such as museums, hospitals, and observatories; and by respective scholars. They are to be distinguished from the [[Western world|Western]]-style [[university]], an autonomous organization of scholars that originated in [[medieval Europe]]<ref>Stephen C. Ferruolo, ''The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100-1215'', (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1985) pp. 4-5 {{ISBN|0-8047-1266-2}}</ref> and has been adopted in other regions in [[Modern era|modern times]] (see [[list of oldest universities in continuous operation]]).<ref>{{cite book| author = Hilde de Ridder-Symoens| title = A History of the University in Europe: Universities in the middle ages / ed. Hilde de Ridder-Symoens| year = 1994| isbn = 978-0-521-36105-7 }}</ref>
| | #REDIRECT [[List of oldest higher-learning institutions]] |
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| ==Africa==
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| ===North Africa===
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| ====Egypt====
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| [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt | Ancient Egyptians]] established an organization of higher learning – the [[Pr (hieroglyph) | Per]]-[[ankh]], which means the “House of Life” – in 2000 BCE.<ref name="Lulat">{{cite book |last1=Lulat |first1=Y. G.-M. |title=A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis |date=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |page=44 |isbn=9780313320613 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2iQVUhGSoQC&q=%22Premodern+Africa%22}}</ref><ref name="Alemu">{{cite web |last1=Alemu |first1=Sintayehu Kassaye |title=The Meaning, Idea And History Of University/Higher Education In Africa: A Brief Literature Review |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1199154.pdf |website=Institution of Education Sciences |publisher=FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education}}</ref>
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| In the 3rd century BCE, amid the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]], the [[Serapeum]], [[Mouseion]], and [[Library of Alexandria]] served as organizations of higher learning in [[Alexandria]].<ref name="Cunningham">{{cite web |last1=Cunningham |first1=Jeffrey J. |title=The role of learning institutions in Ptolemaic Alexandria |url=https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=wwuet |website=WWU Graduate School Collection |publisher=Western Washington University}}</ref><ref name="Alemu" />
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| In [[Cairo]], [[Al-Azhar University|Al-Azhar]], which was established in 970 CE, served as an organization of higher learning.<ref name="Peters">{{cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=Michael A. |title=Ancient centers of higher learning: A bias in the comparative history of the university? |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00131857.2018.1553490 |journal=Educational Philosophy and Theory |year=2019 |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=1063–1072 |doi=10.1080/00131857.2018.1553490 |s2cid=149851763 }}</ref><ref name="Alemu" />
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| ====Morocco====
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| In [[Fez, Morocco | Fez]], [[Fatima al-Fihri]] established a mosque in 859 CE, which eventually became the organization of higher learning, the [[University of al-Qarawiyyin]].<ref name="Peters" /><ref name="Alemu" />
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| ====Tunisia====
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| The [[Ez-Zitouna University]], which was established in 732 CE, served as an organization of higher learning.<ref name="Alemu" />
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| ===West Africa===
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| ====Mali====
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| In the 12th century CE, the [[University of Sankore]], which began as the Mosque of Sankore, served as an organization of higher learning in [[Timbuktu]].<ref name="Peters" /><ref name="Alemu" /> The Mosque of Sankore, the Mosque of [[Sidi Yahya Mosque|Sidi Yahya]], and the Mosque of [[Djinguereber]] constitute what is referred to as the [[University of Timbuktu]].<ref name="Peters" /><ref name="Alemu" />
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| ===East Africa===
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| ====Ethiopia====
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| In the 4th century CE, amid the reign of Emperor [[Ella Amida]], the Axumite imperial church served as an organization of higher learning.<ref name="Lulat" /><ref name="Alemu" />
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| ==Asia==
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| === Ancient India ===
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| Major Buddhist monasteries (''[[mahavihara]]s''), notably those at [[Pushpagiri Vihara|Pushpagiri]], [[Nalanda]], [[Valabhi]], and [[Taxila (ancient)|Taxila]], included schools that were some of the primary institutions of higher learning in [[ancient India]].
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| ====Nalanda====
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| {{main article|Nalanda}}
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| [[File:Nalanda University India ruins.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Nalanda]], ancient center of higher learning in [[Bihar]], [[India]]<ref name="Altekar1965">[[Anant Sadashiv Altekar|Altekar, Anant Sadashiv]] (1965). ''Education in Ancient India'', Sixth, Varanasi: Nand Kishore & Bros.</ref><ref name="New York Times">"[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/opinion/09garten.html?scp=1&sq=Nalanda&st=cse Really Old School]," Garten, Jeffrey E. New York Times, 9 December 2006.</ref> from 427 to 1197]]
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| [[Nalanda]] was established in the fifth century AD in [[Bihar (India)|Bihar]], [[India]]<ref name="Altekar1965"/> and survived until circa 1200 AD. It was devoted to Buddhist studies, but it also trained students in fine arts, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, politics and the art of war.<ref name="Nalanda University, as described by the dean of Yale school of management">[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/opinion/09garten.htm OpEd in New York Times: Nalanda University]</ref>
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| The center had eight separate compounds, ten temples, meditation halls, classrooms, lakes and parks. It had a nine-story library with 9 million books where monks meticulously copied books and documents so that individual scholars could have their own collections. It had dormitories for students, housing 10,000 students in the school's heyday and providing accommodation for 2,000 professors.<ref name="Nalanda">{{Cite web |url=http://nalanda.ind.in/index.html |title=Official website of Nalanda University |access-date=20 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316100842/http://nalanda.ind.in/index.html |archive-date=16 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nalanda attracted pupils and scholars from Sri Lanka, Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia and Turkey, who left accounts of the center.<ref>{{cite web|title=History and Revival|url=https://www.nalandauniv.edu.in/about-nalanda/history-and-revival/|website=Nalanda University|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref>
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| Evidence in literature suggests that in 1193, the Nalanda University was sacked by<ref>Allen, Charles. ''The Buddha and the Sahibs''.</ref> Bakhtiyar Khilji.<ref>Scott, David (May 1995). "Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons". p. 141. Digital object identifier:10.1163/1568527952598657</ref> The Persian historian Minhaj-i-Siraj, in his chronicle the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, reported an attack on a Buddhist monastery in which all the monks and many Hindus were killed. This may have been Nalanda but others believe it was [[Odantapuri]].<ref>André Wink (2002). Al-Hind: The Slave Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries. BRILL. pp. 146–148. ISBN 0-391-04174-6.</ref>
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| In 2014 a modern [[Nalanda University]] was launched in nearby [[Rajgir]].
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| ====Pushpagiri====
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| [[Image:Udayagiri WIKI.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Udayagiri, Odisha]] Part of [[Pushpagiri Vihara|Pushpagiri]]]]
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| The school in [[Pushpagiri Vihara|Pushpagiri]] was established in the 3rd century AD as present [[Odisha]], India. As of 2007, the ruins of this Mahavihara had not yet been fully excavated. Consequently, much of the Mahavihara's history remains unknown. Of the three Mahavihara campuses, Lalitgiri in the district of Cuttack is the oldest. Iconographic analysis indicates that Lalitgiri had already been established during the [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] period of the 2nd century BC, making it one of the oldest Buddhist establishments in the world. The Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] (Hiuen Tsang), who visited it in AD 639, as ''Puphagiri Mahavihara'',<ref name="Misra1986">{{cite book|author=Binayak Misra|title=Indian culture and cult of Jagannātha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYdAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Punthi Pustak}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
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| |url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2204/stories/20050225001308600.htm
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| |title = Orissa's treasures
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| |date = February 2005
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| |url-status = usurped
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| |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071021104518/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2204/stories/20050225001308600.htm
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| |archive-date = 21 October 2007}}</ref> as well as in medieval Tibetan texts. However, unlike Takshila and Nalanda, the ruins of Pushpagiri were not discovered until 1995, when a lecturer from a local college first stumbled upon the site.<ref>{{cite web
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| |url=http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/dec2004/englishPdf/greatheritageoforissa.pdf
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| |title=Great Heritages of Orissa
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| |date=December 2004
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| |author=H. K. Mohapatra
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| |url-status=dead
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| |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410042545/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/dec2004/englishPdf/greatheritageoforissa.pdf
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| |archive-date=2009-04-10
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| }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | |
| | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070129/asp/jamshedpur/story_7319473.asp
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| | title=ASI hope for hill heritage – Conservation set to start at Orissa site
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| | date=29 January 2007
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| | location=Calcutta, India
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| | work=The Telegraph
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| }}</ref> The task of excavating Pushpagiri's ruins, stretching over {{convert|143|acre|ha|order=flip}} of land, was undertaken by the Odisha Institute of Maritime and South East Asian Studies between 1996 and 2006. It is now being carried out by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).<ref>{{cite web
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| | url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=4,3437,0,0,1,0
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| | title=Archaeological Survey of India takes over Orissa Buddhist site
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| | date=17 November 2006
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| }}</ref>
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| The [[Nagarjunakonda]] inscriptions also mention about this learning center.
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| <ref name="Donaldson2001">{{cite book|author=Thomas E. Donaldson|title=Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa: Text|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA4|year=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-406-6|page=4}}</ref><ref name="PalPublications2001">{{cite book|author1=Pratapaditya Pal|author2=Marg Publications|title=Orissa revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzTrAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-51-0}}</ref>
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| ====Taxila====
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| Ancient [[Taxila]] or Takshashila, in ancient [[Gandhara]], was an early Hindu and Buddhist centre of learning. According to scattered references that were only fixed a millennium later, it may have dated back to at least the fifth century BC.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book| last1 = Scharfe| first1 = Hartmut| last2 = Bronkhorst| first2 = Johannes| last3 = Spuler| first3 = Bertold| last4 = Altenmüller| first4 = Hartwig| title = Handbuch Der Orientalistik: India. Education in ancient India| year = 2002| isbn = 978-90-04-12556-8| page = 141 }}</ref> Some scholars date Takshashila's existence back to the sixth century BC.<ref name="Britannica Education">"History of Education", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 2007.</ref> The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the religious instruction was most likely still provided on an individualistic basis.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
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| Takshashila is described in some detail in later [[Jataka tales|Jātaka]] tales, written in [[Sri Lanka]] around the fifth century AD.<ref>Marshall 1975:81</ref>
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| It became a noted centre of learning at least several centuries BC, and continued to attract students until the destruction of the city in the fifth century AD. Takshashila is perhaps best known because of its association with [[Chanakya]]. The famous [[treatise]] [[Arthashastra]] ([[Sanskrit]] for The knowledge of [[Economics]]) by Chanakya, is said to have been composed in Takshashila itself. Chanakya (or Kautilya),<ref>[http://britannica.com/eb/article-9044882 Kautilya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110120535/http://britannica.com/eb/article-9044882 |date=10 January 2008 }}. Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> the [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] Emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]]<ref>{{cite book| last = Mookerji| first = Radhakumud| title = Chandragupta Maurya And His Times| year = 1966| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Pub| isbn = 978-81-208-0405-0| page = 17 }}</ref> and the [[Ayurvedic]] healer [[Charaka]] studied at Taxila.<ref name="Mookerji">{{cite book| last = Mookerji| first = Radhakumud| title = Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist| year = 1990| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Pub| isbn = 978-81-208-0423-4| pages = 478–489 }}</ref>
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| Generally, a student entered Takshashila at the age of sixteen. The [[Vedas]] and the Eighteen Arts, which included skills such as [[archery]], [[hunting]], and [[elephant]] lore, were taught, in addition to its [[law school]], [[medical school]], and school of [[military science]].<ref name=Mookerji/>
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| ==== Vikramashila ====
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| [[Vikramashila]] was one of the two most important centres of learning in India during the [[Pala Empire]], along with [[Nalanda]]. Vikramashila was established by King [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]] (783 to 820) in response to a supposed decline in the quality of scholarship at Nalanda. [[Atisha]], the renowned [[Pandita (Buddhism)|pandita]], is sometimes listed as a notable [[abbot]]. It was destroyed by the forces of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji]] around 1200.<ref>Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 89.</ref>
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| Vikramashila is known to us mainly through Tibetan sources, especially the writings of [[Tāranātha]], the Tibetan monk historian of the 16th–17th centuries.<ref name="whc.unesco">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5407/ |title=Excavated Remains at Nalanda |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=13 July 2012}}</ref>
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| Vikramashila was one of the largest Buddhist universities, with more than one hundred teachers and about one thousand students. It produced eminent scholars who were often invited by foreign countries to spread Buddhist learning, culture and religion. The most distinguished and eminent among all was [[Atisha]] Dipankara, a founder of the [[Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)|Sarma]] traditions of Tibetan Buddhism. Subjects like philosophy, grammar, metaphysics, [[Indian logic]] etc. were taught here, but the most important branch of learning was [[tantrism]].
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| === Mithila University ===
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| University of Mithila was famous for Nyaya Sutra and logical Sciences. It was gradually started from the philosophical conferences held by Janaka, the king of Mithila at his court. These philosophical conferences led to the formation of a seat of learning and this seat of learning converted into the [[Ancient Mithila University|university of Mithila.]]
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| === Other ===
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| Further centres include [[Odantapuri]], in [[Bihar]] (circa 550 - 1040), [[Telhara, Nalanda district|Telhara]] in Bihar<ref>{{cite web | url=http://yac.bih.nic.in/Documents/Telhara-(Nalanda)-Excavation-Report.pdf | title=TELHARA (NALANDA) EXCAVATION A Brief Report | publisher=yac.bih.nic.in | access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> (probably older than Nalanda<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/telhara-universitys-ruins-older-than-nalanda-vikramshila-1849141.html | title=Telhara University's ruins older than Nalanda, Vikramshila | publisher=firstpost | date=14 December 2014 | access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref>), [[Somapura Mahavihara]] and [[Jagaddala Mahavihara]], in [[Bengal]] (from the [[Pala Empire|Pala period]] to the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Turkic Muslim conquest]]), [[Kanchipuram]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Manyakheta]], in [[Karnataka]], [[Nagarjunakonda]], in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Sharada Peeth]], [[Somapura Mahavihara]], in [[Bangladesh]] (from the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] to the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Turkic Muslim conquest]]), [[Valabhi]], in [[Gujarat]] (from the Maitrak period to the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|Arab raids]]), [[Varanasi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] (eighth century to modern times), [[Vikramashila]], in [[Bihar]] (''circa'' 800-1040), [[Mahavihara]], [[Abhayagiri Vihāra]], and [[Jetavanaramaya]], in [[Sri Lanka]].
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| === East Asia ===
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| ==== China ====
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| In [[China]], the ancient imperial academy known as [[Taixue]] was established by the [[Han Dynasty]]. It was intermittently inherited by succeeding Chinese dynasties up until the Qing dynasty, in some of which the name was changed to [[Guozixue]] or [[Guozijian]]. [[Peking University]] (Imperial University of Peking) and [[Nanjing University]] are regarded as the replacement of Taixue. By 725 AD, [[Shuyuan]] or Academies of Classical Learning were private learning institutions established during the medieval Chinese [[Tang dynasty]]. The [[Yuelu Academy]] (later become [[Hunan University]]) founded in 976 AD, which is one of the [[Academies of Classical Learning|four ancient famous Shuyuan]] (Academies) during the [[Song dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction of Hunan University|url=http://www-en.hnu.edu.cn/About_HNU/Introduction.htm|website=Hunan University}}</ref>
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| ==== Japan ====
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| In [[Japan]], [[Daigaku-ryō|Daigakuryo]] was founded in 671 and [[Ashikaga Gakko]] was founded in the 9th century and restored in 1432.
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| ==== Korea ====
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| In [[Korea]], [[Gukhak|Taehak]] was founded in 372 and [[Gukhak]] was established in 682. [[Seowon]]s were private institutions established during the [[Joseon dynasty]] which combined functions of a [[Confucian shrine]] and a preparatory school. The [[Seonggyungwan]] was founded by in 1398 to offer prayers and memorials to [[Confucius]] and his disciples, and to promote the study of the [[Confucianism|Confucian canon]]. It was the successor to [[Gukjagam]] from the [[Goryeo Dynasty]] (992). It was reopened as [[Sungkyunkwan University]], a private Western-style university, in 1946.
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| === Ancient Persia ===
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| The [[Academy of Gondishapur]] was established in the 3rd century AD under the rule of [[Sassanid]] kings and continued its scholarly activities up to four centuries after Islam came to Iran. It was an important medical centre of the 6th and 7th centuries and a prominent example of higher education model in pre-Islam Iran.<ref>{{cite web|last=Salari|first=H|title=University in Iran|url=http://www.jazirehdanesh.com/find.php?item=19.496.564.fa|work=paper|publisher=jazirehdanesh|access-date=13 May 2011}}</ref> When the [[Platonic Academy]] in Athens was closed in 529, some of its pagan scholars went to Gundishahpur, although they returned within a year to Byzantium.
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| == Europe ==
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| === Classical Greece ===
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| [[File:Spangenberg - Schule des Aristoteles.jpg|thumb|''Aristotle's School'', a painting from the 1880s by Gustav Adolph Spangenberg|alt=Man in red tunic holding scroll (perhaps Aristotle), in group of men sitting and standing]]
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| The [[Platonic Academy]] (sometimes referred to as the University of Athens),<ref>{{cite book| author = Ellwood P. Cubberley| title = The History of Education| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sYTfTmwcNP0C&pg=PA50| year = 2004| publisher = Kessinger Publishing| isbn = 978-1-4191-6605-1| page = 50 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Howard Eugene Wilson| title = Harvard Educational Review| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=peYVAAAAIAAJ| year = 1939| publisher = Harvard University }}</ref> founded ca. 387 BCE in [[Athens]], [[Greece]], by the philosopher [[Plato]], lasted until 86 BCE, when it was destroyed during Sulla's siege and sacking of Athens.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Plato: The Academy
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| |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/academy/#H4 |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> Some 400 years later, during the fourth century CE, the Platonist philosopher [[Plutarch of Athens]] started a school which identified itself with Plato's Academy. That school lasted until 529, when it was closed following an edict from the Emperor Justinian prohibiting pagans from teaching.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Plato: The Academy
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| |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/academy/#H4 |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> The Academy was also emulated during the Renaissance by the [[Platonic Academy (Florence)|Florentine Platonic Academy]], whose members saw themselves as following Plato's tradition.
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| Around 335 BCE, Plato's successor [[Aristotle]] founded the [[Peripatetic school]], the students of which met at the [[Lyceum (Classical)|Lyceum]] gymnasium in Athens. The school also ceased in 86 BC during the famine, siege and sacking of Athens by [[Sulla]].<ref>336 BC: {{Harvnb|Furley|2003a|p=1141}}; 335 BC: {{Harvnb|Lynch|1997|p=311}}; 334 BC: {{Harvnb|Irwin|2003}}</ref>
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| The reputation of the Greek institutions was such that at least four central modern educational terms derive from them: the [[academy]], the [[lyceum]], the [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] and the [[museum]].
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| === Christian Europe ===
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| {{See also|Byzantine higher education|Cathedral school|Monastic school}}
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| The [[University of Constantinople]], founded as an institution of higher learning in 425, educated graduates to take on posts of authority in the imperial service or within the Church.<ref name="jeffreys">{{cite book| last = Constantinides| first = C. N.| editor-last = Jeffreys| editor-first = Elizabeth| title = Teachers and students of rhetoric in the late Byzantine period| year = 2003| publisher = Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.| isbn = 0-7546-3453-1| pages = 39–53| chapter = Rhetoric in Byzantium: Papers from the Thirty-Fifth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies }}</ref> It was reorganized as a corporation of students in 849 by the regent [[Bardas]] of emperor [[Michael III]], is considered by some to be the earliest institution of higher learning with some of the characteristics we associate today with a university (research and teaching, auto-administration, academic independence, et cetera). If a university is defined as "an institution of higher learning" then it is preceded by several others, including the Academy that it was founded to compete with and eventually replaced. If the original meaning of the word is considered "a corporation of students" then this could be the first example of such an institution. The [[Preslav Literary School]] and [[Ohrid Literary School]] were the two major literary schools of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]].
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| In Western Europe during the [[Early Middle Ages]], [[bishops]] sponsored [[cathedral school]]s and [[monasteries]] sponsored [[monastic school]]s, chiefly dedicated to the education of [[clergy]]. The earliest evidence of a European episcopal school is that established in [[Visigothic]] Spain at the [[Councils of Toledo|Second Council of Toledo]] in 527.<ref>Riché, ''Education and Culture'', pp. 126-7.</ref> These early episcopal schools, with a focus on an apprenticeship in religious learning under a scholarly bishop, have been identified in Spain and in about twenty towns in Gaul during the 6th and 7th centuries.<ref>Riché, ''Education and Culture'', pp. 282-90.</ref>
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| In addition to these episcopal schools, there were monastic schools which educated monks and nuns, as well as future bishops, at a more advanced level.<ref>Riché, ''Education and Culture'', pp. 290-8.</ref> Around the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, some of them developed into autonomous universities. A notable example is when the [[University of Paris#The original schools|University of Paris]] grew out of the schools associated with the [[Cathedral of Notre Dame]], the [[Abbey of St Genevieve|Monastery of Ste. Geneviève]], and the [[Abbey of St. Victor, Paris|Abbey of St. Victor]].<ref>{{cite book| last = Pedersen| first = Olaf| title = The First Universities: Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe| year = 1997| isbn = 978-0-521-59431-8| pages = 130–31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = The rise of universities| year = 1957| publisher = Cornell University Press| isbn = 978-0-8014-9015-6| pages = 12–16 }}</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Madrasah]]
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| * [[Medieval university]]
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| * [[Nezamiyeh]]
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| * History of [[Academia#History|Academia]], [[Academy#History|Academy]], [[University#History|University]]
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| *[[Pirivena]]
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| == References ==
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| * {{Citation
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| | last = Furley
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| | first = David
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| | year = 2003a
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| | contribution = Peripatetic School
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| | editor-last = Hornblower
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| | editor-first = Simon
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| | editor2-last = Spawforth
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| | editor2-first= Antony
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| | title = The Oxford Classical Dictionary
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| | edition = 3rd
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| | publisher = Oxford University Press
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| | isbn = 0-19-860641-9
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| }} | | }} |
| * {{Citation
| |
| | last = Irwin
| |
| | first = T.
| |
| | author-link = Terence Irwin
| |
| | year = 2003
| |
| | contribution = Aristotle
| |
| | contribution-url = http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/A022
| |
| | editor-last = Craig
| |
| | editor-first = Edward
| |
| | title = Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
| |
| | publisher = Routledge
| |
| }}
| |
| * {{Citation |last = Lynch
| |
| |first = J.
| |
| |year = 1997
| |
| |contribution = Lyceum
| |
| |editor-last = Zeyl
| |
| |editor-first = Donald J.
| |
| |editor2-last = Devereux
| |
| |editor2-first = Daniel
| |
| |editor3-last = Mitsis
| |
| |editor3-first = Phillip
| |
| |title = Encyclopedia of Classical Philosophy
| |
| |publisher = Greenwood Press
| |
| |isbn = 0-313-28775-9
| |
| |url-access = registration
| |
| |url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofcl00zeyl
| |
| }}
| |
| * Riché, Pierre. ''Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century.'' Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1978. {{ISBN|0-87249-376-8}}.
| |
|
| |
| == Notes ==
| |
| {{reflist}}
| |
|
| |
| == External links ==
| |
| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030809151051/http://mwobd.org/abmeb.html Ancient Buddhist Monastic Establishments in Bangladesh]
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|
| |
| {{Schools}}
| |
|
| |
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Ancient Higher-Learning Institutions}}
| |
| [[Category:Ancient universities| ]]
| |
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